1
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Wu P, Zeng J, Meng L, Wan Q. Glycosylation with sulfoxide-based glycosyl donors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39046327 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02838d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Sulfoxides have emerged as pivotal constituents in modern carbohydrate chemistry. As anomeric leaving groups, sulfinyl moieties may occupy positions directly at the anomeric position or at a more remote site. This feature article is focused on the evolution and notable advancements of glycosyl sulfoxide donors in glycosylation reactions. Its objective is to elucidate the obstacles and prospects within this evolving research domain, with the aim of enhancing comprehension and progress in the field of carbohydrate chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinru Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qian Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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2
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Traverssi MG, Peñéñory AB, Varela O, Colomer JP. Photooxidation of thiosaccharides mediated by sensitizers in aerobic and environmentally friendly conditions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9262-9273. [PMID: 35423421 PMCID: PMC8695230 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09534f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of β-d-glucopyranosyl derivates have been synthesized and evaluated in photooxidation reactions promoted by visible light and mediated by organic dyes under aerobic conditions. Among the different photocatalysts employed, tetra-O-acetyl riboflavin afforded chemoselectively the respective sulfoxides, without over-oxidation to sulfones, in good to excellent yields and short reaction times. This new methodology for the preparation of synthetically useful glycosyl sulfoxides constitutes a catalytic, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly oxidation process not reported so far for carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqueas G Traverssi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria Edificio de Ciencias II Córdoba Argentina .,Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC Argentina
| | - Alicia B Peñéñory
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria Edificio de Ciencias II Córdoba Argentina .,Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC Argentina
| | - Oscar Varela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina.,Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UBA Argentina
| | - Juan P Colomer
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria Edificio de Ciencias II Córdoba Argentina .,Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC Argentina
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3
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Xiao X, Zeng J, Fang J, Sun J, Li T, Song Z, Cai L, Wan Q. One-Pot Relay Glycosylation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5498-5503. [PMID: 32150398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel one-pot relay glycosylation has been established. The protocol is characterized by the construction of two glycosidic bonds with only one equivalent of triflic anhydride. This method capitalizes on the in situ generated cyclic-thiosulfonium ion as the relay activator, which directly activates the newly formed thioglycoside in one pot. A wide range of substrates are well-accommodated to furnish both linear and branched oligosaccharides. The synthetic utility and advantage of this method have been demonstrated by rapid access to naturally occurring phenylethanoid glycoside kankanoside F and resin glycoside merremoside D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuchang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhao X, Zeng J, Meng L, Wan Q. Application of Interrupted Pummerer Reaction Mediated (IPRm) Glycosylation in Natural Product Synthesis. CHEM REC 2020; 20:743-751. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
- Institute of Brain ResearchHuazhong University of Science and Technology China
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5
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Cai L, Zeng J, Li T, Xiao Y, Ma X, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Meng L, Wan Q. Dehydrative Glycosylation Enabled by a Comproportionation Reaction of 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐dithiane 1‐Oxide
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ting Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
- Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
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6
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Chen W, Zeng J, Liao Z, Teng S, Xiao X, Meng L, Wan Q. Mechanism investigations of the activation process of S-2-[(propan-2-yl)sulfinyl]benzyl (SPSB) glycosides. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1541998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiwen Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Teng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Pestova SV, Izmest’ev ES, Rubtsova SA, Polukeev AV, Kutchin AV. Synthesis of Thioglycosides with Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Fragments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018070126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Mestre J, Collado D, Benito-Alifonso D, Rodríguez MA, Matheu MI, Díaz Y, Castillón S, Boutureira O. Highly reactive 2-deoxy-2-iodo-d- allo and d- gulo pyranosyl sulfoxide donors ensure β-stereoselective glycosylations with steroidal aglycones. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30076-30079. [PMID: 35546863 PMCID: PMC9085402 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06619a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of well-defined d-xylo and d-ribo glycosides represents a synthetic challenge due to the limited configurational availability of starting materials and the laborious synthesis of homogeneous 2-deoxy-β-glycosidic linkages, in particular that of the sugar-steroid motif, which represents the "stereoselective determining step" of the overall synthesis. Herein we describe the use of 2-deoxy-2-iodo-glycopyranosyl sulfoxides accessible from widely available d-xylose and d-ribose monosaccharides as privileged glycosyl donors that permit activation at very low temperature. This ensures a precise kinetic control for a complete 1,2-trans stereoselective glycosylation of particularly challenging steroidal aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Mestre
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - David Collado
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - David Benito-Alifonso
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miguel A Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - M Isabel Matheu
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Yolanda Díaz
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sergio Castillón
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
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9
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Motsch S, Schütz C, Huy PH. Systematic Evaluation of Sulfoxides as Catalysts in Nucleophilic Substitutions of Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Motsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; P. O. Box 151150 66041 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Christian Schütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; P. O. Box 151150 66041 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Peter H. Huy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; P. O. Box 151150 66041 Saarbrücken Germany
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10
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Zeng J, Liu Y, Chen W, Zhao X, Meng L, Wan Q. Glycosyl Sulfoxides in Glycosylation Reactions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:27. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Singh AK, Tiwari V, Mishra KB, Gupta S, Kandasamy J. Urea-hydrogen peroxide prompted the selective and controlled oxidation of thioglycosides into sulfoxides and sulfones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1139-1144. [PMID: 28684993 PMCID: PMC5480342 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical method for the selective and controlled oxidation of thioglycosides to corresponding glycosyl sulfoxides and sulfones is reported using urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP). A wide range of glycosyl sulfoxides are selectively achieved using 1.5 equiv of UHP at 60 °C while corresponding sulfones are achieved using 2.5 equiv of UHP at 80 °C in acetic acid. Remarkably, oxidation susceptible olefin functional groups were found to be stable during the oxidation of sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Varsha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kunj Bihari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Surabhi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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12
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Xiao X, Zhao Y, Shu P, Zhao X, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang Q, Zeng J, Wan Q. Remote Activation of Disarmed Thioglycosides in Latent-Active Glycosylation via Interrupted Pummerer Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13402-13407. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiao
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Penghua Shu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiuchang Sun
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation,
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Taniguchi T, Asahata M, Nasu A, Shichibu Y, Konishi K, Monde K. Facile Diastereoseparation of Glycosyl Sulfoxides by Chiral Stationary Phase. Chirality 2016; 28:534-9. [PMID: 27296702 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Separation of the diastereomers of glycosyl sulfoxides differing in the sulfur chirality has been difficult. This article presents a fast and scalable method for their diastereoseparation using a chiral stationary phase. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated in a 500-mg scale separation within 20 min, and in the separation of trisaccharyl sulfoxide diastereomers. Chirality 28:534-539, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Taniguchi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mai Asahata
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nasu
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukatsu Shichibu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Konishi
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Fascione MA, Brabham R, Turnbull WB. Mechanistic Investigations into the Application of Sulfoxides in Carbohydrate Synthesis. Chemistry 2016; 22:3916-28. [PMID: 26744250 PMCID: PMC4794778 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The utility of sulfoxides in a diverse range of transformations in the field of carbohydrate chemistry has seen rapid growth since the first introduction of a sulfoxide as a glycosyl donor in 1989. Sulfoxides have since developed into more than just anomeric leaving groups, and today have multiple roles in glycosylation reactions. These include as activators for thioglycosides, hemiacetals, and glycals, and as precursors to glycosyl triflates, which are essential for stereoselective β-mannoside synthesis, and bicyclic sulfonium ions that facilitate the stereoselective synthesis of α-glycosides. In this review we highlight the mechanistic investigations undertaken in this area, often outlining strategies employed to differentiate between multiple proposed reaction pathways, and how the conclusions of these investigations have and continue to inform upon the development of more efficient transformations in sulfoxide-based carbohydrate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fascione
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Robin Brabham
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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15
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Shu P, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Yao W, Tao J, Wang H, Yao G, Lu Z, Zeng J, Wan Q. Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in Latent‐Active Glycosylation: Glycosyl Donors with a Recyclable and Regenerative Leaving Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14432-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Shu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Yang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Wang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Jinyi Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Hao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Zimin Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030 (China)
- Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China)
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16
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Shu P, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Yao W, Tao J, Wang H, Yao G, Lu Z, Zeng J, Wan Q. Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in Latent-Active Glycosylation: Glycosyl Donors with a Recyclable and Regenerative Leaving Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Barattucci A, Deni E, Bonaccorsi P, Ceraolo MG, Papalia T, Santoro A, Sciortino MT, Puntoriero F. Oligo(phenylene ethynylene) glucosides: modulation of cellular uptake capacity preserving light ON. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5113-20. [PMID: 24815093 DOI: 10.1021/jo500661u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new family of oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) glucosides has been prepared and characterized. Our results demonstrate that fine-tuning of their photophysical properties can be obtained by acting on the electronics of the core and molecular skeleton. Modulation of the hydrophobic chain length and substituents on the central moieties influences the bioaffinity too. In particular, introducing a NMe2 group on the aromatic central core affords a highly efficient biocompatible fluorescent probe that can be taken up in cytoplasmic vesicles of HEp-2 cells (cells from epidermoid carcinoma larynx tissue). The photophysical behavior, high quantum yield, and stability open the way to the use of the OPE family as stains for cellular imaging analysis by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barattucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and SolarChem-Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare, Università di Messina , 98166 Messina, Italia
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18
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Dey D, Bhaumik A, Pathak T. Vinyl sulfone- and vinyl sulfoxide-modified tetrahydrofurans: a preliminary account of the enantiomeric synthesis of and diastereoselectivity of addition to new classes of Michael acceptors. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Pestova SV, Sudarikov DV, Rubtsova SA, Kutchin AV. Synthesis and asymmetric oxidation of thioglycosides derived from neomenthanethiol and α-d-galactose. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428013030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Goyard D, Baron M, Skourti PV, Chajistamatiou AS, Docsa T, Gergely P, Chrysina ED, Praly JP, Vidal S. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from xylosyl and 5-thioxylosyl azides: evaluation of the xylose scaffold for the design of potential glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 364:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Atta AK, Dey D, Bhaumik A, Manna C, Pal TK, Pathak T. Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfoxide-Modified Pent-2-enofuranosides and Hex-2-enopyranosides and Preliminary Studies of Their Reactivity. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Gu Z, Zhang J, Xing G. N
‐Acetyl‐5‐
N
,4‐
O
‐oxazolidinone‐Protected Sialyl Sulfoxide: An α‐Selective Sialyl Donor with Tf
2
O/(Tol)
2
SO in Dichloromethane. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1524-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐yuan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐58802075
| | - Jia‐xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐58802075
| | - Guo‐wen Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 (China), Fax: (+86) 10‐58802075
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23
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Fascione MA, Adshead SJ, Mandal PK, Kilner CA, Leach AG, Turnbull WB. Mechanistic studies on a sulfoxide transfer reaction mediated by diphenyl sulfoxide/triflic anhydride. Chemistry 2012; 18:2987-97. [PMID: 22294491 PMCID: PMC3743163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides are frequently used in organic synthesis as chiral auxiliaries and reagents to mediate a wide variety of chemical transformations. For example, diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride can be used to activate a wide range of glycosyl donors including hemiacetals, glycals and thioglycosides. In this way, an alcohol, enol or sulfide is converted into a good leaving group for subsequent reaction with an acceptor alcohol. However, reaction of diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride with oxathiane-based thioglycosides, and other oxathianes, leads to a different process in which the thioglycoside is oxidised to a sulfoxide. This unexpected oxidation reaction is very stereoselective and proceeds under anhydrous conditions in which the diphenyl sulfoxide acts both as oxidant and as the source of the oxygen atom. Isotopic labelling experiments support a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of oxodisulfonium (S-O-S) dication intermediates. These intermediates undergo oxygen-exchange reactions with other sulfoxides and also allow interconversion of axial and equatorial sulfoxides in oxathiane rings. The reversibility of the oxygen-exchange reaction suggests that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation reaction may be under thermodynamic control, which potentially presents a novel strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fascione
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Sophie J Adshead
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Pintu K Mandal
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Colin A Kilner
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Andrew G Leach
- AstraZenecaAlderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF (UK)
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
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24
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Gampe CM, Tsukamoto H, Wang TSA, Walker S, Kahne D. Modular synthesis of diphospholipid oligosaccharide fragments of the bacterial cell wall and their use to study the mechanism of moenomycin and other antibiotics. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:9771-9778. [PMID: 22505780 PMCID: PMC3322638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a flexible, modular route to GlcNAc-MurNAc-oligosaccharides that can be readily converted into peptidoglycan (PG) fragments to serve as reagents for the study of bacterial enzymes that are targets for antibiotics. Demonstrating the utility of these synthetic PG substrates, we show that the tetrasaccharide substrate lipid IV (3), but not the disaccharide substrate lipid II (2), significantly increases the concentration of moenomycin A required to inhibit a prototypical PG-glycosyltransferase (PGT). These results imply that lipid IV and moenomycin A bind to the same site on the enzyme. We also show the moenomycin A inhibits the formation of elongated polysaccharide product but does not affect length distribution. We conclude that moenomycin A blocks PG-strand initiation rather than elongation or chain termination. Synthetic access to diphospholipid oligosaccharides will enable further studies of bacterial cell wall synthesis with the long-term goal of identifying novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Gampe
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hirokazu Tsukamoto
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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25
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HSAB-driven regioselectivity difference in the Lewis-acid catalyzed reactions of 2-C-substituted glycals with sulfur and oxygen nucleophiles: direct versus allylic substitution. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Sanhueza CA, Dorta RL, Vázquez JT. Stereochemical Properties of Glucosyl Sulfoxides in Solution. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7769-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201130x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Sanhueza
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rosa L. Dorta
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jesús T. Vázquez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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27
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Dotsenko IA, Curtis M, Samoshina NM, Samoshin VV. Convenient synthesis of 5-aryl(alkyl)sulfanyl-1,10-phenanthrolines from 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline, and their activity towards fungal β-d-glycosidases. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Subramanian V, Moumé-Pymbock M, Hu T, Crich D. Protecting group-free glycoligation by the desulfurative rearrangement of allylic disulfides as a means of assembly of oligosaccharide mimetics. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3691-709. [PMID: 21428425 PMCID: PMC3094498 DOI: 10.1021/jo102411j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2-(2-Pyridyldithio-3-butenyl) glycosides react with carbohydrate-based thiols in a two-step process involving sulfenyl transfer followed by desulfurative 2,3-allylic rearrangement, promoted by either triphenylphosphine or silver nitrate, to give novel saccharide mimetics. In an alternative embodiment of the same chemistry anomeric thiols are coupled with carbohydrates derivatized in the form of 2-(2-pyridyldithio-3-butenyl) ethers. This new method of glycoligation does not require protection of hydroxyl groups and is compatible with the presence of acetamides, azides, trichloroethoxycarbamates, and thioglycosides. Variations on the general theme enable the preparation of mimetics of reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides as well as of nonglycosidically linked systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriame Moumé-Pymbock
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Tianshun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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29
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Walvoort MTC, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Mannosazide Methyl Uronate Donors. Glycosylating Properties and Use in the Construction of β-ManNAcA-Containing Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7990-8002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101779v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Liang H, MacKay M, Grindley TB, Robertson KN, Cameron TS. Configurations and conformations of glycosyl sulfoxides. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallographic studies of two axial glycosyl sulfoxides having RS configurations (derivatives of phenyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-α-d-galactopyranoside S-oxide) show that they adopt anti conformations in the solid state, in contrast to previous observations and assumptions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3lYP6–311G+(d,p)/6–31G(d) level confirm that anti conformations of both phenyl and methyl RS glycosyl sulfoxides of 2-azido-2-deoxy-α-d-pyranosides are more stable than exo-anomeric conformations in the gas phase. 1D NOE measurements indicate that the more polar exo-anomeric conformers are only populated to a slight extent in solution. The anti conformations are distorted so that the glycosyl substituents are closer to being eclipsed with H1. This distortion allows S n → σ* overlap if the sulfur lone pair is a p-type lone pair. Evidence for this overlap comes from short C1–S bond distances, as short as the comparable bond distances in the X-ray crystal structure and in the results from DFT calculations for the SS glycoside, which does adopt the expected exo-anomeric conformation, both in the solid state and in solution, and has normal n → σ* overlap. For 2-deoxy derivatives not bearing a 2-azido group, gas-phase DFT calculations at the same level indicate that the anti- and exo-anomeric conformers have comparable stabilities. Comparison of the results of the two series shows that electronegative substituents in equatorial orientations at C2 destabilize conformations with parallel S–O arrangements, the conformation favored by having an endocyclic C–O dipole antiparallel to the S–O dipole, by about 2.5 kcal mol–1 (1 cal = 4.184 J). An equatorial glycosyl sulfoxide, (SS) phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside S-oxide, also adopts an anti conformation in the solid state as shown by X-ray diffraction. It also adopts this conformation in solution, in contrast to studies of other equatorial glycosyl sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
| | - Micheline MacKay
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
| | - T. Bruce Grindley
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
| | | | - T. Stanley Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
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31
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Sanhueza CA, Arias AC, Dorta RL, Vázquez JT. Absolute configuration of glycosyl sulfoxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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