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Lee CK, Gangadharappa C, Fahrenbach AC, Kim DJ. Harnessing Radicals: Advances in Self-Assembly and Molecular Machinery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2408271. [PMID: 39177115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Radicals, with their unpaired electrons, exhibit unique chemical and physical properties that have long intrigued chemists. Despite early skepticism about their stability, the discovery of persistent radicals has opened new possibilities for molecular interactions. This review examines the mechanisms and applications of radically driven self-assembly, focusing on key motifs such as naphthalene diimides, tetrathiafulvalenes, and viologens, which serve as models for radical assembly. The potential of radical interactions in the development of artificial molecular machines (AMMs) are also discussed. These AMMs, powered by radical-radical interactions, represent significant advancements in non-equilibrium chemistry, mimicking the functionalities of biological systems. From molecular switches to ratchets and pumps, the versatility and unique properties of radically powered AMMs are highlighted. Additionally, the applications of radical assembly in materials science are explored, particularly in creating smart materials with redox-responsive properties. The review concludes by comparing AMMs to biological molecular machines, offering insights into future directions. This overview underscores the impact of radical chemistry on molecular assembly and its promising applications in both synthetic and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert C Fahrenbach
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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2
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Yang B, Wang H, Zhang D, Li Z. Water‐Soluble Three‐Dimensional
Polymers:
Non‐Covalent
and Covalent Synthesis and Functions
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Dan‐Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Zhan‐Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
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3
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Kahlfuss C, Gibaud T, Denis-Quanquin S, Chowdhury S, Royal G, Chevallier F, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Redox-Induced Molecular Metamorphism Promoting a Sol/Gel Phase Transition in a Viologen-Based Coordination Polymer. Chemistry 2018; 24:13009-13019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Kahlfuss
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Sandrine Denis-Quanquin
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Shagor Chowdhury
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Guy Royal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS; Département de Chimie Moléculaire; 38400 Grenoble France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS; Département de Chimie Moléculaire; 38400 Grenoble France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
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Korlepara DB, Balasubramanian S. Molecular modelling of supramolecular one dimensional polymers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22659-22669. [PMID: 35539740 PMCID: PMC9081382 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03402h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers exemplify the need to employ several computational techniques to study processes and phenomena occuring at varied length and time scales. Electronic processes, conformational and configurational excitations of small aggregates of chromophoric molecules, solvent effects under realistic thermodynamic conditions and mesoscale morphologies are some of the challenges which demand hierarchical modelling approaches. This review focusses on one-dimensional supramolecular polymers, the mechanism of self-assembly of monomers in polar and non-polar solvents and properties they exhibit. Directions for future work are as well outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya B Korlepara
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bangalore India
| | - S Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bangalore India +91 80 2208 2766 +91-80 2208 2808
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5
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Chen L, Wang H, Zhang DW, Zhou Y, Li ZT. Protonation-induced switching of pleated foldamers of diaminonaphthalene-bipyridinium polymers. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Tian J, Wang H, Zhang DW, Liu Y, Li ZT. Supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs): homogeneous regular 2D and 3D pores in water. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Studies on periodic porosity and related properties and functions have been limited to insoluble solid-state materials. Self-assembly provides a straightforward and efficient strategy for the construction of soluble periodic porous supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) in water from rationally designed molecular building blocks. From rigid tri- and tetra-armed building blocks and cucurbitu[8]ril (CB[8]), a number of two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb, square and rhombic SOFs can be generated, which is driven by CB[8]-encapsulation-enhanced dimerization of two aromatic units on the periphery of the multi-armed molecules. By utilizing the same three-component host−guest motif as the driving force, three-dimensional (3D) diamondoid and cubic SOFs can be obtained from tetrahedral and [Ru(bipy)3]2+-derived octahedral monomers and CB[8]. All of the 2D and 3D periodic frameworks are soluble in water, and are able to maintain the periodicity as well as the pore sizes in the solid state. 3D SOFs are highly efficient homogeneous polycationic frameworks for reversible adsorption of anionic species including organic dyes, peptides, nucleic acids, drugs, dendrimers and Wells-Dawson-typed polyoxametallates (WD-POMs). WD-POM molecules adsorbed in the [Ru(bipy)3]2+-based SOF can catalyse the reduction of proton to H2 upon visible-light sensitization of [Ru(bipy)3]2+, which allows multiple electron transfer from [Ru(bipy)3]2+ to WD-POM. This review summarizes the design, formation and characterization of this new family of self-assembled frameworks, highlights their applications as homogeneous porous materials and finally outlines some future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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Tian J, Chen L, Zhang DW, Liu Y, Li ZT. Supramolecular organic frameworks: engineering periodicity in water through host-guest chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6351-62. [PMID: 27094341 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of homogeneous, water-soluble periodic self-assembled structures comprise repeating units that produce porosity in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) spaces has become a topic of growing interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry. Such novel self-assembled entities, known as supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs), are the result of programmed host-guest interactions, which allows for the thermodynamically controlled generation of monolayer sheets or a diamondoid architecture with regular internal cavities or pores under mild conditions. This feature article aims at propagating the conceptually novel SOFs as a new entry into conventional supramolecular polymers. In the first section, we will describe the background of porous solid frameworks and supramolecular polymers. We then introduce the self-assembling behaviour of several multitopic flexible molecules, which is closely related to the design of periodic SOFs from rigid multitopic building blocks. This is followed by a brief discussion of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-encapsulation-enhanced aromatic stacking in water. The three-component host-guest pattern based on this stacking motif has been utilized to drive the formation of most of the new SOFs. In the following two sections, we will highlight the main advances in the construction of 2D and 3D SOFs and the related functional aspects. Finally, we will offer our opinions on future directions for both structures and functions. We hope that this article will trigger the interest of researchers in the field of chemistry, physics, biology and materials science, which should help accelerate the applications of this new family of soft self-assembled organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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8
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Barrow SJ, Kasera S, Rowland MJ, del Barrio J, Scherman OA. Cucurbituril-Based Molecular Recognition. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12320-406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1188] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Barrow
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Setu Kasera
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Rowland
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús del Barrio
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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9
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Conjugated radical cation dimerization-driven generation of supramolecular architectures. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Zhang YC, Zhou Y, Li ZT, Zhang DW. Stacking of hydrazone-bridged linear tetrathiafulvalene radical cations. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Zhang DW, Tian J, Chen L, Zhang L, Li ZT. Dimerization of Conjugated Radical Cations: An Emerging Non-Covalent Interaction for Self-Assembly. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:56-68. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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