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Horbaczewskyj CS, Fairlamb IJS. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings: On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2240-2269. [PMID: 36032362 PMCID: PMC9396667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium
concentrations
in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with
mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling
chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between
(pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol
%. Several recent papers have outlined the use of “ppm level”
palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling
reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature
to assess whether “ppm level” palladium is a practically
useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly,
have employed low “ppm levels” of palladium (pre)catalyst,
and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across
a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling
chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined
other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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2
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Mo F, Qiu D, Zhang L, Wang J. Recent Development of Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Derivatization of Aromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5741-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Tessema E, Elakkat V, Chiu CF, Tsai ZL, Chan KL, Shen CR, Su HC, Lu N. Recoverable Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions under Thermomorphic Mode: Stille and Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051414. [PMID: 33807812 PMCID: PMC7961810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] and bis-4,4′-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2′-bpy (1a–d), where Rf = n-C11F23 (a), n-C10F21 (b), n-C9F19 (c) and n-C8F17 (d), respectively, in the presence of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) resulted in the synthesis of Pd complex, [PdCl2[4,4′-bis-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2′-bpy] (2a–d). The Pd-catalyzed Stille arylations of vinyl tributyltin with aryl halides were selected to demonstrate the feasibility of recycling usage with 2a as the catalyst using NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as the solvent at 120–150 °C. Additionally, recycling and electronic effect studies of 2a–c were also carried out for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of phenylboronic acid derivatives, 4-X-C6H4-B(OH)2, (X = H or Ph) with aryl halide, 4-Y-C6H4-Z, (Y = CN, H or OCH3; Z = I or Br) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 135–150 °C. At the end of each cycle, the product mixtures were cooled to lower temperature (e.g., −10 °C), and then catalysts were recovered by decantation with Pd leaching less than 1%. The products were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis or by the isolated yield. The complex 2a-catalyzed Stille reaction of aryl iodides with vinyl tributyltin have good recycling results for a total of 8 times, with a high yield within short period of time (1–3 h). Similarly, 2a–c-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions also have good recycling results. The electronic effect studies from substituents in both Stille and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions showed that electron withdrawing groups speed up the reaction rate. To our knowledge, this is the first example of recoverable fluorous long-chained Pd-catalyzed Stille reactions under the thermomorphic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskedar Tessema
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (E.T.); (V.E.); (Z.-L.T.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Vijayanath Elakkat
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (E.T.); (V.E.); (Z.-L.T.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Chiao-Fan Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-F.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Zong-Lin Tsai
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (E.T.); (V.E.); (Z.-L.T.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Ka Long Chan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (E.T.); (V.E.); (Z.-L.T.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chang Su
- Creditable Service Technology Consultants, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan;
| | - Norman Lu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (E.T.); (V.E.); (Z.-L.T.); (K.L.C.)
- Development Center for Smart Textile, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-F.C.); (N.L.)
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4
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Hemmati S, Yousefi M, Salehi MH, Amiri M, Hekmati M. Palladium nanoparticles immobilized over
Strawberry
fruit extract coated Fe
3
O
4
NPs: A magnetic reusable nanocatalyst for Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Hemmati
- Department of Chemistry Payame Noor University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Chemistry, Yadegar‐e‐Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahr‐e‐Rey Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mirmehdi Hashemi Salehi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdis Amiri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Malak Hekmati
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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5
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Kalay E, Cetin S, Kolemen S, Metin Ö. A facile synthesis of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride supported palladium nanoparticles as highly effective and reusable catalysts for Stille coupling reactions under mild conditions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a facile one-pot synthesis of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN) supported Pd NPs, denoted as mpg-CN/Pd, as highly efficient catalysts for Stille C–C coupling reactions under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbay Kalay
- Deparment of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Koç University
- 34450 Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Sultan Cetin
- Deparment of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Koç University
- 34450 Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Deparment of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Koç University
- 34450 Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Önder Metin
- Deparment of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Koç University
- 34450 Istanbul
- Turkey
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6
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Tamoradi T, Veisi H, Karmakar B. Pd Nanoparticle Fabricated Tetrahydroharman‐3‐carboxylic Acid Analog Immobilized CoFe
2
O
4
Catalyzed Fast and Expedient C–C Cross and C–S Coupling. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hojat Veisi
- Department of ChemistryPayame Noor University Tehran Iran
| | - Bikash Karmakar
- Department of ChemistryGobardanga Hindu College, 24- Parganas (North) India
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7
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Highly active and recyclable heterogeneous palladium catalyst derived from guar gum for fabrication of biaryl compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1147-1154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Li X, Du J, Zhang Y, Chang H, Gao W, Wei W. Synthesis and nano-Pd catalyzed chemoselective oxidation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical sulfides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3048-3055. [PMID: 30834408 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly chemoselective, efficient and nano-Pd catalyzed protocol for the rapid construction of sulfoxides and sulfones via the oxidation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical sulfides using H2O2 as an oxidant has been developed, respectively. The ready availability of starting materials, easy recovery and reutilization of the catalyst, wide substrate scope, and high yields make this protocol an attractive alternative. The process also involves the metal-free and microwave-promoted synthesis of symmetrical diarylsulfides, and FeCl3-mediated preparation of symmetrical diaryldisulfides through the reaction of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with Na2S·9H2O as a sulfur source. In addition, unsymmetrical sulfides were generated via the K2CO3-mediated reaction of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with symmetrical disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Hajiabbasi P, Hamidi H. Advances in Kumada–Tamao–Corriu cross-coupling reaction: an update. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-2364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Felpin FX, Sengupta S. Biaryl synthesis with arenediazonium salts: cross-coupling, CH-arylation and annulation reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1150-1193. [PMID: 30608075 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rich legacy of arenediazonium salts in the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls, built around the seminal works of Pschorr, Gomberg and Bachmann more than a century ago, continues to make important contributions at various evolutionary stages of modern biaryl synthesis. Based on in-depth mechanistic analysis and design of novel pathways and reaction conditions, the scope of biaryl synthesis with arenediazonium salts has enormously expanded in recent years through applications of transition metal/photoredox-catalysed cross-coupling, thermal/photosensitized radical chain CH-arylation of (hetero)arenes and arylative radical annulation reactions with alkynes. These recent developments have provided facile synthetic access to a wide variety of unsymmetrical biaryls of pharmaceutical, agrochemical and optoelectronic importance with green scale-up options and created opportunities for late-stage modification of peptides, nucleosides, carbon nanotubes and electrodes, the details of which are captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France. and Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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11
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Reay AJ, Hammarback LA, Bray JTW, Sheridan T, Turnbull D, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Mild and Regioselective Pd(OAc) 2-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Tryptophans by [ArN 2]X, Promoted by Tosic Acid. ACS Catal 2017; 7:5174-5179. [PMID: 28824821 PMCID: PMC5557615 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
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A regioselective
Pd-mediated C–H bond arylation methodology
for tryptophans, utilizing stable aryldiazonium salts, affords C2-arylated
tryptophan derivatives, in several cases quantitatively. The reactions
proceed in air, without base, and at room temperature in EtOAc. The
synthetic methodology has been evaluated and compared against other
tryptophan derivative arylation methods using the CHEM21 green chemistry
toolkit. The behavior of the Pd catalyst species has been probed in
preliminary mechanistic studies, which indicate that the reaction
is operating homogeneously, although Pd nanoparticles are formed during
substrate turnover. The effects of these higher order Pd species on
catalysis, under the reaction conditions examined, appear to be minimal:
e.g., acting as a Pd reservoir in the latter stages of substrate turnover
or as a moribund form (derived from catalyst deactivation). We have
determined that TsOH shortens the induction period observed when [ArN2]BF4 salts are employed with Pd(OAc)2. Pd(OTs)2(MeCN)2 was found to be a superior
precatalyst (confirmed by kinetic studies) in comparison to Pd(OAc)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Reay
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | | | | | - Thomas Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - David Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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12
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Cui Z, Bai X, Liu Y, Li S. Synthesis of palladium concave Nanocubes with high-index facets and their catalytic properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Cui
- Institute of Petrochemistry; Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- Institute of Petrochemistry; Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Petrochemistry; Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences; Harbin 150040 China
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13
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Li X, Gong X, Li Z, Chang H, Gao W, Wei W. Ligand- and copper-free Sonogashira and Heck couplings of (Het)aryl chlorides and bromides catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles supported on in situ generated Al(OH)3. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25416k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand- and copper-free Sonogashira and Heck couplings catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles supported on newly generated Al(OH)3, were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- People's Republic of China
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14
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Homocoupling reactions of terminal alkynes and arylboronic compounds catalyzed by in situ formed Al(OH) 3 -supported palladium nanoparticles. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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A Highly Efficient and Reusable Palladium(II)/Cationic 2,2'-Bipyridyl-Catalyzed Stille Coupling in Water. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091205. [PMID: 27617999 PMCID: PMC6273891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble PdCl₂(NH₃)₂/cationic 2,2'-bipyridyl system was found to be a highly efficient catalyst for Stille coupling of aryl iodides and bromides with organostannanes. The coupling reaction was conducted at 110 °C in water, under aerobic conditions, in the presence of NaHCO₃ as a base to afford corresponding Stille coupling products in good to high yields. When aryltributylstannanes were employed, the reactions proceeded smoothly under a very low catalyst loading (as little as 0.0001 mol %). After simple extraction, the residual aqueous phase could be reused in subsequent runs, making this Stille coupling economical. In the case of tetramethylstannane, however, a greater catalyst loading (1 mol %) and the use of tetraethylammonium iodide as a phase-transfer agent were required in order to obtain satisfactory yields.
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16
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Gund SH, Balsane KE, Nagarkar JM. Palladium catalyzed desulfinylative couplings between aryl sulfinates and aryl bromide/iodide for the synthesis of biaryls. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Bhojane JM, Sarode SA, Nagarkar JM. Aryl diazonium salt and thioacetamide: a catalyst free, efficient blend of an inexpensive arylating agent with “S” surrogate for sulphide synthesis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12557c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal free, chemoselective method for C–S, S–S bond formation reactions.
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