1
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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3
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Synthesis of a Di-Mycoloyl Tri-Arabinofuranosyl Glycerol Fragment of the Mycobacterial Cell Wall, Based on Synthetic Mycolic Acids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193596. [PMID: 31590468 PMCID: PMC6804083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragments of mycobacterial cell walls such as arabinoglycerol mycolate and dimycoloyl diarabinoglycerol, comprising complex mixtures of mycolic acids, have immunostimulatory and antigenic properties. A related di-mycoloyl tri-arabinofuranosyl glycerol fragment has been isolated from cell wall hydrolysates. An effective stereoselective synthesis of tri-arabinofuranosyl glycerol, followed by coupling with stereochemically defined mycolic acids of different structural classes, to provide unique di-mycoloyl tri-arabinofuranosyl glycerols is now described.
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4
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Liu K, Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part III: synthetic studies and biological applications of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides and their analogs, derivatives and conjugates. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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5
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Ali OT, Mohammed MO, Gates PJ, Baird MS, Al Dulayymi JR. The synthesis of mycobacterial dimycoloyl diarabinoglycerol based on defined synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:207-218. [PMID: 30639038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of natural dimycoloyl diarabinoglycerols isolated from mycobacteria have been shown to be both potent immune signalling agents and potentially valuable antigens in the serodiagnosis of mycobacterial infections. We now report the highly stereocontrolled synthesis of diacyl l-glycerol-(1'→1)-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-α-d-arabinofuranosides based on simple fatty acids and single defined synthetic mycolic acids. NMR analysis confirmed that the synthetic core was identical to that in natural mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar T Ali
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Mohsin O Mohammed
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Juma'a R Al Dulayymi
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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6
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Iwasaki T, Terahigashi S, Wang Y, Tanaka A, Zhao H, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Kambe N. Synthesis of Cyclopropane Fatty Acids by C( sp3)−C( sp3) Cross-Coupling Reaction and Formal Synthesis of α-Mycolic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shohei Terahigashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Arisa Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University, Toyonaka; Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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7
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Ranchod H, Ndlandla F, Lemmer Y, Beukes M, Niebuhr J, Al-Dulayymi J, Wemmer S, Fehrsen J, Baird M, Verschoor J. The antigenicity and cholesteroid nature of mycolic acids determined by recombinant chicken antibodies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200298. [PMID: 30092023 PMCID: PMC6084858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MA) are major, species-specific lipid components of Mycobacteria and related genera. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is made up of alpha-, methoxy- and keto-MA, each with specific biological functions and conformational characteristics. Antibodies in tuberculosis (TB) patient sera respond differently towards the three MA classes and were reported to cross-react with cholesterol. To understand the antigenicity and cholesterol cross-reactivity of MA, we generated three different chicken -derived phage-displayed single-chain variable fragments (scFv) that reacted similarly towards the natural mixture of MA, but the first recognized all three classes of chemically synthetic MAs, the second only the two oxygenated types of MAs and the third only methoxy MA. The cholesterol cross-reactivity was investigated after grafting each of the three scFv types onto two configurations of constant chain domains–CH1-4 and CH2-4. Weak but significant cross-reactivity with cholesterol was found only with CH2-4 versions, notably those two that were also able to recognize the trans-keto MA. The cholesteroid nature of mycobacterial mycolic acids therefore seems to be determined by the trans-keto MA subclass. The significantly weaker binding to cholesterol in comparison to MA confirms the potential TB diagnostic application of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Ranchod
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Fortunate Ndlandla
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mervyn Beukes
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johann Niebuhr
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Wemmer
- Serology and Immunochemistry, Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programme, Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Serology and Immunochemistry, Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programme, Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mark Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Gold(I)-Catalysis for the Synthesis of Terpenoids: From Intramolecular Cascades to Intermolecular Cycloadditions. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Braganza CD, Teunissen T, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Identification and Biological Activity of Synthetic Macrophage Inducible C-Type Lectin Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1940. [PMID: 29387054 PMCID: PMC5776103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern recognition receptor able to recognize both damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and in this respect, there has been much interest in determining the scope of ligands that bind Mincle and how structural modifications to these ligands influence ensuing immune responses. In this review, we will present Mincle ligands of known chemical structure, with a focus on ligands that have been synthetically prepared, such as trehalose glycolipids, glycerol-based ligands, and 6-acylated glucose and mannose derivatives. The ability of the different classes of ligands to influence the innate, and consequently, the adaptive, immune response will be described, and where appropriate, structure-activity relationships within each class of Mincle ligands will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Teunissen
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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10
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Abstract
R- and S-Glycerol mycolates derived from single synthetic α-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar T Ali
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Mohaned M Sahb
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK.
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11
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Mohammed MO, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. Preparation of the tri-arabino di-mycolate fragment of mycobacterial arabinogalactan from defined synthetic mycolic acids. Carbohydr Res 2017; 437:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Ali HM, Koza G, Hameed RT, Rowles R, Davies C, Al Dulayymi JR, Gwenin CD, Baird MS. The synthesis of single enantiomers of trans-alkene containing mycolic acids and related sugar esters. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Smet M, Pollard C, De Beuckelaer A, Van Hoecke L, Vander Beken S, De Koker S, Al Dulayymi JR, Huygen K, Verschoor J, Baird MS, Grooten J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-associated synthetic mycolates differentially exert immune stimulatory adjuvant activity. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2149-54. [PMID: 27349218 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MAs) are highly hydrophobic long-chain α-alkyl β-hydroxy fatty acids present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as a complex mixture of molecules with a common general structure but with variable functional groups in the meromycolate chain. In this study, we addressed the relationship between the MA molecular structure and their contribution to the development of T-cell immune responses. Hereto, we used the model antigen ovalbumin and single synthetic MAs, differing in oxygenation class and cis versus trans proximal cyclopropane configuration, as immune stimulatory agents. Subcutaneous delivery of liposome-formulated MAs with a proximal cis cyclopropane elicited antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell immune responses, whereas intratracheal immunization elicited pulmonary Th17 responses. These immune stimulatory activities depended not only on the cis versus trans proximal cyclopropane configuration but also on the MA oxygenation class. Our study thus shows that both the presence and nature of the functional groups in the meromycolate chain affect the immune stimulatory adjuvant activity of Mtb mycolates and suggests that Mtb bacilli may impact on the host protective immune response by modulating the cis versus trans stereochemistry of its mycolates as well as by altering the oxygenation class of the meromycolate functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Smet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Pollard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans De Beuckelaer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Medical Biotechnology Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seppe Vander Beken
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Koker
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kris Huygen
- Immunology Department, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Carreras J, Kirillova MS, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of (-)-Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7121-5. [PMID: 27119910 PMCID: PMC5053274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of cannabimovone from Cannabis sativa and anhydrocannabimovone was achieved by means of a highly stereoselective gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization. The results led to reassignment of the structure of anhydrocannabimovone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mariia S Kirillova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel⋅li Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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15
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Mohammed MO, Baird MS, Al Dulayymi JR, Jones A, Gwenin CD. Arabino mycolates from synthetic mycolic acids. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Carreras J, Kirillova MS, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of (−)-Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Mariia S. Kirillova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/ Marcel⋅li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
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17
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Glucose monomycolates based on single synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Mohammed MO, Baird MS, Al Dulayymi JR. Mycolyl arabino glycerols from synthetic mycolic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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21
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Stocker BL, Timmer MS. Trehalose diesters, lipoteichoic acids and α-GalCer: using chemistry to understand immunology. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Koza G, Muzael M, Schubert-Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. The synthesis of methoxy and keto mycolic acids containing methyl-trans-cyclopropanes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Balogun MO, Huws EH, Sirhan MM, Saleh AD, Dulayymi JRA, Pilcher L, Verschoor JA, Baird MS. Thiol modified mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 172-173:40-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Paul NK, Twibanire JDK, Grindley TB. Direct Synthesis of Maradolipids and Other Trehalose 6-Monoesters and 6,6′-Diesters. J Org Chem 2012; 78:363-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302231v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nawal K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
B3H 4J3
| | | | - T. Bruce Grindley
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
B3H 4J3
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25
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Verschoor JA, Baird MS, Grooten J. Towards understanding the functional diversity of cell wall mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:325-39. [PMID: 22659327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute the waxy layer of the outer cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. and a few other genera. They are diverse in structure, providing a unique chromatographic foot-print for almost each of the more than 70 Mycobacterium species. Although mainly esterified to cell wall arabinogalactan, trehalose or glucose, some free mycolic acid is secreted during in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In M. tuberculosis, α-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids are the main classes, each differing in their ability to attract neutrophils, induce foamy macrophages or adopt an antigenic structure for antibody recognition. Of interest is their particular relationship to cholesterol, discovered by their ability to attract cholesterol, to bind Amphotericin B or to be recognised by monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with cholesterol. The structural elements that determine this diverse functionality include the carboxylic acid in the mycolic motif, as well as the nature and stereochemistry of the two functional groups in the merochain. The functional diversity of mycolic acid classes implies that much information may be contained in the selective expression and secretion of mycolic acids to establish tuberculosis after infection of the host. Their cholesteroid nature may relate to how they utilize host cholesterol for their persistent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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26
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Khan AA, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Trehalose glycolipids--synthesis and biological activities. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:25-36. [PMID: 22486827 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A variety of trehalose glycolipids have been isolated from natural sources, and several of these glycolipids exhibit important biological properties. These molecules also represent challenging synthetic targets due to their highly amphiphilic character, their large number of functional groups and additional chiral centres. This review highlights some of the recent advances made in the synthesis of trehalose glycolipids, and their associated biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A Khan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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27
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Khan AA, Chee SH, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. The Synthesis of Long-Chain α-Alkyl-β-Hydroxy Esters Using Allylic Halides in a Fráter-Seebach Alkylation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Teichert JF, den Hartog T, Hanstein M, Smit C, ter Horst B, Hernandez-Olmos V, Feringa BL, Minnaard AJ. Organocatalytic Reduction of Carbon−Carbon Double Bonds in Racemization-Sensitive Compounds. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs100121m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Teichert
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim den Hartog
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Hanstein
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Smit
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn ter Horst
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hartmann E, Vyas DJ, Oestreich M. Enantioselective formal hydration of α,β-unsaturated acceptors: asymmetric conjugate addition of silicon and boron nucleophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7917-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10528k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vander Beken S, Al Dulayymi JR, Naessens T, Koza G, Maza-Iglesias M, Rowles R, Theunissen C, De Medts J, Lanckacker E, Baird MS, Grooten J. Molecular structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor, mycolic acid, determines the elicited inflammatory pattern. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:450-60. [PMID: 21268014 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MAs) occur in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as variable mixtures of different classes and chain lengths. Here, we address the relationship between the structure and its inflammatory function of this virulence factor using single synthetic MA isomers, differing in oxygenation class and cis- versus α-methyl-trans proximal cyclopropane orientation. Analysis of bronchoalveolar inflammation, lung histopathology and alveolar macrophage transcription revealed a strong dependence on these meromycolic chemistries of mouse pulmonary inflammation in response to intratracheal treatments with MAs. Whereas α-MA was inert, oxygenated methoxy- and keto-MA with cis-cyclopropane stereochemistry elicited solid to mild inflammatory responses respectively. In trans-cyclopropane orientation, methoxy-MA partially lost its inflammatory activity and keto-MA exerted anti-inflammatory alternative activation of alveolar macrophages and counteracted cis-methoxy-MA induced airway inflammation. The differential innate immune activities of MAs demonstrated here, dependent on oxygenation class and cis versus α-methyl-trans cyclopropane chemistry, identify a novel means for M. tuberculosis to steer host immune responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Vander Beken
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Beukes M, Lemmer Y, Deysel M, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Koza G, Iglesias MM, Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Grooten J, Toschi G, Roberts VV, Pilcher L, Van Wyngaardt S, Mathebula N, Balogun M, Stoltz AC, Verschoor JA. Structure-function relationships of the antigenicity of mycolic acids in tuberculosis patients. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:800-8. [PMID: 20875402 PMCID: PMC3025329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall mycolic acids (MA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are CD1b presented antigens that can be used to detect antibodies as surrogate markers of active TB, even in HIV coinfected patients. The use of the complex mixtures of natural MA is complicated by an apparent antibody cross-reactivity with cholesterol. Here firstly we report three recombinant monoclonal scFv antibody fragments in the chicken germ-line antibody repertoire, which demonstrate the possibilities for cross-reactivity: the first recognized both cholesterol and mycolic acids, the second mycolic acids but not cholesterol, and the third cholesterol but not mycolic acids. Secondly, MA structure is experimentally interrogated to try to understand the cross-reactivity. Unique synthetic mycolic acids representative of the three main functional classes show varying antigenicity against human TB patient sera, depending on the functional groups present and on their stereochemistry. Oxygenated (methoxy- and keto-) mycolic acid was found to be more antigenic than alpha-mycolic acids. Synthetic methoxy-mycolic acids were the most antigenic, one containing a trans-cyclopropane apparently being somewhat more antigenic than the natural mixture. Trans-cyclopropane-containing keto- and hydroxy-mycolic acids were also found to be the most antigenic among each of these classes. However, none of the individual synthetic mycolic acids significantly and reproducibly distinguished the pooled serum of TB positive patients from that of TB negative patients better than the natural mixture of MA. This argues against the potential to improve the specificity of serodiagnosis of TB with a defined single synthetic mycolic acid antigen from this set, although sensitivity may be facilitated by using a synthetic methoxy-mycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Beukes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Madrey Deysel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Mark S. Baird
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Gani Koza
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Johan Grooten
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Gent University, Belgium
| | - Gianna Toschi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lynne Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nsovo Mathebula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Anton C. Stoltz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan A. Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 124202477; fax: +27 123625302.
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Muzael M, Koza G, Dulayymi JJA, Baird MS. The synthesis of a major α′-mycolic acid of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:678-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Koza G, Rowles R, Theunissen C, Al-Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. The synthesis of single enantiomers of trans-alkene-containing mycolic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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