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Wakabayashi S, Takumi M, Kamio S, Wakioka M, Ohki Y, Nagaki A. Flow-Chemistry-Enabled Synthesis of 5-Diethylboryl-2,3'-bipyridine and Its Self-Assembly Dynamics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202882. [PMID: 36394125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Diethylboryl-2,3'-bipyridine (1), which is inaccessible by conventional batch methods, was synthesized by using a flow microreactor. Compound 1 was obtained as an equilibrium mixture of a cyclic trimer and a cyclic tetramer in solution, the latter of which was crystallized in benzene by vapor diffusion of hexane at 7 °C. The dynamic nature of this system was confirmed by solvent- and concentration-dependent experiments. Notably, the dynamics was verified by using flow NMR spectroscopy, which revealed that the time required to reach equilibrium was influenced by the solvent ratio (<18 s, 24-28 s, and 34-42 s in 2 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 2 mixtures of [D6 ]acetone and C6 D6 , respectively). Compound 1 and 3-[4'-(diethylboryl)phenyl]pyridine (2) exhibited different self-assembly behavior in solution and crystals. Density functional theory calculations suggested that this difference was largely due to enhanced planarity between two consecutive aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Wakabayashi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kamio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masayuki Wakioka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ohki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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2
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Bazzoni M, Lhoste C, Bonnet J, Konan KE, Bernard A, Giraudeau P, Felpin FX, Dumez JN. In-line Multidimensional NMR Monitoring of Photochemical Flow Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203240. [PMID: 36651473 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the in-line monitoring of a flow photochemical reaction using 1D and ultrafast 2D NMR methods at high magnetic field. The reaction mixture exiting the flow reactor is flown through the NMR spectrometer and directly analyzed. In the case of simple substrates, suitable information can be obtained through 1D 1 H spectra, but for molecules of higher complexity the use of 2D experiments is key to address signal overlaps and assignment issues. Here we show the usefulness of ultrafast 2D COSY experiments acquired in 70 s or less, for the in-line monitoring of photochemical reactions, and the possibility to obtain reliable quantitative information. This is a powerful framework to, for example, efficiently screen reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia Lhoste
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-4400, Nantes, France
| | - Justine Bonnet
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-4400, Nantes, France
| | | | - Aurélie Bernard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-4400, Nantes, France
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3
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Konishi N, Shirahata T, Yoshida Y, Sato N, Kaji E, Kobayashi Y. Efficient synthesis of diverse C-3 monodesmosidic saponins by a continuous microfluidic glycosylation/batch deprotection method. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108437. [PMID: 34597978 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triterpene and steroid saponins have various pharmacological activities but the synthesis of C-3 monodesmosidic saponins remains challenging. Herein, a series of C-3 glycosyl monodesmosidic saponins was synthesized via the microfluidic glycosylation of triterpenoids or steroids at the C-3 position, without the formation of orthoester byproducts, and subsequent deprotection of the benzoyl (Bz) group. This microfluidic glycosylation/batch deprotection sequence enabled the efficient synthesis of C-3 saponins with fewer purification steps and a shorter reaction time than conventional batch synthesis and stepwise microfluidic glycosylation. Furthermore, this system minimized the consumption of the imidate donor. Using this reaction system, 18 different C-3 saponins and 13 different C-28-benzyl-C-3 saponins, including 8 new compounds, were synthesized from various sugars and triterpenes or steroids. Our synthetic approach is expected to be suitable for further expanding the C-3 saponin library for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruki Konishi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirahata
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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4
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Morin MA, Zhang W(P, Mallik D, Organ MG. Sampling and Analysis in Flow: The Keys to Smarter, More Controllable, and Sustainable Fine‐Chemical Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Wenyao (Peter) Zhang
- Department of Chemistry York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Debasis Mallik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Michael G. Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- Department of Chemistry York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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5
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Morin MA, Zhang WP, Mallik D, Organ MG. Sampling and Analysis in Flow: The Keys to Smarter, More Controllable, and Sustainable Fine-Chemical Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20606-20626. [PMID: 33811800 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) is a system designed to help chemists better understand and control manufacturing processes. PAT systems operate through the combination of analytical devices, reactor control elements, and mathematical models to ensure the quality of the final product through a quality by design (QbD) approach. The expansion of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industry requires the development of PAT tools suitable for continuous operation in the environment of flow reactors. This requires innovative approaches to sampling and analysis from flowing media to maintain the integrity of the reactor content and the analyte of interest. The following Review discusses examples of PAT tools implemented in flow chemistry for the preparation of small organic molecules, and applications of self-optimization tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Wenyao Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Debasis Mallik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael G Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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6
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Pastre JC, Murray PRD, Browne DL, Brancaglion GA, Galaverna RS, Pilli RA, Ley SV. Integrated Batch and Continuous Flow Process for the Synthesis of Goniothalamin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18472-18483. [PMID: 32743225 PMCID: PMC7391960 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated batch and continuous flow process has been developed for the gram-scale synthesis of goniothalamin. The synthetic route hinges upon a telescoped continuous flow Grignard addition followed by an acylation reaction capable of delivering a racemic goniothalamin precursor (16) (20.9 g prepared over 3 h), with a productivity of 7 g·h-1. An asymmetric Brown allylation protocol was also evaluated under continuous flow conditions. This approach employing (-)-Ipc2B(allyl) provided an (S)-goniothalamin intermediate in 98% yield and 91.5% enantiomeric excess (ee) with a productivity of 1.8 g·h-1. For the final step, a ring-closing metathesis reaction was explored under several conditions in both batch and flow regimes. In a batch operation, the Grubbs second-generation was shown to be effective and highly selective for the desired ring closure product over those arising from other modes of reactivity, and the reaction was complete in 1.5 h. In a flow operation, reactivity and selectivity were attenuated relative to the batch mode; however, after further optimization, the residence time could be reduced to 16 min with good selectivity and good yield of the target product. A tube-in-tube reactor was investigated for in-situ ethylene removal to favor ring-closing over cross-metathesis, in this context. These results provide further evidence of the utility of flow chemistry for organometallic processing and reaction telescoping. Using the developed integrated batch and flow methods, a total of 7.75 g of goniothalamin (1) was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Pastre
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- . Phone: +55 (19)
3521 3143
| | - Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Guilherme A. Brancaglion
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan S. Galaverna
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. Pilli
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- . Phone: +55 (19) 3521 3422
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- . Phone: +44 (0) 1223 336398
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7
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Jacquemmoz C, Giraud F, Dumez JN. Online reaction monitoring by single-scan 2D NMR under flow conditions. Analyst 2020; 145:478-485. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-scan 2D NMR based on spatial encoding can be used to monitor chemical reactions with a flow unit in realistic reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Giraud
- ICSN
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91190 Gif sur Yvette
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8
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Lynch D, O'Mahony RM, McCarthy DG, Bateman LM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Mechanistic Study of In Situ Generation and Use of Methanesulfonyl Azide as a Diazo Transfer Reagent with Real-Time Monitoring by FlowNMR. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Daniel G. McCarthy
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Lorraine M. Bateman
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
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Politanskaya LV, Selivanova GA, Panteleeva EV, Tretyakov EV, Platonov VE, Nikul’shin PV, Vinogradov AS, Zonov YV, Karpov VM, Mezhenkova TV, Vasilyev AV, Koldobskii AB, Shilova OS, Morozova SM, Burgart YV, Shchegolkov EV, Saloutin VI, Sokolov VB, Aksinenko AY, Nenajdenko VG, Moskalik MY, Astakhova VV, Shainyan BA, Tabolin AA, Ioffe SL, Muzalevskiy VM, Balenkova ES, Shastin AV, Tyutyunov AA, Boiko VE, Igumnov SM, Dilman AD, Adonin NY, Bardin VV, Masoud SM, Vorobyeva DV, Osipov SN, Nosova EV, Lipunova GN, Charushin VN, Prima DO, Makarov AG, Zibarev AV, Trofimov BA, Sobenina LN, Belyaeva KV, Sosnovskikh VY, Obydennov DL, Usachev SA. Organofluorine chemistry: promising growth areas and challenges. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Improving Productivity of Multiphase Flow Aerobic Oxidation Using a Tube-in-Tube Membrane Contactor. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of flow reactors in multiphase catalytic reactions represents a promising approach for enhancing the efficiency of this important class of chemical reactions. We developed a simple approach to improve the reactor productivity of multiphase catalytic reactions performed using a flow chemistry unit with a packed bed reactor. Specifically, a tube-in-tube membrane contactor (sparger) integrated in-line with the flow reactor has been successfully applied to the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde utilizing a heterogeneous palladium catalyst in the packed bed. We examined the effect of sparger hydrodynamics on reactor productivity quantified by space time yield (STY). Implementation of the sparger, versus segmented flow achieved with the built in gas dosing module (1) increased reactor productivity 4-fold quantified by space time yield while maintaining high selectivity and (2) improved process safety as demonstrated by lower effective operating pressures.
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11
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Galaverna R, McBride T, Pastre JC, Browne DL. Exploring the generation and use of acylketenes with continuous flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00072k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation and use of acyl ketenes under continuous flow reaction conditions is reported. Several reaction classes of these reactive intermediates have been studied. Under zero headspace conditions, a ketone exchange process is possible between volatile ketones. The process can be readily scaled to deliver gram quantities of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Tom McBride
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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