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Bates JS, Khamespanah F, Cullen DA, Al-Omari AA, Hopkins MN, Martinez JJ, Root TW, Stahl SS. Molecular Catalyst Synthesis Strategies to Prepare Atomically Dispersed Fe-N-C Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18797-18802. [PMID: 36215721 PMCID: PMC9888425 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy to integrate atomically dispersed iron within a heterogeneous nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) support, inspired by routes for metalation of molecular macrocyclic iron complexes. The N-C support, derived from pyrolysis of a ZIF-8 metal-organic framework, is metalated via solution-phase reaction with FeCl2 and tributyl amine, as a Brønsted base, at 150 °C. Fe active sites are characterized by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The site density can be increased by selective removal of Zn2+ ions from the N-C support prior to metalation, resembling the transmetalation strategy commonly employed for the preparation of molecular Fe-macrocycles. The utility of this approach is validated by the higher catalytic rates (per total Fe) of these materials relative to established Fe-N-C catalysts, benchmarked using an aerobic oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Fatemeh Khamespanah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A. Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Abdulhadi A. Al-Omari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa N. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jesse J. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thatcher W. Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA,Corresponding Authors
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2
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Porphyrin-catalyzed electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction. Metal-centered and ligand-centered mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Matsumoto N, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable synthetic chlorins rendered water-soluble with three PEG-12 groups via click chemistry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorins provide many ideal features for use as red-region fluorophores but require molecular tailoring for solubilization in aqueous solution. A chlorin building-block bearing 18,18-dimethyl, 15-bromo and 10-[2,4,6-tris(propargyloxy)phenyl] substituents has been transformed via click chemistry with CH3(OCH2CH[Formula: see text]-N3 followed by Suzuki coupling with 3-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid, thereby installing a water-solubilization motif and a bioconjugatable handle, respectively. In toluene, [Formula: see text]-dimethylformamide (DMF) or water, the resulting facially encumbered free base chlorin exhibits characteristic chlorin absorption ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]412, 643 nm) and fluorescence ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]645 nm) spectra with only modest variation in fluorescence quantum yield ([Formula: see text] values (0.24, 0.25 and 0.19, respectively). The zinc chlorin derived therefrom exhibits similar spectral constancy ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]414 and 613 nm, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]616 nm) and [Formula: see text] 0.094, 0.10 and 0.086 in the three solvents. The results together indicate the viability of the molecular design and synthetic methodology to create red-region fluorophores for use in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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4
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Liu R, Liu S, Hu G, Lindsey JS. Aqueous solubilization of hydrophobic tetrapyrrole macrocycles by attachment to an amphiphilic single-chain nanoparticle (SCNP). NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Snapping a heterotelechelic amphiphilic polymer onto a tetrapyrrole imparts aqueous solubility to the otherwise hydrophobic macrocycle as demonstrated for a chlorin, bacteriochlorin and phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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5
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Bornhof AB, Xiong R, Borbas KE. Rational Synthesis of 2-Bromoporphyrins and 2,12-Dibromoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12908-12913. [PMID: 29094938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bromoporphyrins were prepared by the metal-mediated self-condensation of brominated 1-formyldipyrromethanes. Depending on the conditions, Mg(II)-2,12-dibromoporphyrin and Mg(II)-2-bromoporphyrin could be obtained in up to 11% and 17% isolated yield, respectively. Zn(II) was also a viable templating metal. The positions of the bromine substituents were confirmed by 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis and the X-ray crystal structure of a derivative. Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions of the bromoporphyrins yielded 2-substituted or 2,12-disubstituted porphyrins with red-shifted absorption and emission spectra. This method provides access to the minimalist core of β-mono- and β,β'-disubstituted porphyrins from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Bea Bornhof
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruisheng Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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Luciano M, Brückner C. Modifications of Porphyrins and Hydroporphyrins for Their Solubilization in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2017; 22:E980. [PMID: 28608838 PMCID: PMC6152633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of porphyrins and hydroporphyrins for use in a variety of biomedical (photodynamic therapy, fluorescence tagging and imaging, photoacoustic imaging) and technical (chemosensing, catalysis, light harvesting) applications is also associated with the growing number of methodologies that enable their solubilization in aqueous media. Natively, the vast majority of synthetic porphyrinic compounds are not water-soluble. Moreover, any water-solubility imposes several restrictions on the synthetic chemist on when to install solubilizing groups in the synthetic sequence, and how to isolate and purify these compounds. This review summarizes the chemical modifications to render synthetic porphyrins water-soluble, with a focus on the work disclosed since 2000. Where available, practical data such as solubility, indicators for the degree of aggregation, and special notes for the practitioner are listed. We hope that this review will guide synthetic chemists through the many strategies known to make porphyrins and hydroporphyrins water soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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Khosravi M, Rahimi R, pourahmad J, Zarei MH, Rabbani M. Comparison of Kinetic Study and Protective Effects of Biological Dipeptide and Two Porphyrin Derivatives on Metal Cytotoxicity Toward Human Lymphocytes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2017; 16:1059-1070. [PMID: 29201094 PMCID: PMC5610760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this research, dipeptide (his-β-alanine) and porphyrin derivatives were choosen for comparing chelating ability of toxic metals such as Al3+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+in-vitro. The reason for choosing these two compounds is that both of them are naturally present in biological systems and comparison of chelating ability of these two compounds has not yet been done. Synthesis and comparison of kinetic study of dipeptide (his-β-alanine), meso-tetrakis(4-trimethylanilinium) porphyrin (TAPP) and Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4) were carried out by our team. In addition, cytotoxicity assays of metals and chelators were also performed using methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) test. Furthermore we investigated the protective effect of chelators against cytotoxicity, induced by differenrt toxic metals such as Al3+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ on human lymphocytes. EC50 values on human lymphocytes obtained after 12 h. incubation for Al3+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ were 30, 51, 3 µM respectively and for Pb2+ no cytotoxicity was observed on human lymphocyte up to 1000 µM concentration. EC50 obtained for chelators dipeptide, TPPS4 and TAPP were 948, 472 and 175 µM respectively. Pretreatment of human lymphocyte with subtoxic concentations of chelators reduced toxicity of the metals against human blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khosravi
- Bionorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rahmatollah Rahimi
- Bionorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jalal pourahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hadi Zarei
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahboubeh Rabbani
- Bionorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Liu M, Chen CY, Mandal AK, Chandrashaker V, Evans-Storms RB, Pitner JB, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable, PEGylated Hydroporphyrins for Photochemistry and Photomedicine. Narrow-Band, Red-Emitting Chlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016; 40:7721-7740. [PMID: 28154477 DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromophores that absorb and emit in the red spectral region (600-700 nm), are water soluble, and bear a bioconjugatable tether are relatively rare yet would fulfill many applications in photochemistry and photomedicine. Here, three molecular designs have been developed wherein stable synthetic chlorins - analogues of chlorophylls - have been tailored with PEG groups for use in aqueous solution. The designs differ with regard to order of the installation (pre/post-formation of the chlorin macrocycle) and position of the PEG groups. Six PEGylated synthetic chlorins (three free bases, three zinc chelates) have been prepared, of which four are equipped with a bioconjugatable (carboxylic acid) tether. The most effective design for aqueous solubilization entails facial encumbrance where PEG groups project above and below the plane of the hydrophobic disk-like chlorin macrocycle. The chlorins possess strong absorption at ~400 nm (B band) and in the red region (Qy band); regardless of wavelength of excitation, emission occurs in the red region. Excitation in the ~400 nm region thus provides an effective Stokes shift of >200 nm. The four bioconjugatable water-soluble chlorins exhibit Qy absorption/emission in water at 613/614, 636/638, 698/700 and 706/710 nm. The spectral properties are essentially unchanged in DMF and water for the facially encumbered chlorins, which also exhibit narrow Qy absorption and emission bands (full-width-at-half maximum of each <25 nm). The water-solubility was assessed by absorption spectroscopy over the concentration range ~0.4 μM - 0.4 mM. One chlorin was conjugated to a mouse polyclonal IgG antibody for use in flow cytometry with compensation beads for proof-of-principle. The conjugate displayed a sharp signal when excited by a violet laser (405 nm) with emission in the 620-660 nm range. Taken together, the designs described herein augur well for development of a set of spectrally distinct chlorins with relatively sharp bands in the red region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | | | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
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Mandal AK, Sahin T, Liu M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Photophysical comparisons of PEGylated porphyrins, chlorins and bacteriochlorins in water. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a bioconjugatable water-soluble (PEGylated) trans-AB-porphyrin enables photophysical comparisons (τS, kf, kic, kisc, Φf, Φic, Φisc) with analogous chlorins and bacteriochlorins in DMF and water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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10
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Sahin T, Vairaprakash P, Borbas KE, Balasubramanian T, Lindsey JS. Hydrophilic bioconjugatable trans-AB-porphyrins and peptide conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing a single bioconjugatable group and a single water-solubilization motif in a trans-AB-architecture (with no other substituents) provide a compact design of value for studies in diverse disciplines. Established synthetic methods have been employed to prepare four new free base porphyrins and one Mn ( III ) chelate. The hydrophilic motif includes 4-N-methylpyridinium, 2,4,6-tris(carboxymethoxy)phenyl, 2,6-bis(phosphonomethoxy)phenyl, and carboxy; the bioconjugatable unit includes carboxy, maleimido, and N-hydroxysuccinimido (NHS) ester. Bioconjugation experiments with a protected porphyrin-diphosphate or unprotected porphyrin-diphosphonate were examined in organic solution or water, respectively. Both approaches were employed to conjugate to the ε-amino group of Lys11 in AcKPV- NH 2, a tripeptide fragment [ Ac -α-MSH(11-13)- NH 2] of melanocyte stimulating hormone, yielding porphyrin-peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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11
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Novel polycarboxylate porphyrins: synthesis, characterization, photophysical properties and preliminary antimicrobial study against Gram-positive bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:355-62. [PMID: 25475206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of two new polycarboxylic photosensitizers. Owing to their structural design, these two compounds show water solubilities larger than natural carboxylic photosensitizers (e.g., protoporphyrin IX, hematoporphyrin, etc.) and also good singlet oxygen quantum yields. These compounds were tested as photo-antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus strains. Results reveal that their photocytotoxicities are strongly dependent on their amphiphilic character and more precisely the number and position of the carboxylic acid and mesityl substituents.
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12
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Esipova T, Vinogradov SA. Synthesis of phosphorescent asymmetrically π-extended porphyrins for two-photon applications. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8812-25. [PMID: 25157580 PMCID: PMC4168792 DOI: 10.1021/jo501521x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant effort has been directed in recent years toward porphyrins with enhanced two-photon absorption (2PA). However, the properties of their triplet states, which are central to many applications, have rarely been examined in parallel. Here we report the synthesis of asymmetrically π-extended platinum(II) and palladium(II) porphyrins, whose 2PA into single-photon-absorbing states is enhanced as a result of the broken center-of-inversion symmetry and whose triplet states can be monitored by room-temperature phosphorescence. 5,15-Diaryl-syn-dibenzoporphyrins (DBPs) and syn-dinaphthoporphyrins (DNPs) were synthesized by [2 + 2] condensation of the corresponding dipyrromethanes and subsequent oxidative aromatization. Butoxycarbonyl groups on the meso-aryl rings render these porphyrins well-soluble in a range of organic solvents, while 5,15-meso-aryl substitution causes minimal nonplanar distortion of the macrocycle, ensuring high triplet emissivity. A syn-DBP bearing four alkoxycarbonyl groups in the benzo rings and possessing a large static dipole moment was also synthesized. Photophysical properties (2PA brightness and phosphorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) of the new porphyrins were measured, and their ground-state structures were determined by DFT calculations and/or X-ray analysis. The developed synthetic methods should facilitate the construction of π-extended porphyrins for applications requiring high two-photon triplet action cross sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana
V. Esipova
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Reddy KR, Sahin T, Pavan MP, Lubian E, Lindsey JS. Hydrophilic tetracarboxy bacteriochlorins for photonics applications. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:86-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41791c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Senge MO. mTHPC--a drug on its way from second to third generation photosensitizer? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:170-9. [PMID: 22594988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC, Temoporfin) is a widely investigated second generation photosensitizer. Its initial use in solution form (Foscan®) is now complemented by nanoformulations (Fospeg®, Foslip®) and new chemical derivatives related to the basic hydroxyphenylporphyrin framework. Advances in formulation, chemical modifications and targeting strategies open the way for third generation photosensitizers and give an illustrative example for the developmental process of new photoactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Ruppert M, Bauer W, Hirsch A. Microenvironment Engineering in ortho- and para-Dendronized Metalloporphyrin-Fullerene Conjugates Involving a trans-2-Bisaddition Pattern. Chemistry 2011; 17:8714-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Bullous AJ, Alonso CMA, Boyle RW. Photosensitiser–antibody conjugates for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:721-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Nikolaeva IA, Misharin AY, Ponomarev GV, Timofeev VP, Tkachev YV. Chlorin e6-cholesterol conjugate and its copper complex. Simple synthesis and entrapping in phospholipid vesicles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2872-5. [PMID: 20356740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of 13'[(cholest-5-en)-3beta-yloxyethoxycarbamoyl]-chlorin e6 starting from methylpheophorbide and 3beta(2-hydroxy)-ethoxycholest-5-ene is presented, as well as the preparation of related copper complex. Both conjugates obtained may be simply incorporated in phosphatidyl choline vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Nikolaeva
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Synthetic meso-substituted porphyrins offer significant attractions compared with naturally occurring beta-substituted porphyrins. The attractions include the rectilinear arrangement of the four meso substituents and potential synthetic amenability from pyrrole and simple acyl reactants, thereby avoiding the cumbersome syntheses of beta-substituted pyrroles. In practice, however, the classical methods for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins were characterized by high-temperature reactions, limited scope of substituents, and statistical mixtures accompanied by laborious chromatography if porphyrins bearing two different types of substituents were sought. Such methods left unrealized the tremendous utility of meso-substituted porphyrins across the enormously broad field of porphyrin science, which touches pure chemistry; energy, life and materials sciences; and medicine. This Account surveys a set of strategies, developed over a generation, that provide rational access to porphyrins bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. A "2 + 2" route employs a dipyrromethane-1,9-dicarbinol and a dipyrromethane (bearing ABC- and D-substituents, respectively) in a two-step, one-flask process of acid-catalyzed condensation followed by oxidation at room temperature to form the free base "ABCD-porphyrin." A "bilane" route relies on the acid-catalyzed reaction of a 1-acyldipyrromethane (CD substituents) and a 9-bromodipyrromethane-1-carbinol (AB substituents) to form the corresponding 19-acyl-1-bromobilane. Reaction of the latter compound in the presence of MgBr(2), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and toluene at reflux exposed to air affords the corresponding magnesium(II) porphyrin. The two routes are complementary, both in scope and in implementation. A suite of methods also affords trans-A(2)B(2)-porphyrins by reaction of a dipyrromethane and an aldehyde, self-condensation of a dipyrromethane-1-carbinol, or self-condensation of a 1-acyldipyrromethane. These new routes are also useful for preparing sparsely substituted porphyrins, which bear fewer than four meso substituents (e.g., trans-AB-porphyrins, A-porphyrins). Because of their compact size and the ability to incorporate hydrophilic or amphipathic groups, such molecules are ideal for biological applications. The success of these new synthetic strategies has relied on a number of advances including (1) the development of simple yet efficient routes to dipyrromethanes, acyldipyrromethanes, and dipyrromethane-carbinols, (2) the identification of acid catalysts and reaction conditions for condensations of pyrromethane species without accompanying acidolysis (which underlies scrambling and formation of a mixture of porphyrin products), (3) the development of analytical methods to rapidly screen for scrambling and to characterize the distribution of oligopyrromethanes and macrocycles, (4) selection and refinement of synthetic methods to increase yields and to limit or avoid use of chromatography, thereby achieving scalability to multigram levels, and (5) exploitation of discoveries concerning the fundamental chemistry of pyrrolic species. With these developments, the prior era of porphyrin synthesis has been supplanted with rational routes that proceed under very mild conditions and afford a single porphyrin bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. The meso substituents encompass a very wide range of molecular complexity. The resulting porphyrins can serve as building blocks in the construction of model systems, as components of molecular materials, and as surrogates for naturally occurring tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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19
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Götz DCG, Bruhn T, Senge MO, Bringmann G. Synthesis and stereochemistry of highly unsymmetric beta,meso-linked porphyrin arrays. J Org Chem 2010; 74:8005-20. [PMID: 19705809 DOI: 10.1021/jo901483q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin arrays with tailor-made photophysical properties and well-defined three-dimensional geometries constitute attractive synthetic targets in porphyrin chemistry. The paper describes a variable, straightforward synthetic procedure for the construction of beta,meso-linked porphyrin multichromophores in good to excellent yields. In a Suzuki-type coupling reaction beta-borylated 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins (TAPs) served as versatile building blocks for the preparation of a plethora of directly linked, unsymmetrically substituted di- and triporphyrins. Besides their interesting photophysical properties, especially the trimeric porphyrin arrays show exciting stereochemical features. The established protocols thus open a convenient entry into the synthesis of achiral and chiral, unsymmetrically substituted beta,meso-linked oligoporphyrins, e.g., for applications in biomedicine or nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C G Götz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Rontgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Senge MO, Shaker YM, Pintea M, Ryppa C, Hatscher SS, Ryan A, Sergeeva Y. Synthesis ofmeso-Substituted ABCD-Type Porphyrins by Functionalization Reactions. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kee HL, Diers JR, Ptaszek M, Muthiah C, Fan D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads as prototypes for near-infrared molecular imaging probes: controlling charge-transfer and fluorescence properties in polar media. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:909-20. [PMID: 19222800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of two energy-transfer dyads that are potential candidates for near-infrared (NIR) imaging probes are investigated as a function of solvent polarity. The dyads (FbC-FbB and ZnC-FbB) contain either a free base (Fb) or zinc (Zn) chlorin (C) as the energy donor and a free base bacteriochlorin (B) as the energy acceptor. The dyads were studied in toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In both dyads, energy transfer from the chlorin to bacteriochlorin occurs with a rate constant of approximately (5-10 ps)(-1) and a yield of >99% in nonpolar and polar media. In toluene, the fluorescence yields (Phif=0.19) and singlet excited-state lifetimes (tau approximately 5.5 ns) are comparable to those of the benchmark bacteriochlorin. The fluorescence yield and excited-state lifetime decrease as the solvent polarity increases, with quenching by intramolecular electron (or hole) transfer being greater for FbC-FbB than for ZnC-FbB in a given solvent. For example, the Phif and tau values for FbC-FbB in acetone are 0.055 and 1.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.019 and 0.28 ns, whereas those for ZnC-FbB in acetone are 0.12 and 4.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.072 and 2.4 ns. The difference in fluorescence properties of the two dyads in a given polar solvent is due to the relative energies of the lowest energy charge-transfer states, as assessed by ground-state redox potentials and supported by molecular-orbital energies derived from density functional theory calculations. Controlling the extent of excited-state quenching in polar media will allow the favorable photophysical properties of the chlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads to be exploited in vivo. These properties include very large Stokes shifts (85 nm for FbC-FbB, 110 nm for ZnC-FbB) between the red-region absorption of the chlorin and the NIR fluorescence of the bacteriochlorin (lambdaf=760 nm), long bacteriochlorin excited-state lifetime (approximately 5.5 ns), and narrow (<or=20 nm) absorption and fluorescence bands. The latter will facilitate selective excitation/detection and multiprobe applications using both intensity- and lifetime-imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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