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Ding H, Zhang XL, Guo A, Lee QP, Cai C, Li M, Cao H, Liu XW. A Strain-Promoted Divergent Chemical Steroidation Unveils Potent Anti-Inflammatory Pseudo-Steroidal Glycosides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11811-11822. [PMID: 38635880 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel agents with immunoregulatory effects is a keen way to combat the growing threat of inflammatory storms to global health. To synthesize pseudo-steroidal glycosides tethered by ether bonds with promising immunomodulatory potential, we develop herein a highly effective deoxygenative functionalization of a novel steroidal donor (steroidation) facilitated by strain-release, leveraging cost-effective and readily available Sc(OTf)3 catalysis. This transformation produces a transient steroid-3-yl carbocation which readily reacts with O-, C-, N-, S-, and P-nucleophiles to generate structurally diverse steroid derivatives. DFT calculations were performed to shed light on the mechanistic details of the regioselectivity, underlying an acceptor-dependent steroidation mode. This approach can be readily extended to the etherification of sugar alcohols to enable the achievement of a diversity-oriented, pipeline-like synthesis of pseudo-steroidal glycosides in good to excellent yields with complete stereo- and regiospecific control for anti-inflammatory agent discovery. Immunological studies have demonstrated that a meticulously designed cholesteryl disaccharide can significantly suppress interleukin-6 secretion in macrophages, exhibiting up to 99% inhibition rates compared to the negative control. These findings affirm the potential of pseudo-steroidal glycosides as a prospective category of lead agents for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003 China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Aoxin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Qian Ping Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003 China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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2
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1908] [Impact Index Per Article: 272.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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4
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Tomkiel AM, Siergiejczyk L, Naróg D, Płoszyńska J, Sobkowiak A, Morzycki JW. Electrochemical cholesterylation of sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate. Steroids 2017; 117:44-51. [PMID: 27263439 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical cholesterylation of various sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate was studied. The reaction afforded mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-cholesterylated products using equivalent amounts of the reagent. The reactions turned out to be completely stereoselective with respect to both sugar and steroid but only partially regioselective - primary and anomeric hydroxyl groups in sugars were the most reactive ones while no substantial differences in reactivity was found for different secondary hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta M Tomkiel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Leszek Siergiejczyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Naróg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Płoszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland.
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5
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Zhang L, Li L, Bai S, Zhou X, Wang P, Li M. Access to Diosgenyl Glycoconjugates via Gold(I)-Catalyzed Etherification of Diosgen-3-yl ortho-Hexynylbenzoate. Org Lett 2016; 18:6030-6033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Colorda Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Shujin Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
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6
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Morzycki JW, Sobkowiak A. Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:392-402. [PMID: 25977713 PMCID: PMC4419515 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect cholesterol electrochemical oxidation in the presence of various mediators leads to electrophilic addition to the double bond, oxidation at the allylic position, oxidation of the hydroxy group, or functionalization of the side chain. Recent studies have proven that direct electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol is also possible and affords different products depending on the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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7
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Tomkiel AM, Biedrzycki A, Płoszyńska J, Naróg D, Sobkowiak A, Morzycki JW. 3α,5α-Cyclocholestan-6β-yl ethers as donors of the cholesterol moiety for the electrochemical synthesis of cholesterol glycoconjugates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:162-8. [PMID: 25815065 PMCID: PMC4362039 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
3α,5α-Cyclocholestan-6β-yl alkyl and aryl ethers were proved to be efficient cholesteryl donors in the electrochemical synthesis of glycoconjugates. 3α,5α-Cyclocholestan-6β-ol (i-cholesterol) and its tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether can also be used for this purpose. The i-cholesterol derivatives show similar reactivities to those of previously studied 3α,5α-cyclocholestan-6β-thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta M Tomkiel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Płoszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Naróg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
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8
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Abstract
This review article presents advances in cholesterol chemistry since 2000. Various transformations (chemical, enzymatic, electrochemical, etc.) of cholesterol are presented. A special emphasis is given to cholesterol oxidation reactions, but also substitution of the 3β-hydroxyl group, addition to the C5-C6 double bond, C-H functionalization, and C-C bond forming reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland.
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9
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Tomkiel AM, Kowalski J, Płoszyńska J, Siergiejczyk L, Lotowski Z, Sobkowiak A, Morzycki JW. Electrochemical synthesis of glycoconjugates from activated sterol derivatives. Steroids 2014; 82:60-7. [PMID: 24486463 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several derivatives of cholesterol and other 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-steroids were prepared and tested as sterol donors in electrochemical reactions with sugar alcohols. The reactions afforded glycoconjugates with sugar linked to a steroid moiety by an ether bond. Readily available sterol diphenylphosphates yielding up to 54% of the desired glycoconjugate were found to be the best sterol donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta M Tomkiel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Płoszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Leszek Siergiejczyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland
| | - Zenon Lotowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P.O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland.
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