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Eastman KE, Pendleton AL, Shaikh MA, Suttiyut T, Ogas R, Tomko P, Gavelis G, Widhalm JR, Wisecaver JH. A reference genome for the long-term kleptoplast-retaining sea slug Elysia crispata morphotype clarki. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad234. [PMID: 37816307 PMCID: PMC10700116 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Several species of sacoglossan sea slugs possess the incredible ability to sequester chloroplasts from the algae they consume. These "photosynthetic animals" incorporate stolen chloroplasts, called kleptoplasts, into the epithelial cells of tubules that extend from their digestive tracts throughout their bodies. The mechanism by which these slugs maintain functioning kleptoplasts in the absence of an algal nuclear genome is unknown. Here, we report a draft genome of the sacoglossan slug Elysia crispata morphotype clarki, a morphotype native to the Florida Keys that can retain photosynthetically active kleptoplasts for several months without feeding. We used a combination of Oxford Nanopore Technologies long reads and Illumina short reads to produce a 786-Mb assembly (N50 = 0.459 Mb) containing 68,514 predicted protein-coding genes. A phylogenetic analysis found no evidence of horizontal acquisition of genes from algae. We performed gene family and gene expression analyses to identify E. crispata genes unique to kleptoplast-containing slugs that were more highly expressed in fed versus unfed developmental life stages. Consistent with analyses in other kleptoplastic slugs, our investigation suggests that genes encoding lectin carbohydrate-binding proteins and those involved in regulation of reactive oxygen species and immunity may play a role in kleptoplast retention. Lastly, we identified four polyketide synthase genes that could potentially encode proteins producing UV- and oxidation-blocking compounds in slug cell membranes. The genome of E. crispata is a quality resource that provides potential targets for functional analyses and enables further investigation into the evolution and mechanisms of kleptoplasty in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Eastman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Thiti Suttiyut
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Raeya Ogas
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paxton Tomko
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Gavelis
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Li SW, Yu DD, Su MZ, Yao LG, Wang H, Liu X, Guo YW. Ocellatuspyrones A‒G, new antibacterial polypropionates from the Chinese mollusk Placobranchus ocellatus. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:373-386. [PMID: 37637258 PMCID: PMC10449759 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates serve as rich sources of secondary metabolites with intriguing chemical diversities and a wide spectrum of biological activities. Particularly, marine shell-less sacoglossan mollusks have attracted much attentions due to the fact that mollusks apply complex metabolites as chemical defense agents against to their predators. With the purpose of discovering bioactive secondary metabolites to develop marine-derived medicines from the South China Sea, we have conducted a chemical study on the photosynthetic mollusk Placobranchus ocellatus. As a result, seven new γ-pyrone polypropionates, namely ( ±)-ocellatuspyrone A (1), ( ±)-ocellatuspyrone B (2), and ocellatuspyrones C-G (5, 9-12), along with five known polypropionates, have been isolated and characterized from the South China Sea photosynthetic mollusk Placobranchus ocellatus. Extensive spectroscopic analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, modified Mosher's method, ECD comparison, CD exciton chirality method, TDDFT-ECD calculation, and chemical conversion were used to determine the structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds and the stereochemistry of undefined known compounds 4, 6 and 7. All these isolated polypropionates were evaluated in bioassays for their biological activities, including antibacterial, neuroprotective effect, anti-inflammatory, PTP1B inhibitory, and antiviral activities. Compounds 7, 8 and 11 were found for the first time to show antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus parauberis (the main pathogen causing fish streptococcal infections and acute death) with MIC values of 35.8, 34.2, and 37.4 μg/mL, respectively, which might be potential novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of fish infectious diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00179-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117 China
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117 China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117 China
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3
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published between January and December in 2018 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 717 citations (706 for the period January to December 2018) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1554 in 469 papers for 2018), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. The proportion of MNPs assigned absolute configuration over the last decade is also surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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4
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Avila C, Angulo-Preckler C. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Heterobranchs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:657. [PMID: 33371188 PMCID: PMC7767343 DOI: 10.3390/md18120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products of heterobranch molluscs display a huge variability both in structure and in their bioactivity. Despite the considerable lack of information, it can be observed from the recent literature that this group of animals possesses an astonishing arsenal of molecules from different origins that provide the molluscs with potent chemicals that are ecologically and pharmacologically relevant. In this review, we analyze the bioactivity of more than 450 compounds from ca. 400 species of heterobranch molluscs that are useful for the snails to protect themselves in different ways and/or that may be useful to us because of their pharmacological activities. Their ecological activities include predator avoidance, toxicity, antimicrobials, antifouling, trail-following and alarm pheromones, sunscreens and UV protection, tissue regeneration, and others. The most studied ecological activity is predation avoidance, followed by toxicity. Their pharmacological activities consist of cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity; antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity; and activity against neurodegenerative diseases and others. The most studied pharmacological activities are cytotoxicity and anticancer activities, followed by antibiotic activity. Overall, it can be observed that heterobranch molluscs are extremely interesting in regard to the study of marine natural products in terms of both chemical ecology and biotechnology studies, providing many leads for further detailed research in these fields in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Angulo-Preckler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13048. [PMID: 32747696 PMCID: PMC7400755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of relationships between taxa is essential to understand and explain the chemical diversity of the respective groups. Here, twelve individuals of the panpulmonate slug Peronia persiae from two localities in Persian Gulf, and one animal of P. verruculata from Bangka Island, Indonesia, were analyzed in a phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic framework. Based on the ABGD test and haplotype networking using COI gene sequences of Peronia specimens, nine well-supported clades were found. Haplotype network analysis highlighted a considerable distance between the specimens of P. persiae and other clades. Metabolomic analysis of both species using tandem mass spectrometry-based GNPS molecular networking revealed a large chemical diversity within Peronia of different clades and localities. While P. persiae from different localities showed a highly similar metabolome, only few identical chemical features were found across the clades. The main common metabolites in both Peronia species were assigned as polypropionate esters of onchitriols and ilikonapyrones, and osmoprotectant amino acid-betaine compounds. On the other hand, the isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein were exclusively detected in P. persiae, while cholesterol and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acids were only found in P. verruculata. Flavonoids, bile acids, and amino acid-betaine compounds were not reported before from Onchidiidae, some are even new for panpulmonates. Our chemical analyses indicate a close chemotaxonomic relation between phylogeographically distant Peronia species.
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6
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Torres JP, Lin Z, Winter JM, Krug PJ, Schmidt EW. Animal biosynthesis of complex polyketides in a photosynthetic partnership. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2882. [PMID: 32513940 PMCID: PMC7280274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex polyketides are typically associated with microbial metabolism. Here, we report that animals also make complex, microbe-like polyketides. We show there is a widespread branch of fatty acid synthase- (FAS)-like polyketide synthase (PKS) proteins, which sacoglossan animals use to synthesize complex products. The purified sacogolassan protein EcPKS1 uses only methylmalonyl-CoA as a substrate, otherwise unknown in animal lipid metabolism. Sacoglossans are sea slugs, some of which eat algae, digesting the cells but maintaining functional chloroplasts. Here, we provide evidence that polyketides support this unusual photosynthetic partnership. The FAS-like PKS family represents an uncharacterized branch of polyketide and fatty acid metabolism, encoding a large diversity of biomedically relevant animal enzymes and chemicals awaiting discovery. The biochemical characterization of an intact animal polyketide biosynthetic enzyme opens the door to understanding the immense untapped metabolic potential of metazoans. Complex polyketides are usually produced by microbes, whereas the origin of polyketides found in animals remained unknown. This study shows that sacoglossan animals, such as sea slugs, employ fatty acid synthase-like proteins to produce microbe-like polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Torres
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Winter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Patrick J Krug
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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7
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Wu Q, Li SW, Xu H, Wang H, Hu P, Zhang H, Luo C, Chen KX, Nay B, Guo YW, Li XW. Complex Polypropionates from a South China Sea Photosynthetic Mollusk: Isolation and Biomimetic Synthesis Highlighting Novel Rearrangements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12105-12112. [PMID: 32277730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Placobranchus ocellatus is well known to produce diverse and complex γ-pyrone polypropionates. In this study, the chemical investigation of P. ocellatus from the South China Sea led to the discovery and identification of ocellatusones A-D, a series of racemic non-γ-pyrone polyketides with novel skeletons, characterized by a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1, 2), a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (3) or a mesitylene-substituted dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one core (4). Extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical computation, chemical synthesis, and/or X-ray diffraction analysis were used to determine the structure and absolute configuration of the new compounds, including each enantiomer of racemic compounds 1-4 after chiral HPLC resolution. An array of new and diversity-generating rearrangements is proposed to explain the biosynthesis of these unusual compounds based on careful structural analysis and comparison with six known co-occurring γ-pyrones (5-10). Furthermore, the successful biomimetic semisynthesis of ocellatusone A (1) confirmed the proposed rearrangement through an unprecedented acid induced cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Song-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kai-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
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8
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Wu Q, Li S, Xu H, Wang H, Hu P, Zhang H, Luo C, Chen K, Nay B, Guo Y, Li X. Complex Polypropionates from a South China Sea Photosynthetic Mollusk: Isolation and Biomimetic Synthesis Highlighting Novel Rearrangements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Song‐Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine 138 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Kai‐Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 91128 Palaiseau Cedex France
| | - Yue‐Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Xu‐Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
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