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Orsy G, Forró E. Lipase-Catalyzed Strategies for the Preparation of Enantiomeric THIQ and TH βC Derivatives: Green Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:6362. [PMID: 37687191 PMCID: PMC10490024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This report reviews the most important lipase-catalyzed strategies for the preparation of pharmaceutically and chemically important tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydro-β-carboline enantiomers through O-acylation of the primary hydroxy group, N-acylation of the secondary amino group, and COOEt hydrolysis of the corresponding racemic compounds with simple molecular structure, which have been reported during the last decade. A brief introduction describes the importance and synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives, and it formulates the objectives of this compilation. The strategies are presented in chronological order, classified according to function of the reaction type, as kinetic and dynamic kinetic resolutions, in the main text. These reactions result in the desired products with excellent ee values. The pharmacological importance of the products together with their synthesis is given in the main text. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the hydrochloride salts as racemates of the starting amino carboxylic esters furnished the desired enantiomeric amino carboxylic acids quantitatively. The enzymatic reactions, performed in tBuOMe or H2O as usable solvents, and the transformations carried out in a continuous-flow system, indicate clear advantages, including atom economy, reproducibility, safer solvents, short reaction time, rapid heating and compression vs. shaker reactions. These features are highlighted in the main text.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Orsy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Forró
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Cigan E, Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids - an update. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28223-28270. [PMID: 35480754 PMCID: PMC9038100 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are a group of natural products with interesting pharmacological properties and a long history of medicinal application. Their complex molecular structures have fascinated chemists for decades, and their total synthesis still poses a considerable challenge. In a previous review, we have illustrated how biocatalysis can make valuable contributions to the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. The chemo-enzymatic strategies discussed therein have been further explored and improved in recent years, and advances in amine biocatalysis have vastly expanded the opportunities for incorporating enzymes into synthetic routes towards these important natural products. The present review summarises modern developments in chemo-enzymatic alkaloid synthesis since 2013, in which the biocatalytic transformations continue to take an increasingly 'central' role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Cigan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
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3
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Savickaite A, Sadauskas M, Gudiukaite R. Immobilized GDEst-95, GDEst-lip and GD-95RM lipolytic enzymes for continuous flow hydrolysis and transesterification reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:421-434. [PMID: 33493559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study lipolytic biocatalysts GD-95RM, GDEst-95 and GDEst-lip were immobilized by encapsulation in calcium alginate beads. All three immobilized biocatalysts demonstrated significantly increased thermal stability at 60-70 °C temperatures and the activity of GD-95RM lipase increased by 50% at 70-80 °C following the immobilization. Moreover, encapsulated GDEst-95 esterase retained higher than 50% lipolytic activity after 3 months of incubation with butanol (25%) and ethanol (50%); GDEst-lip enzyme possessed 50% activity after 2 months of treatment with ethanol (25%) and methanol (25%); and GD-95RM lipase displayed higher that 50% activity after two-week incubation with methanol (50%). All three immobilized enzymes displayed long-term storage capability (>50% activity) at least until 3 months at 4 °C. It was also detected that immobilized GD-95RM and GDEst-lip can perform flow hydrolysis of both avocado oil and p-NP dodecanoate in prototype packed-bed column reactor. The analysis of continuous transesterification of avocado or sunflower oil with ethanol or methanol as substrates confirmed that encapsulated GD-95RM and GDEst-lip enzymes is a useful approach to produce fatty acid alkyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Savickaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikas Sadauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Gudiukaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Reddy UC, Manheri MK. 1-Hydroxymethyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene skeleton in enantiopure form through enzymatic kinetic resolution. Chirality 2019; 31:336-347. [PMID: 30753757 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Kovács B, Forró E, Fülöp F. Candida antarctica lipase B catalysed kinetic resolution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-ß-carbolines: Substrate specificity. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Katayama S, Koge T, Katsuragi S, Akai S, Oishi T. Flow Synthesis of (3 R)- and (3 S)-( E)-1-Iodohexa-1,5-dien-3-ol: Chiral Building Blocks for Natural Product Synthesis. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sota Katayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koge
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoko Katsuragi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Megyesi R, Forró E, Fülöp F. Substrate engineering: Effects of different N-protecting groups in the CAL-B-catalysed asymmetric O-acylation of 1-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Thomas JC, Burich MD, Bandeira PT, Marques de Oliveira AR, Piovan L. Biocatalysis in continuous-flow mode: A case-study in the enzymatic kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols via acylation and deacylation reactions mediated by Novozym 435®. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/boca-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnzymatic kinetic resolution reactions are a well-established way to achieve optically active compounds. When enzymatic reactions are combined to continuous-flow methodologies, other benefits are added, including reproducibility, optimized energy use, minimized waste generation, among others. In this context, we herein report a case study involving lipase-mediated transesterification by acylation and deacylation reactions of secondary alcohols/esters in batch and continuous-flow modes. Acylation reactions were performed with high values of enantiomeric excess (72 up to >99%) and enantioselectivity (E > 200) for both batch and continuous-flow modes. On the other hand, for deacylation reactions using n-butanol as nucleophile, enatiomeric excess ranged between 38 to >99% and E from 6 to >200 were observed for batch mode. For deacylation reactions in continuous-flow mode, results were disappointing, as in some cases, very low or no conversion was observed. Enantiomeric excess ranged from 16 to >99% and enantioselectivity from 5 to >200 were observed. In terms of productivity, continuous-flow mode reactions were superior in both strategies (acylation: r from 1.1 up to 18.1-fold higher, deacylation: 2.8 up to 7.4- fold higher in continuous-flow than in batch mode).
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Alalla A, Merabet-Khelassi M, Riant O, Aribi-Zouioueche L. Easy kinetic resolution of some β-amino alcohols by Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed hydrolysis in organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Thomas JC, Aggio BB, Marques de Oliveira AR, Piovan L. High-Throughput Preparation of Optically Active Cyanohydrins Mediated by Lipases. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leandro Piovan
- Department of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Paraná Brazil
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Chrzanowska M, Grajewska A, Rozwadowska MD. Asymmetric Synthesis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids: 2004-2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12369-12465. [PMID: 27680197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the asymmetric synthesis of chiral nonracemic isoquinoline alkaloids, a family of natural products showing a wide range of structural diversity and biological and pharmaceutical activity, has been based either on continuation or improvement of known traditional methods or on new, recently developed, strategies. Both diastereoselective and enantioselective catalytic methods have been applied. This review describes the stereochemically modified traditional syntheses (the Pictet-Spengler, the Bischler-Napieralski, and the Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt) along with strategies based on closing of the nitrogen-containing ring B of the isoquinoline core by the formation of bonds between C1-N2, N2-C3, C1-N2/N2-C3, and C1-N2/C4-C4a atoms. Methods involving introduction of substituents at the C1 carbon of isoquinoline core along with syntheses applying various biocatalytic techniques have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grajewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria D Rozwadowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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12
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White KL, Movassaghi M. Concise Total Syntheses of (+)-Haplocidine and (+)-Haplocine via Late-Stage Oxidation of (+)-Fendleridine Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11383-9. [PMID: 27510728 PMCID: PMC5014600 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the first total syntheses of (+)-haplocidine and its N1-amide congener (+)-haplocine. Our concise synthesis of these alkaloids required the development of a late-stage and highly selective C-H oxidation of complex aspidosperma alkaloid derivatives. A versatile, amide-directed ortho-acetoxylation of indoline amides enabled our implementation of a unified strategy for late-stage diversification of hexacyclic C19-hemiaminal ether structures via oxidation of the corresponding pentacyclic C19-iminium ions. An electrophilic amide activation of a readily available C21-oxygenated lactam, followed by transannular cyclization and in situ trapping of a transiently formed C19-iminium ion, expediently provided access to hexacyclic C19-hemiaminal ether alkaloids (+)-fendleridine, (+)-acetylaspidoalbidine, and (+)-propionylaspidoalbidine. A highly effective enzymatic resolution of a non-β-branched primary alcohol (E = 22) allowed rapid preparation of both enantiomeric forms of a C21-oxygenated precursor for synthesis of these aspidosperma alkaloids. Our synthetic strategy provides succinct access to hexacyclic aspidosperma derivatives, including the antiproliferative alkaloid (+)-haplocidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolby L. White
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Megyesi R, Forró E, Fülöp F. Enzymatic Strategy for the Resolution of New 1-Hydroxymethyl Tetrahydro-β-carboline Derivatives in Batch and Continuous-Flow Systems. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:254-60. [PMID: 27551661 PMCID: PMC4984410 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many alkaloids containing a tetrahydro‐β‐carboline skeleton have well‐known therapeutic effects, leading to increased interest in the synthesis of these natural products. Enantiomers of N‐Boc‐protected 1‐hydroxymethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline [(±)‐7], 1‐hydroxymethyl‐6‐methoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline [(±)‐8], and 1‐hydroxymethyl‐6‐fluoro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline [(±)‐9] were prepared through enzymecatalyzed asymmetric acylation of their primary hydroxyl group. The preliminary experiments were performed in a continuous‐flow system, while the preparative‐scale resolutions were done as batch reactions. Excellent enantioselectivities (E>200) were obtained with Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL‐B) and acetic anhydride in toluene at 60 °C. The recovered alcohols and the produced esters were obtained with high enantiomeric excess values (ee≥96 %). The O‐acylated enantiomers [(S)‐10–(S)‐12)] were transformed into the corresponding amino alcohols [(S)‐7–(S)‐9)] with methanolysis. Microwave‐assisted Boc removals were also performed and resulted in the corresponding compounds (R)‐4–(R)‐6 and (S)‐4–(S)‐6 without a drop in the enantiomeric excess values (ee≥96 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Megyesi
- University of Szeged Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Enikő Forró
- University of Szeged Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- University of Szeged Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Eötvös u. 66720 Szeged Hungary; MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences Eötvös u. 66720 Szeged Hungary
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14
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Carnero A, Sanghvi YS, Gotor V, Fernández S, Ferrero M. Process Development of Biocatalytic Regioselective 5′-O-Levulinylation of 2′-Deoxynucleosides. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carnero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802 Crystal
Ridge Road, Encinitas, California 92024-6615, United States
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Susana Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Ferrero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Grecsó N, Ilisz I, Gecse Z, Schönstein L, Fülöp F, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino alcohol analogues possessing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Grecsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
| | - Zsanett Gecse
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - László Schönstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
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High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of cationic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs on Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:961-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Chemoenzymatic preparation of optically active 4-aryl-5-carboxy-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Mons E, Wanner MJ, Ingemann S, van Maarseveen JH, Hiemstra H. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Pictet–Spengler Reactions for the Syntheses of 1-Substituted 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7380-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elma Mons
- Van’t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Wanner
- Van’t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steen Ingemann
- Van’t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Van’t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Hiemstra
- Van’t
Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed reactions of β-hydroxy esters: Competition of acylation and hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Escorcia AM, Molina D, Daza MC, Doerr M. Acetylation of (R,S)-propranolol catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B: An experimental and computational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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