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Engström MT, Virtanen V, Salminen JP. Influence of the Hydrolyzable Tannin Structure on the Characteristics of Insoluble Hydrolyzable Tannin-Protein Complexes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13036-13048. [PMID: 35708502 PMCID: PMC9585579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by 21 hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) and the characteristics of the insoluble complexes were studied stoichiometrically by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. With regard to HT monomers, the protein precipitation and the characteristic of the formed precipitates were unique for each studied HT and depended upon the functional groups present in the structures. The monomeric units comprising the oligomers formed the functional units important for the protein precipitation capacity, and small structural differences among the monomer units were less important than the overall oligomer size and flexibility. In addition, the greater tendency of certain HTs to form insoluble complexes when mixed with BSA was partially linked to the higher self-association and consequent stronger cooperative binding of these HTs with BSA.
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2
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Genovese C, Garozzo A, D’Angeli F, Malfa GA, Bellia F, Tomasello B, Nicolosi D, Malaguarnera R, Ronsisvalle S, Guadagni F, Acquaviva R. Orobanche crenata Forssk. Extract Affects Human Breast Cancer Cell MCF-7 Survival and Viral Replication. Cells 2022; 11:1696. [PMID: 35626733 PMCID: PMC9139723 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The severity of BC strictly depends on the molecular subtype. The less aggressive hormone-positive subtype is treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET), which causes both physical and psychological side effects. This condition strongly impacts the adherence and persistence of AET among oncologic patients. Moreover, viral infections also constitute a serious problem for public health. Despite their efficacy, antiviral agents present several therapeutic limits. Accordingly, in the present work, we investigated the antitumor and antiviral activities of Orobanche crenata Forssk. (O. crenata), a parasitic plant, endemic to the Mediterranean basin, traditionally known for its beneficial properties for human health. METHODS The MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of O. crenata leaf extract (OCLE) on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the primary HFF-1 cell line. The lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was performed on MCF-7 cells to analyze necrotic cell death. The antioxidant effect of OCLE was evaluated by intracellular determination of the reactive oxygen species and thiol groups, by DPPH and ABTS assays. The antiviral activity of OCLE was determined against Poliovirus 1, Echovirus 9, Human respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus type 2 and type 5, Coxsackievirus B1 (CoxB1) and B3 (CoxB3), Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), and β-Coronavirus by the plaque reduction assay. RESULTS The extract, after 24 h of incubation, did not affect MDA-MB-231 and HFF-1 cell viability. However, at the same time point, it showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells, with an increase in LDH release. OCLE exhibited free radical scavenging activity and significantly increased non-protein thiol levels in MCF-7 cells. OCLE effectively inhibited HSV-1, HSV-2, CoxB1, and CoxB3 replication. CONCLUSIONS The overall results showed an interesting inhibitory effect of OCLE on both MCF-7 cell survival and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Genovese
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, Contrada Santa Panasia, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.G.); (R.M.)
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Adriana Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Malfa
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.A.M.); (B.T.)
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.A.M.); (B.T.)
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, Contrada Santa Panasia, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- BioBIM (InterInstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.A.M.); (B.T.)
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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3
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Bis-3-Chloropiperidines Targeting TAR RNA as A Novel Strategy to Impair the HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071874. [PMID: 33810333 PMCID: PMC8038054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific RNA sequences regulate functions essential to life. The Trans-Activation Response element (TAR) is an RNA stem-bulge-loop structure involved in several steps of HIV-1 replication. In this work, we show how RNA targeting can inhibit HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC), a highly conserved protein known to catalyze nucleic acid melting and strand transfers during reverse transcription. Our RNA targeting strategy consists of the employment of bis-3-chloropiperidines (B-CePs) to impair RNA melting through bifunctional alkylation. Specific interactions between B-CePs and TAR RNA were analytically investigated by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, allowing the elucidation of B-CePs' recognition of TAR, and highlighting an RNA-directed mechanism of protein inhibition. We propose that B-CePs can freeze TAR tridimensional conformation, impairing NC-induced dynamics and finally inhibiting its functions in vitro.
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4
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Engström MT, Arvola J, Nenonen S, Virtanen VTJ, Leppä MM, Tähtinen P, Salminen JP. Structural Features of Hydrolyzable Tannins Determine Their Ability to Form Insoluble Complexes with Bovine Serum Albumin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6798-6808. [PMID: 31134805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of 32 purified and characterized hydrolyzable tannins to form insoluble complexes with model protein bovine serum albumin was investigated with a turbidimetric 96-well plate reader method. The results showed a clear relationship between the hydrolyzable tannin structure and the intensity of haze that formed during the tannin-protein complexation. In addition to molecular weight, structural features such as number of galloyl groups, degree of oxidative coupling between the galloyls, positional isomerism, and cyclic vs acyclic glucose core were the major structural features that affected the ability of the monomeric hydrolyzable tannins to form insoluble complexes with bovine serum albumin. While oligomers were superior to monomers in their capability to precipitate the model protein, their activity depended less on the functional groups, but mostly on their size and overall flexibility. These results allowed us to construct an equation that predicted the protein precipitation capacity of the studied hydrolyzable tannins with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Engström
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - J Arvola
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - S Nenonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital , Fl20520 , Turku , Finland
| | - V T J Virtanen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - M M Leppä
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - P Tähtinen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - J-P Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
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5
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Sosic A, Saccone I, Carraro C, Kenderdine T, Gamba E, Caliendo G, Corvino A, Di Vaio P, Fiorino F, Magli E, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Severino B, Spada V, Fabris D, Frecentese F, Gatto B. Non-Natural Linker Configuration in 2,6-Dipeptidyl-Anthraquinones Enhances the Inhibition of TAR RNA Binding/Annealing Activities by HIV-1 NC and Tat Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2195-2207. [PMID: 29791798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein represents an excellent molecular target for the development of anti-retrovirals by virtue of its well-characterized chaperone activities, which play pivotal roles in essential steps of the viral life cycle. Our ongoing search for candidates able to impair NC binding/annealing activities led to the identification of peptidyl-anthraquinones as a promising class of nucleic acid ligands. Seeking to elucidate the inhibition determinants and increase the potency of this class of compounds, we have now explored the effects of chirality in the linker connecting the planar nucleus to the basic side chains. We show here that the non-natural linker configuration imparted unexpected TAR RNA targeting properties to the 2,6-peptidyl-anthraquinones and significantly enhanced their potency. Even if the new compounds were able to interact directly with the NC protein, they manifested a consistently higher affinity for the TAR RNA substrate and their TAR-binding properties mirrored their ability to interfere with NC-TAR interactions. Based on these findings, we propose that the viral Tat protein, sharing the same RNA substrate but acting in distinct phases of the viral life cycle, constitutes an additional druggable target for this class of peptidyl-anthraquinones. The inhibition of Tat-TAR interaction for the test compounds correlated again with their TAR-binding properties, while simultaneously failing to demonstrate any direct Tat-binding capabilities. These considerations highlighted the importance of TAR RNA in the elucidation of their inhibition mechanism, rather than direct protein inhibition. We have therefore identified anti-TAR compounds with dual in vitro inhibitory activity on different viral proteins, demonstrating that it is possible to develop multitarget compounds capable of interfering with processes mediated by the interactions of this essential RNA domain of HIV-1 genome with NC and Tat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sosic
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Irene Saccone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Caterina Carraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Thomas Kenderdine
- The RNA Institute and Department of Chemistry , State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Elia Gamba
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Paola Di Vaio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Valentina Spada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Dan Fabris
- The RNA Institute and Department of Chemistry , State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Barbara Gatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
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6
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Mori M, Kovalenko L, Malancona S, Saladini F, De Forni D, Pires M, Humbert N, Real E, Botzanowski T, Cianférani S, Giannini A, Dasso Lang MC, Cugia G, Poddesu B, Lori F, Zazzi M, Harper S, Summa V, Mely Y, Botta M. Structure-Based Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein Inhibitors Active against Wild-Type and Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:253-266. [PMID: 29235845 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current drugs that target the canonical steps of the HIV-1 life cycle are efficient in blocking viral replication but are unable to eradicate HIV-1 from infected patients. Moreover, drug resistance (DR) is often associated with the clinical use of these molecules, thus raising the need for novel drug candidates as well as novel putative drug targets. In this respect, pharmacological inhibition of the highly conserved and multifunctional nucleocapsid protein (NC) of HIV-1 is considered a promising alternative to current drugs, particularly to overcome DR. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach combining in silico screening, fluorescence-based molecular assays, and cellular antiviral assays, we identified nordihydroguaiaretic acid (6), as a novel natural product inhibitor of NC. By using NMR, mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular modeling, 6 was found to act through a dual mechanism of action never highlighted before for NC inhibitors (NCIs). First, the molecule recognizes and binds NC noncovalently, which results in the inhibition of the nucleic acid chaperone properties of NC. In a second step, chemical oxidation of 6 induces a potent chemical inactivation of the protein. Overall, 6 inhibits NC and the replication of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 strains in the low micromolar range with moderate cytotoxicity that makes it a profitable tool compound as well as a good starting point for the development of pharmacologically relevant NCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lesia Kovalenko
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Savina Malancona
- IRBM Science Park S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Department
of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci,
16, 50100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Pires
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Humbert
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Eleonore Real
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Department
of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci,
16, 50100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Dasso Lang
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Cugia
- ViroStatics S.r.l, Viale Umberto
I 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Franco Lori
- ViroStatics S.r.l, Viale Umberto
I 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department
of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci,
16, 50100 Siena, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- IRBM Science Park S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- IRBM Science Park S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Yves Mely
- Laboratoire
de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro
Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science
Bldg., Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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7
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Iraci N, Tabarrini O, Santi C, Sancineto L. NCp7: targeting a multitask protein for next-generation anti-HIV drug development part 2. Noncovalent inhibitors and nucleic acid binders. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:687-695. [PMID: 29326078 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7) represents a viable target not yet reached by the currently available antiretrovirals. It is a small and highly basic protein, which is essential for multiple stages of the viral replicative cycle, with its structure preserved in all viral strains, including clinical isolates. NCp7 can be inhibited covalently, noncovalently and by shielding the nucleic acid (NA) substrates of its chaperone activity. Although covalent NCp7 inhibitors have already been detailed in the first part of this review series, the focus here is based on noncovalent and NA-binder inhibitors and on the analysis of the NCp7 3D structure to deliver fruitful insights for future drug design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Sancineto
- Department of Heterorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromulecular Studies, Lodz, Poland.
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8
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Identification of novel 2-benzoxazolinone derivatives with specific inhibitory activity against the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 145:154-164. [PMID: 29324338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present a new benzoxazole derivative endowed with inhibitory activity against the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC). NC is a 55-residue basic protein with nucleic acid chaperone properties, which has emerged as a novel and potential pharmacological target against HIV-1. In the pursuit of novel NC-inhibitor chemotypes, we performed virtual screening and in vitro biological evaluation of a large library of chemical entities. We found that compounds sharing a benzoxazolinone moiety displayed putative inhibitory properties, which we further investigated by considering a series of chemical analogues. This approach provided valuable information on the structure-activity relationships of these compounds and, in the process, demonstrated that their anti-NC activity could be finely tuned by the addition of specific substituents to the initial benzoxazolinone scaffold. This study represents the starting point for the possible development of a new class of antiretroviral agents targeting the HIV-1 NC protein.
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9
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Frecentese F, Sosic A, Saccone I, Gamba E, Link K, Miola A, Cappellini M, Cattelan MG, Severino B, Fiorino F, Magli E, Corvino A, Perissutti E, Fabris D, Gatto B, Caliendo G, Santagada V. Synthesis and in Vitro Screening of New Series of 2,6-Dipeptidyl-anthraquinones: Influence of Side Chain Length on HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1914-24. [PMID: 26797100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Dipeptidyl-anthraquinones are a promising class of nucleic acid-binding compounds that act as NC inhibitors in vitro. We designed, synthesized, and tested new series of 2,6-disubstituted-anthraquinones, which are able to bind viral nucleic acid substrates of NC. We demonstrate here that these novel derivatives interact preferentially with noncanonical structures of TAR and cTAR, stabilize their dynamics, and interfere with NC chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Frecentese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alice Sosic
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Saccone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elia Gamba
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Kristina Link
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelica Miola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Cappellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dan Fabris
- The RNA Institute and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Barbara Gatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova , via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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10
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Sosic A, Sinigaglia L, Cappellini M, Carli I, Parolin C, Zagotto G, Sabatino G, Rovero P, Fabris D, Gatto B. Mechanisms of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein Inhibition by Lysyl-Peptidyl-Anthraquinone Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:247-56. [PMID: 26666402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Nucleocapsid protein NCp7 (NC) is a nucleic acid chaperone responsible for essential steps of the HIV-1 life cycle and an attractive candidate for drug development. NC destabilizes nucleic acid structures and promotes the formation of annealed substrates for HIV-1 reverse transcription elongation. Short helical nucleic acid segments bordered by bulges and loops, such as the Trans-Activation Response element (TAR) of HIV-1 and its complementary sequence (cTAR), are nucleation elements for helix destabilization by NC and also preferred recognition sites for threading intercalators. Inspired by these observations, we have recently demonstrated that 2,6-disubstituted peptidyl-anthraquinone-conjugates inhibit the chaperone activities of recombinant NC in vitro, and that inhibition correlates with the stabilization of TAR and cTAR stem-loop structures. We describe here enhanced NC inhibitory activity by novel conjugates that exhibit longer peptidyl chains ending with a conserved N-terminal lysine. Their efficient inhibition of TAR/cTAR annealing mediated by NC originates from the combination of at least three different mechanisms, namely, their stabilizing effects on nucleic acids dynamics by threading intercalation, their ability to target TAR RNA substrate leading to a direct competition with the protein for the same binding sites on TAR, and, finally, their effective binding to the NC protein. Our results suggest that these molecules may represent the stepping-stone for the future development of NC-inhibitors capable of targeting the protein itself and its recognition site in RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Rovero
- Dipartimento NeuroFarBa, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutica, Università di Firenze , 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Dan Fabris
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12222, United States
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