1
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Knöller JA, Forschner R, Frey W, Lang J, Baro A, Zens A, Molard Y, Giesselmann F, Claasen B, Laschat S. Chasing Self-Assembly of Thioether-Substituted Flavylium Salts in Solution and Bulk State. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200154. [PMID: 35446455 PMCID: PMC9400860 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Two series of flavylium triflates carrying alkoxy side chains in the A‐ring (benzo unit of chromylium salt) and thioethers in the B ring (phenyl unit) (On‐Fla‐Sm) as well as thioethers at both A and B ring (Sn‐Fla‐Sm) were synthesized in order to understand the effect of thioether functionalization on their self‐assembly and electronic properties. Concentration‐dependent and diffusion ordered (DOSY) NMR experiments of O1‐iV‐Fla‐S3 indicate the formation of columnar H‐aggregates in solution with antiparallel intracolumnar stacking of the AC unit (chromylium) of the flavylium triflate, in agreement with the solid state structure of O1‐V‐Fla‐S1. Thioether substitution on the B ring changes the linear optical properties in solution, whereas it has no effect on the A ring. According to differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction bulk self‐assembly of these ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) depends on the total number of side chains, yielding SmA and LamCol phases for ILCs with 2–3 chains and Colro, Colh phases for ILCs with 3–6 chains. Thus, we demonstrated that thioethers are a useful design tool for ILCs with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius A Knöller
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Robert Forschner
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Johannes Lang
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Angelika Baro
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Anna Zens
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Yann Molard
- University of Rennes 1 - Health Sciences Campus Villejean: Universite de Rennes 1 - Campus Sante de Villejean, Institut of Chemical Science, GERMANY
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Birgit Claasen
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, GERMANY
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2
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Sales ES, Dos Santos GM, Mandle RJ, Costa WC, Bechtold IH, Gonçalves IL, Eifler-Lima VL, Merlo AA. Insight into Out-of-Layer Fluctuations in the Smectic A Stability of 3,5-Diarylisoxazole Liquid Crystals. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1408-1419. [PMID: 32463550 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polar-terminated 3,5-diarylisoxazole liquid crystals (ILCs) were synthetized and characterized. ILCs are composed by rigid core 3,5-diarylisoxazol, alkyl chain and polar-terminated flexible spacer. Hydroxyl-, ketal- and 1,2-diol-terminated ILCs rendered smectic C and A mesophase, while bromine-terminated ILCs showed smectic A and B mesophase, for monosubstituted and linear ILCs. For branched alkyl chain monotropic SmA was detected and for disubstituted ILCs no mesophase was detected. Out-of-layer fluctuations (OLFs) are discussed based on X-ray diffraction date and textures. The OLFs are dependent on the bromine atom hardness, hydrogen bonding through collective actions and conformational effects at the interface between layers. Smectic translational order parameter (TOP) Σ was also obtained for orientated bromine- and hydroxyl-terminated ILCs and related it with OLFs. For 1,2-diol-terminated ILCs two SmC sublayers were founded, probably related to the intramolecular hydrogen bond favoring the 5-membered and 6-membered formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Sales
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501970, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501970, RS, Brazil
| | - Richard J Mandle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Wallison C Costa
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ivan H Bechtold
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Itamar L Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera L Eifler-Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aloir A Merlo
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501970, RS, Brazil
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3
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Liu D, Thomas T, Gong H, Li F, Li Q, Song L, Azhagan T, Jiang H, Yang M. A mechanism of alkali metal carbonates catalysing the synthesis of β-hydroxyethyl sulfide with mercaptan and ethylene carbonate. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9367-9374. [PMID: 31621741 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of β-hydroxyethylation is essential to the current practice of organic chemistry. Here, we proposed a new and green route to synthesize 2-hydroxyethyl n-alkyl sulfide with n-alkyl mercaptan and ethylene carbonate (EC) in the presence of alkali carbonates as catalysts and revealed the mechanism by experiments and theoretical calculations. The reaction reported proceeds rapidly with high yields when it is performed at 120 °C and the catalytic loading is ∼1 mol%. This protocol is applicable to other mercaptans to synthesize the corresponding β-hydroxyethyl sulfide. Density functional theory-based calculations show the energy profile for the reaction pathway. The rate-determining step is the ring-opening of EC. A negatively charged O atom of alkali carbonates approaches the S atom of -SH under the influence of hydrogen bonds. An activated S atom that carries more negative charge serves as a nucleophilic reagent and assists in the ring-opening of EC by reducing the Mayer bond orders of the C1-O1 bond in EC. Alkali cations also contribute to the C1-O1 bond cleavage. The energy barrier for the ring-opening of EC decreases with the decrease of electronegativity of alkali cations. Subsequent transference of a H atom leads to the formation of β-hydroxyethyl sulfide, the dissociation of CO2 and the reduction of K2CO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China.
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4
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Yıldırım A, Kıraylar K, Öztürk S. A convenient approach directly from triglycerides toward the producing of thia-wax esters as bio- and chemical raw materials. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Heredia AA, López-Vidal MG, Kurina-Sanz M, Bisogno FR, Peñéñory AB. Thiol-free chemoenzymatic synthesis of β-ketosulfides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:378-387. [PMID: 30873224 PMCID: PMC6404416 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A preparation of β-ketosulfides avoiding the use of thiols is described. The combination of a multicomponent reaction and a lipase-catalysed hydrolysis has been developed in order to obtain high chemical diversity employing a single sulfur donor. This methodology for the selective synthesis of a set of β-ketosulfides is performed under mild conditions and can be set up in one-pot two-step and on a gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián A Heredia
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Martín G López-Vidal
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Marcela Kurina-Sanz
- INTEQUI-CONICET, Área de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, UNSL. Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Fabricio R Bisogno
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Alicia B Peñéñory
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
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6
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Nestor ST, Heinrich B, Sykora RA, Zhang X, McManus GJ, Douce L, Mirjafari A. Methimazolium-based ionic liquid crystals: Emergence of mesomorphic properties via a sulfur motif. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Kirres J, Schmitt K, Wurzbach I, Giesselmann F, Ludwigs S, Ringenberg M, Ruff A, Baro A, Laschat S. Tuning liquid crystalline phase behaviour in columnar crown ethers by sulfur substituents. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing side chains in the periphery ofo-terphenyl or triphenylene units of crown ethers induce room-temperature columnar mesophases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Katharina Schmitt
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institut für Polymerchemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Institut für Polymerchemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Analytische Chemie – Elektroanalytik & Sensorik
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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9
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Synthesis and thermotropic behaviour of bis(imidazolium) salts bearing long-chain alkyl-substituents and of the corresponding dinuclear gold carbene complexes. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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O’Brien RA, Mirjafari A, Mattson KM, Murray SM, Mobarrez N, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, Davis JH, West KN. The Effect of the Sulfur Position on the Melting Points of Lipidic 1-Methyl-3-Thiaalkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:10232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5058513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arsalan Mirjafari
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | | | | | - Niloufar Mobarrez
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
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