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Houtsma RSK, van Nyendaal F, Stöhr M. Kinetic control over the chiral-selectivity in the formation of organometallic polymers on a Ag(110) surface. Commun Chem 2024; 7:51. [PMID: 38443451 PMCID: PMC10914819 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods to control chiral-selectivity in molecular reactions through external inputs are of importance, both from a fundamental and technological point of view. Here, the self-assembly of prochiral 6,12-dibromochrysene monomers on Ag(110) is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Deposition of the monomers on a substrate held at room temperature leads to the formation of 1D achiral organometallic polymers. When the monomers are instead deposited on a substrate held at 373 K, homochiral organometallic polymers consisting of either the left- or right-handed enantiomer are formed. Post-deposition annealing of room temperature deposited samples at >373 K does not transform the achiral 1D organometallic polymers into homochiral ones and thus, does not yield the same final structure as if depositing onto a substrate held at the same elevated temperature. Furthermore, annealing promotes neither the formation of 1D covalently-coupled polymers nor the formation of graphene nanoribbons. Our results identify substrate temperature as an important factor in on-surface chiral synthesis, thereby demonstrating the importance of considering kinetic effects and the decisive role they can play in structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris van Nyendaal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The orientation of molecules is crucial in many chemical processes. Here, we report how single dipolar molecules can be oriented with maximum precision using the electric field of a scanning tunneling microscope. Rotation is found to occur around a fixed pivot point that is caused by the specific interaction of an oxygen atom in the molecule with the Ag(111) surface. Both directions of rotation are realized at will with 100% directionality. Consequently, the internal dipole moment of an individual molecule can be spatially mapped via its behavior in an applied electric field. The importance of the oxygen-surface interaction is demonstrated by the addition of a silver atom between a single molecule and the surface and the consequent loss of the pivot point.
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Kartouzian A. Spectroscopy for model heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis. Chirality 2019; 31:641-657. [PMID: 31318108 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis has vastly benefited from investigations performed on model systems under well-controlled conditions. The application of most of the techniques utilized for such studies is not feasible for asymmetric reactions as enantiomers possess identical physical and chemical properties unless while interacting with polarized light and other chiral entities. A thorough investigation of a heterogeneous asymmetric catalytic process should include probing the catalyst prior to, during, and after the reaction as well as the analysis of reaction products to evaluate the achieved enantiomeric excess. I present recent studies that demonstrate the strength of chiroptical spectroscopic methods to tackle the challenges in investigating model heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis covering all the abovementioned aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aras Kartouzian
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
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Pham TA, Tran BV, Nguyen MT, Stöhr M. Chiral-Selective Formation of 1D Polymers Based on Ullmann-Type Coupling: The Role of the Metallic Substrate. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603675. [PMID: 28121375 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The chiral-selective formation of 1D polymers from a prochiral molecule, namely, 6,12-dibromochrysene in dependence of the type of metal surface is demonstrated by a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory study. Deposition of the chosen molecule on Au(111) held at room temperature leads to the formation of a 2D porous molecular network. Upon annealing at 200 °C, an achiral covalently linked polymer is formed on Au(111). On the other hand, a chiral Cu-coordinated polymer is spontaneously formed upon deposition of the molecules on Cu(111) held at room temperature. Importantly, it is found that the chiral-selectivity determines the possibility of obtaining graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). On Au(111), upon annealing at 350 °C or higher cyclo-dehydrogenation occurs transforming the achiral polymer into a GNR. In contrast, the chiral coordination polymer on Cu(111) cannot be converted into a GNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Pham
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bay V Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Center for Computational Physics, Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10 Dao Tan St., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Murphy CJ, Shi X, Jewell AD, McGuire AF, Bellisario DO, Baber AE, Tierney HL, Lewis EA, Sholl DS, Sykes ECH. Impact of branching on the supramolecular assembly of thioethers on Au(111). J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101915. [PMID: 25770504 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkanethiolate monolayers are one of the most comprehensively studied self-assembled systems due to their ease of preparation, their ability to be functionalized, and the opportunity to control their thickness perpendicular to the surface. However, these systems suffer from degradation due to oxidation and defects caused by surface etching and adsorbate rotational boundaries. Thioethers offer a potential alternative to thiols that overcome some of these issues and allow dimensional control of self-assembly parallel to the surface. Thioethers have found uses in surface modification of nanoparticles, and chiral thioethers tethered to catalytically active surfaces have been shown to enable enantioselective hydrogenation. However, the effect of structural, chemical, and chiral modifications of the alkyl chains of thioethers on their self-assembly has remained largely unstudied. To elucidate how molecular structure, particularly alkyl branching and chirality, affects molecular self-assembly, we compare four related thioethers, including two pairs of structural isomers. The self-assembly of structural isomers N-butyl methyl sulfide and tert-butyl methyl sulfide was studied with high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); our results indicate that both molecules form highly ordered arrays despite the bulky tert-butyl group. We also investigated the effect of intrinsic chirality in the alkyl tails on the adsorption and self-assembly of butyl sec-butyl sulfide (BSBS) with STM and density functional theory and contrast our results to its structural isomer, dibutyl sulfide. Calculations provide the relative stability of the four stereoisomers of BSBS and STM imaging reveals two prominent monomer forms. Interestingly, the racemic mixture of BSBS is the only thioether we have examined to date that does not form highly ordered arrays; we postulate that this is due to weak enantiospecific intermolecular interactions that lead to the formation of energetically similar but structurally different assemblies. Furthermore, we studied all of the molecules in their monomeric molecular rotor form, and the surface-adsorbed chirality of the three asymmetric thioethers is distinguishable in STM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Xuerong Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - April D Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Allister F McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Darin O Bellisario
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Ashleigh E Baber
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Heather L Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Emily A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - David S Sholl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Maeda H, Shirai T, Uemura S. Anion-driven structures of radially arranged anion receptor oligomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5310-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grillo F, Mugnaini V, Oliveros M, Francis SM, Choi DJ, Rastei MV, Limot L, Cepek C, Pedio M, Bromley ST, Richardson NV, Bucher JP, Veciana J. Chiral Conformation at a Molecular Level of a Propeller-Like Open-Shell Molecule on Au(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1559-1564. [PMID: 26285638 DOI: 10.1021/jz3003926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A key stage in engineering molecular functional organizations is represented by controlling the supramolecular assembly of single molecular building blocks, tectons, into ordered networks. Here, we show how an open-shell, propeller-like molecule has been deposited under UHV conditions on Au(111) and its supramolecular organization characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Racemic islands were observed at room temperature, and their chirality was imaged at the molecular level at low temperature. Modeling further suggests that the observed chirally alternating ordering dominated by intermolecular interactions is energetically favored. Electron paramagnetic resonance and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy evidences suggest that the supramolecular networks may preserve the open-shell character of the tecton. These results represent a fundamental step forward toward the engineering of purely organic spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Grillo
- †EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Mugnaini
- ‡Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-CSIC, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ⊥CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I+D Bloque 5, 1a planta c/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Malena Oliveros
- ‡Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-CSIC, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ⊥CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I+D Bloque 5, 1a planta c/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Steve M Francis
- †EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Deung-Jang Choi
- #Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mircea V Rastei
- #Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Limot
- #Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- ∥Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio TASC, building MM in AREA Science Park - Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pedio
- ∥Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio TASC, building MM in AREA Science Park - Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan T Bromley
- ∇ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca y Estudis Avançats) and Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neville V Richardson
- †EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Bucher
- #Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jaume Veciana
- ‡Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona-CSIC, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ⊥CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I+D Bloque 5, 1a planta c/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Sonnleitner T, Swart I, Pavliček N, Pöllmann A, Repp J. Molecular symmetry governs surface diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:186103. [PMID: 22107649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.186103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In chemistry and physics symmetry principles are all important, for example, leading to the selection rules governing optical transitions. We have investigated the influence of the molecular symmetry on the surface potential landscape of molecules in the limit of weak molecule-substrate binding. For this purpose, the induced lateral motion of Cu(II)-tetraazaphthalocyanine molecules, for which four symmetry distinct isomers exist, on NaCl(100) was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. This nonthermal diffusion induced by inelastic excitations is found to be qualitatively different for all four symmetry distinct isomers, demonstrating that symmetry governs the surface potential landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sonnleitner
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Stöhr M, Boz S, Schär M, Nguyen MT, Pignedoli CA, Passerone D, Schweizer WB, Thilgen C, Jung TA, Diederich F. Self-Assembly and Two-Dimensional Spontaneous Resolution of Cyano-Functionalized [7]Helicenes on Cu(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9982-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Selbstorganisation und spontane 2D-Racematspaltung eines Dicyano[7]helicens auf Cu(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Coyle S, Glaser R. Asymmetric Imine N-Inversion in 3-Methyl-4-pyrimidinimine. Molecular Dipole Analysis of Solvation Effects. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3987-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Coyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Rainer Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Weissbuch I, Lahav M. Crystalline Architectures as Templates of Relevance to the Origins of Homochirality. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3236-67. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
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