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Cheng B, Song L, Chen F. Huperzine alkaloids: forty years of total syntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:59-84. [PMID: 37818549 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Huperzine alkaloids are a group of natural products belonging to the Lycopodium alkaloids family. The representative member huperzine A has a unique structure and exhibits potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholine esterase (AChE). This subfamily of alkaloids provides a great opportunity for developing synthetic methodologies and asymmetric synthesis. The efforts towards the synthesis of huperzine A have cultivated dozens of total syntheses and a rich body of new chemistry. Impressive progress has also been made in the synthesis of other huperzine alkaloids. The total syntheses of huperzines B, U, O, Q and R, structure reassignment and total syntheses of huperzines K, M and N have been reported in the past decade. This review focuses on the synthetic organic chemistry and the biosynthesis and medicinal chemistry of huperzines are also covered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichu Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lili Song
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Okuyama M, Umekubo N, Akimoto K, Shimizu T, Kubokoya K, Nakajima N, Nishiyama Y, Yokoshima S. Total syntheses of macleanine and lycoposerramine-S. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6289-6292. [PMID: 37505101 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Total syntheses of fawcettimine-class Lycopodium alkaloids having an imino bridge between C5 and C13 were accomplished. Fawcettimine was first prepared in 10 steps from a known compound, and the characteristic structures, including the imino bridge, were constructed via the formation of a bridgehead imine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Nariyoshi Umekubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kenta Akimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Kubokoya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Nagayasu Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshitake Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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3
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Kaghad A, Panagopoulos D, Caballero-García G, Zhai H, Britton R. An α-chloroaldehyde-based formal synthesis of eribulin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1904. [PMID: 37019928 PMCID: PMC10076431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eribulin (Halaven) is the most structurally complex non-peptidic drug made by total synthesis and has challenged preconceptions of synthetic feasibility in drug discovery and development. However, despite decades of research, the synthesis and manufacture of eribulin remains a daunting task. Here, we report syntheses of the most complex fragment of eribulin (C14-C35) used in two distinct industrial routes to this important anticancer drug. Our convergent strategy relies on a doubly diastereoselective Corey-Chaykovsky reaction to affect the union of two tetrahydrofuran-containing subunits. Notably, this process relies exclusively on enantiomerically enriched α-chloroaldehydes as building blocks for constructing the three densely functionalized oxygen heterocycles found in the C14-C35 fragment and all associated stereocenters. Overall, eribulin can now be produced in a total of 52 steps, which is a significant reduction from that reported in both academic and industrial syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Kaghad
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dimitrios Panagopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Huimin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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4
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Truax NJ, Ayinde S, Liu JO, Romo D. Total Synthesis of Rameswaralide Utilizing a Pharmacophore-Directed Retrosynthetic Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18575-18585. [PMID: 36166374 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacophore-directed retrosynthetic strategy was applied to the first total synthesis of the cembranoid rameswaralide in order to simultaneously achieve a total synthesis while also developing a structure-activity relationship profile throughout the synthetic effort. The synthesis utilized a Diels-Alder lactonization process, including a rare kinetic resolution to demonstrate the potential of this strategy for an enantioselective synthesis providing both the 5,5,6- and, through a ring expansion, 5,5,7-tricyclic ring systems present in several Sinularia soft coral cembranoids. A pivotal synthetic intermediate, a tricyclic epoxy α-bromo cycloheptenone, displayed high cytotoxicity with interesting selectivity toward the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. This intermediate enabled the pursuit of three unique D-ring annulation strategies including a photocatalyzed intramolecular Giese-type radical cyclization and a diastereoselective, intramolecular enamine-mediated Michael addition, with the latter annulation constructing the final D-ring to deliver rameswaralide. The serendipitous discovery of an oxidation state transposition of the tricyclic epoxy cycloheptenone proceeding through a presumed doubly vinylogous, E1-type elimination enabled the facile introduction of the required α-methylene butyrolactone. Preliminary biological tests of rameswaralide and precursors demonstrated weak cytotoxicity; however, the comparable cytotoxicity of a simple 6,7-bicyclic β-keto ester, corresponding to the CD-ring system of rameswaralide, to that of the natural product itself suggests that such bicyclic β-ketoesters may constitute an interesting pharmacophore that warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76710, United States
| | - Safiat Ayinde
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76710, United States
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5
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Kurose T, Itoga M, Nanjo T, Takemoto Y, Tsukano C. Total Synthesis of Lyconesidine B: Approach to a Three-Dimensional Tetracyclic Skeleton of Amine-Type Fawcettimine Core and Studies of Asymmetric Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kurose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Moeko Itoga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
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6
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Kurose T, Tsukano C, Nanjo T, Takemoto Y. Total Synthesis of Lyconesidine B, a Lycopodium Alkaloid with an Oxygenated, Amine-Type Fawcettimine Core. Org Lett 2021; 23:676-681. [PMID: 33325708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the total synthesis of the complex, oxygenated tetracyclic alkaloid, lyconesidine B. The key synthetic challenge involves diastereoselective generation of a decahydroquinoline ring with a quaternary carbon at the angular position via domino cyclopropanation, ring-opening, and reduction. Another crucial step is the domino ene-yne metathesis involving a quaternary ammonium ion, leading to the construction of a decahydroazaazulen framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kurose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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8
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Shao H, Fang K, Wang YP, Zhang XM, Ding TM, Zhang SY, Chen ZM, Tu YQ. Total Synthesis of Fawcettimine-Type Alkaloid, Lycojaponicumin A. Org Lett 2020; 22:3775-3779. [PMID: 32330061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The efficient total synthesis of lycojaponicumin A (1) has been accomplished for the first time. The remarkable features of this novel strategy include the following: (1) rapid construction of tricyclic intermediate 4 through a regio- and stereoselective semipinacol ring expansion, which simplified the construction of rings A and B of 1; (2) the subsequent regio- and stereoselective formation of the highly strained rings C-E of 1 through a tandem oxa-hetero [3 + 2] cycloaddition/N-cycloalkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
| | - Kun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
| | - Zhi-Min Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000
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9
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Li H, Lei X. Fawcettimine-TypeLycopodiumAlkaloids as a Driving Force for Discoveries in Organic Synthesis. CHEM REC 2017; 18:543-554. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houhua Li
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 D-44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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10
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Abstract
The total synthesis of huperzine Q was accomplished. The synthesis features the construction of the cis-hydrindane skeleton via a Diels-Alder reaction and a ring contraction reaction of an epoxyketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tanimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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11
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Hong B, Hu D, Wu J, Zhang J, Li H, Pan Y, Lei X. Divergent Total Syntheses of (−)-Huperzine Q, (+)-Lycopladine B, (+)-Lycopladine C, and (−)-4-epi-Lycopladine D. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1557-1567. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benke Hong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dachao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Jinbao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Houhua Li
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Yingming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Biology; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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12
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Li Y, Li J, Ding H, Li A. Recent advances on the total synthesis of alkaloids in mainland China. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlkaloids are a large family of natural products that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. Because of their intriguing structures and important functions, they have long been popular targets for synthetic organic chemists. China's chemists have made significant progress in the area of alkaloid synthesis over past decades. In this article, selected total syntheses of alkaloids from research groups in mainland China during the period 2011–16 are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kandepedu N, Abrunhosa-Thomas I, Troin Y. Stereoselective strategies for the construction of polysubstituted piperidinic compounds and their applications in natural products’ synthesis. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An abridged and far-reaching review communication on the construction of the polysubstituted piperidinic core using diverse methodologies for the benefit of organic chemists interested in the total synthesis of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Kandepedu
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- SIGMA Clermont
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Isabelle Abrunhosa-Thomas
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- SIGMA Clermont
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
| | - Yves Troin
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- SIGMA Clermont
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand
- France
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15
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Hou L, Yuan Y, Tong X. Pd(0)-Catalysed asymmetric reductive Heck-type cyclization of (Z)-1-iodo-1,6-dienes and enantioselective synthesis of quaternary tetrahydropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4803-4806. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00762k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric reductive Heck reaction of (Z)-1-iodo-1,6-dienes has been developed, which affords quaternary tetrahydropyridines with good to excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlei Hou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuejie Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiaofeng Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
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Stambulyan H, Minehan TG. A protecting group-free synthesis of (-)-hortonones A-C from the Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8728-8731. [PMID: 27714252 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01738j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of hortonones A-C has been accomplished from vitamin D2via the Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol without the use of protective groups. Key steps in the syntheses include a TMS-diazomethane mediated regioselective homologation of the cyclohexanone ring to a cycloheptanone moiety and a sodium naphthalenide-mediated allylic alcohol transposition. It has been found that the absolute configuration of the natural hortonones is opposite that of the synthetic material prepared from vitamin D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovsep Stambulyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330, USA.
| | - Thomas G Minehan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330, USA.
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18
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Ishida H, Kimura S, Kogure N, Kitajima M, Takayama H. The first asymmetric total synthesis of lycoposerramine-R. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7762-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The first asymmetric total synthesis of lycoposerramine-R was accomplished by a strategy featuring the stereoselective intramolecular aldol cyclization giving a cis-fused 5/6 bicyclic skeleton and a new method for the construction of the pyridone ring via the aza-Wittig reaction, thereby establishing the absolute configuration of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chiba University
- Chiba 260-8675
- Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chiba University
- Chiba 260-8675
- Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chiba University
- Chiba 260-8675
- Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chiba University
- Chiba 260-8675
- Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chiba University
- Chiba 260-8675
- Japan
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