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Han JM, Song HY, Kim KI, Byun EB. Protective Effects of Bombyx batryticatus Protein-Rich Extract Against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in HEK293 Cells and a Mouse Model. J Med Food 2023; 26:927-938. [PMID: 38064431 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, a potent and prominent chemotherapeutic drug, has considerable side effects, including nephrotoxicity, which limits its therapeutic application and efficacy. Therefore, the development of agents that protect normal cells while preserving cisplatin's chemotherapeutic properties is of utmost importance. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of Bombyx batryticatus protein-rich extract (BBPE) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a cisplatin-treated mouse model and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Apoptosis was assessed in HEK293 cells to determine the cytoprotective effects of BBPE and its effects on the generation of cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) collapse. Although cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in HEK293 cells, pretreatment with BBPE showed significant protective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating the expression levels of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins. The cytoprotective effects of BBPE were mediated by decreased ROS production and MTP loss in cisplatin-treated HEK293 cells. The in vitro results were confirmed in the cisplatin-treated mouse model. Pretreatment with BBPE protected against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by restoring malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in kidney tissue and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine serum levels. Furthermore, histopathological assessment and terminal dUTP nick end-labeling staining showed that BBPE mitigated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in kidney tissues. Overall, BBPE may act as a potent agent for alleviating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, thereby increasing the safety of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Moo Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Yeon Song
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Eui-Baek Byun
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
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Li XL, Sun Y, Yin Y, Zhan S, Wang C. A bacterial-like Pictet-Spenglerase drives the evolution of fungi to produce β-carboline glycosides together with separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303327120. [PMID: 37467272 PMCID: PMC10372676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303327120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse β-carboline (βC) alkaloids are produced by microbes, plants, and animals with myriad bioactivities and drug potentials. However, the biosynthetic mechanism of βCs remains largely elusive, especially regarding the hydroxyl and glucosyl modifications of βCs. Here, we report the presence of the bacterial-like Pictet-Spenglerase gene Fcs1 in the entomopathogenic Beauveria fungi that can catalyze the biosynthesis of the βC skeleton. The overexpression of Fcs1 in Beauveria bassiana led to the identification of six βC methyl glycosides, termed bassicarbosides (BCSs) A-F. We verified that the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes adjacent to Fcs1 cannot oxidize βCs. Alternatively, the separated CYP684B2 family gene Fcs2 was identified to catalyze βC hydroxylation together with its cofactor gene Fcs3. The functional homologue of Fcs2 is only present in the Fcs1-containing fungi and highly similar to the Fcs1-connected yet nonfunctional CYP. Both evolved quicker than those from fungi without Fcs1 homologues. Finally, the paired methyl/glucosyl transferase genes were verified to mediate the production of BCSs from hydroxy-βCs. All these functionally verified genes are located on different chromosomes of Beauveria, which is in contrast to the typical content-clustered feature of fungal biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). We also found that the production of BCSs selectively contributed to fungal infection of different insect species. Our findings shed light on the biosynthetic mechanism of βC glycosides, including the identification of a βC hydroxylase. The results of this study also propose an evolving process of fungal BGC formation following the horizontal transfer of a bacterial gene to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yanlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Shuai Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology,Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai201210, China
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Wang Q, Wang R, Zheng C, Zhang L, Meng H, Zhang Y, Ma L, Chen B, Wang J. Anticonvulsant Activity of Bombyx batryticatus and Analysis of Bioactive Extracts Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS and Molecular Networking. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238315. [PMID: 36500408 PMCID: PMC9740854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx batryticatus (BB) is an anticonvulsant animal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and acts on the central nervous system. This research aimed to study the anticonvulsant effects of different polarity fractions of extracts from BB and to explore the components conferring anticonvulsant activity. Materials and methods: Crude extracts of BB at 20 g/kg were divided into different polarity fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water) and were administered to groups of mice before injecting pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) to induce convulsions. The animals were placed in chambers, and their behaviors were recorded for 30 min following the injection. Latency time, percent of protection, convulsion, convulsion rate, and convulsion score were determined for these mice. The compounds present in the different fractions were analyzed, and those from the fraction that conferred anticonvulsant activity were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) and molecular networking (MN). The chloroform extract fractions (B-C) clearly increased the seizure latency time and protection percentage and decreased the convulsion percentage compared to the control group. The anticonvulsant effect of other extract fractions was not significant. Our study shows that the chloroform extract fractions (B-C) of BB have a significant anticonvulsant effect. We also identified 17 compounds including lumichrome, pheophorbide A, and episyringaresinol 4'-O-beta-d-glucopyranose that were found for the first time. The results of this study may lay the groundwork for studying compounds derived from Bombyx batryticatus and their anticonvulsant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Rong Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Department of Pharmacological Toxicology, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Linke Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (B.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Bilian Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (B.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (B.C.); (J.W.)
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Isolation and identification of two Beauveria bassiana strains from silkworm, Bombyx mori. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:891-898. [PMID: 35750981 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm diseases caused by fungi infection occur frequently in sericulture and brought huge economic loss to sericulture. However, on the other hand, some fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, as an important entomological fungus, play an important role in biological control of insect pests. Here, two fungal pathogens causing yellow muscardine were isolated from the silkworm and named as SZY1 and SZY2. These two strains showed almost the same conidial morphology which were smooth, near-spherical, spherical, or ovoid and 2.7 ± 0.6 µm × 2.5 ± 0.9 µm in size, and the hyphal growth rate was also similar. However, the conidia production of SZY2 was almost twice as many as that of SZY1. The complete ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. As a result, the gene sequences of internal transcript space 1 (ITS1)-5.8S rRNA-internal transcript space 2 (ITS2) of SZY1 and SZY2 were identical in sequence and size, and for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and intergenic spacer (IGS), the gene identity of SZY1 to SZY2 was 99%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on either ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 or 18S rRNA showed that both SZY1 and SZY2 were closely related to Beauveria bassiana. These results revealed that the pathogens of yellow muscardine SZY1 and SZY2 were identified as two different strains of Beauveria bassiana, which could provide diagnostic evidence for silkworm muscardine and was helpful for the research and development of novel Bombyx batryticatus and fungal biological insecticide.
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Yan H, Kong D, Li X, Luo J, Fan Z, Yang M. Multi-channel electroanalysis of As (III), Hg and Cu in the complex matrix of Bombyx batryticatus after pre-purification. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Study on the anti-tumor mechanism related to immune microenvironment of Bombyx Batryticatus on viral and non-viral infections of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109838. [PMID: 31981943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant primary liver cancer with poor prognosis. Most previous studies on anti-HCC effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have focused on the mechanism of direct action and few researchers considered that TCM can inhibit tumor progression and improve prognosis of HCC patients through regulating tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, network pharmacology combined bioinformatics methods were employed to analysis mechanism of Bombyx batryticatus (B. batryticatus, one of the most frequently used traditional Chinese animal medicines, has been used in some Asian countries for centuries as an anticancer agent, anti-inflammatory agent, and antioxidant.) in regulating TME of HCC. The results showed that 24 core targets and 2 compounds were identified from overlapping between differential expression genes related to HCC in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database and targets of B. batryticatus in TCMSP database. For further analyzing the role of TME heterogeneity of HCC on anti-HCC mechanism of B. batryticatus, the correlation of core targets related with overall survival of HCC with TME cells in hepatitis C or hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (VIR) and non-hepatitis C or hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (NVIR) were calculated, respectively. The results showed that AKR1C3, SPP1 were significantly related with macrophages in VIR and other targets including NR1I2, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were significantly associated with macrophages in NVIR; the target protein AKR1C3 was significantly negative correlated with macrophages M1 in VIR (cor=-0.35, P-value<0.001) and the correlation between AKR1C3 and macrophages M1 was poor in NVIR group (cor = 0.064, P-value = 0.36). Additionally, survival curve of AKR1C3 showed that poor prognosis in VIR group can be related to high level of AKR1C3 (HR = 2.32, 95 % CI: 1.18-4.56, P-value = 0.012), and no signified gene can be found in NVIR group (P-value>0.05). In conclusion, the molecular mechanism of anti-HCC of B. batryticatus can be related to the tumor microenvironment to some extent. B. batryticatus may exert its anti-cancer effects and improve prognosis of patients by regulating macrophages M1 in VIR and NVIR through acting on different targets.
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Antiepileptic Effects of Protein-Rich Extract from Bombyx batryticatus on Mice and Its Protective Effects against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Damage in PC12 Cells via Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7897584. [PMID: 31198493 PMCID: PMC6526569 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7897584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx batryticatus is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilized to treat convulsions, epilepsy, cough, asthma, headaches, and purpura in China for thousands of years. This study is aimed at investigating the antiepileptic effects of protein-rich extracts from Bombyx batryticatus (BBPs) on seizure in mice and exploring the protective effects of BBPs against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells and their underlying mechanisms. Maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) and pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ-) induced seizure in mice and the histological analysis were carried out to evaluate the antiepileptic effects of BBPs. The cell viability of PC12 cells stimulated by H2O2 was determined by MTT assay. The apoptosis and ROS levels of H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutathione (GSH) in PC12 cells were assayed by ELISA and expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt were evaluated by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. The results revealed that BBPs exerted significant antiepileptic effects on mice. In addition, BBPs increased the cell viability of H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells and reduced apoptotic cells and ROS levels in H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells. By BBPs treatments, the levels of MDA and LDH were reduced and the levels of SOD and GSH-Px were increased in H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells. Moreover, BBPs upregulated the expressions of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-2, whereas they downregulated the expressions of caspase-9, caspase-3, and Bax in H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells. These findings suggested that BBPs possessed potential antiepileptic effects on MES and PTZ-induced seizure in mice and protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells by exerting antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects via PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Zhao Q, Jia TZ, Cao QC, Tian F, Ying WT. A Crude 1-DNJ Extract from Home Made Bombyx Batryticatus Inhibits Diabetic Cardiomyopathy-Associated Fibrosis in db/db Mice and Reduces Protein N-Glycosylation Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061699. [PMID: 29880742 PMCID: PMC6032278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese drug Bombyx Batryticatus (BB), which is also named the white stiff silkworm, has been widely used in Chinese clinics for thousands of years. It is famous for its antispasmodic and blood circulation-promoting effects. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial cell hyperplasia, and myocardial fibrosis are closely related to the N-glycosylation of key proteins. To examine the alterations of N-glycosylation that occur in diabetic myocardium during the early stage of the disease, and to clarify the therapeutic effect of 1-Deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) extracted from BB, we used the db/db (diabetic) mouse model and an approach based on hydrophilic chromatography solid-phase extraction integrated with an liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) identification strategy to perform a site-specific N-glycosylation analysis of left ventricular cardiomyocyte proteins. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), hydroxyproline, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and other serum biochemical indicators were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In addition, the α-1,6-fucosylation of N-glycans was profiled with lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) lectin blots and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectin affinity histochemistry. The results indicated that 1-DNJ administration obviously downregulated myocardium protein N-glycosylation in db/db mice. The expression levels of serum indicators and fibrosis-related cytokines were reduced significantly by 1-DNJ in a dose-dependent manner. The glycan α-1,6-fucosylation level of the db/db mouse myocardium was elevated, and the intervention effect of 1-DNJ administration on N-glycan α-1,6-fucosylation was significant. To verify this result, the well-known transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad2/3 pathway was selected, and core α-1,6-fucosylated TGF-β receptor II (TGFR-βII) was analysed semi-quantitatively with western blotting. The result supported the conclusions obtained from LCA lectin affinity histochemistry and lectin blot analysis. The expression level of α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) mRNA was also detected, and the results showed that 1-DNJ administration did not cause obvious inhibitory effects on FUT8 expression. Therefore, the mechanism of 1-DNJ for relieving diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM)-associated fibrosis can be concluded as the inhibition of N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc) formation and the reduction of substrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica Processing Principle Analysis of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmaceutical College of Liaoning Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Chinese Materia Medica Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian 110060, China.
- Chinese Materia Medica Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Tian Zhu Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica Processing Principle Analysis of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmaceutical College of Liaoning Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Chinese Materia Medica Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian 110060, China.
| | - Qi Chen Cao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Fang Tian
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wan Tao Ying
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing 102206, China.
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Traditional Uses, Origins, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Bombyx batryticatus: A Review. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101779. [PMID: 29053625 PMCID: PMC6151799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx batryticatus (B. batryticatus), a well-known traditional animal Chinese medicine, has been commonly used in China for thousands of years. The present paper reviewed advances in traditional uses, origin, chemical constituents, pharmacology and toxicity studies of B. batryticatus. The aim of the paper is to provide more comprehensive references for modern B. batryticatus study and application. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) culture, drugs containing B. batryticatus have been used to treat convulsions, headaches, skin prurigo, scrofula, tonsillitis and fever. Many studies indicate B. batryticatus contains various compounds, including protein and peptides, fatty acids, flavonoids, nucleosides, steroids, coumarin, polysaccharide and others. Numerous investigations also have shown that extracts and compounds from B. batryticatus exert a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects both in vivo and in vitro, including effects on the nervous system, anticoagulant effects, antitumor effects, antibacterial and antifungal effects, antioxidant effects, hypoglycemic effects, as well as other effects. However, further studies should be undertaken to investigate bioactive compounds (especially proteins and peptides), toxic constituents, using forms and the quality evaluation and control of B. batryticatus. Furthermore, it will be interesting to study the mechanism of biological activities and structure-function relationships of bioactive constituents in B. batryticatus.
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Dubrovina AS, Kiselev KV. Regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plants. PLANTA 2017; 246:597-623. [PMID: 28685295 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes the advances in understanding the natural signaling pathways and environmental factors regulating stilbene biosynthesis. We also discuss the studies reporting on stilbene content and repertoire in plants. Stilbenes, including the most-studied stilbene resveratrol, are a family of phenolic plant secondary metabolites that have been the subject of intensive research due to their valuable pharmaceutical effects and contribution to plant disease resistance. Understanding the natural mechanisms regulating stilbene biosynthesis in plants could be useful for both the development of new plant protection strategies and for commercial stilbene production. In this review, we focus on the environmental factors and cell signaling pathways regulating stilbene biosynthesis in plants and make a comparison with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. This review also analyzes the recent data on stilbene biosynthetic genes and summarizes the available studies reporting on both stilbene content and stilbene composition in different plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Dubrovina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
| | - K V Kiselev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, The School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690090, Russia.
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Akanthopyrones A-D, α-Pyrones Bearing a 4-O-Methyl-β-d-glucopyranose Moiety from the Spider-Associated Ascomycete Akanthomyces novoguineensis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071202. [PMID: 28718819 PMCID: PMC6152309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocrealean fungi have proved to be prolific bioactive metabolite producers; they have caught the attention of mycologists throughout the world. However, only a few studies on the insect and spider parasitic genus Akanthomyces have so far been carried out. In this study, we report the isolation, structural elucidation and biological activities of four unprecedented glycosylated α-pyrone derivatives, akanthopyrones A–D (1–4), from a culture of Akanthomyces novoguineensis collected in Thailand. The chemical structures of the akanthopyrones were determined by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR, and HRMS spectroscopic analysis. Their absolute configurations were determined. Akanthopyrone A (1) exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis DSM10 and cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line KB-3-1, while akanthopyrone D (4) showed weak activity against Candida tenuis MUCL 29892.
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Helaly SE, Kuephadungphan W, Phongpaichit S, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Rukachaisirikul V, Stadler M. Five Unprecedented Secondary Metabolites from the Spider Parasitic Fungus Akanthomyces novoguineensis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060991. [PMID: 28613244 PMCID: PMC6152716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new compounds including the glycosylated β-naphthol (1, akanthol), a glycosylated pyrazine (2, akanthozine), and three amide derivatives including a hydroxamic acid derivative (3–5) were isolated from the spider-associated fungus Akanthomyces novoguineensis (Cordycipitaceae, Ascomycota). Their structures were elucidated by using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and NMR spectroscopy. In this study, the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-biofilm, and nematicidal activities of the new compounds were evaluated. The distribution pattern of secondary metabolites in the species was also revealed in which more isolates of A. novoguineensis were encountered and their secondary metabolite profiles were examined using analytical HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-DAD/MS). Remarkably, all isolated compounds are specifically produced by A. novoguineensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleiman E Helaly
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt.
| | - Wilawan Kuephadungphan
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Souwalak Phongpaichit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
- Natural Products Research Center of Excellence and Department of Microbiology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | | | - Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Orthologs of human disease associated genes and RNAi analysis of silencing insulin receptor gene in Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18102-16. [PMID: 25302617 PMCID: PMC4227205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori L., is an important economic insect that has been domesticated for thousands of years to produce silk. It is our great interest to investigate the possibility of developing the B. mori as human disease model. We searched the orthologs of human disease associated genes in the B. mori by bi-directional best hits of BLAST and confirmed by searching the OrthoDB. In total, 5006 genes corresponding to 1612 kinds of human diseases had orthologs in the B. mori, among which, there are 25 genes associated with diabetes mellitus. Of these, we selected the insulin receptor gene of the B. mori (Bm-INSR) to study its expression in different tissues and at different developmental stages and tissues. Quantitative PCR showed that Bm-INSR was highly expressed in the Malpighian tubules but expressed at low levels in the testis. It was highly expressed in the 3rd and 4th instar larvae, and adult. We knocked down Bm-INSR expression using RNA interference. The abundance of Bm-INSR transcripts were dramatically reduced to ~4% of the control level at 6 days after dsRNA injection and the RNAi-treated B. mori individuals showed apparent growth inhibition and malformation such as abnormal body color in black, which is the typical symptom of diabetic patients. Our results demonstrate that B. mori has potential use as an animal model for diabetic mellitus research.
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Cheng SM, Huang J, Wang HY, Li GY, Lin RC, Wang JH. Two new compounds from Bombyx batryticatus. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:825-829. [PMID: 24827605 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.916284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds beauvericins M1 (1) and S1 (2) were isolated from Bombyx batryticatus. Their structures were established as (3α,6α)-3-benzyl-6-secbutyl-4-methylmorpholine-2,5-dione (1) and (5α,8α)-epidioxyergosterol-24-one-6,22-dien-3β-ol (2) by various spectroscopic techniques including 1D NMR ((1)H NMR and (13)C NMR), 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, (1)H-(1)H COSY, NOESY), and HR-ESI-TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo-Ming Cheng
- a School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University , Shihezi 832002 , China
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Jiang X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Cui Z, Shi L. Structural elucidation and in vitro antitumor activity of a novel oligosaccharide from Bombyx batryticatus. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:434-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kong Y, Xu C, He ZL, Zhou QM, Wang JB, Li ZY, Ming X. A novel peptide inhibitor of platelet aggregation from stiff silkworm, Bombyx batryticatus. Peptides 2014; 53:70-8. [PMID: 24361453 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel platelet aggregation inhibitory peptide, named BB octapeptide, was isolated from stiff silkworm (Bombyx batryticatus) by gel filtration, anion-exchange, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of the peptide was determined to be 885 Da using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and the sequence was identified as Asp-Pro-Asp-Ala-Asp-IIe-Leu-Gln using the Edman degradation method. To test its biological activity, the peptide was chemically synthesized using Fmoc solid-phase synthesis method. BB octapeptide inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation that was induced by collagen and epinephrine, with the IC50 values of 91.14 μM and 104.50 μM, respectively. After intravenous administrated in mice (30 mg/kg, 4 days), BB octapeptide showed similar ex vivo efficacy of inhibiting platelet aggregation as aspirin (10 mg/kg). In addition, this peptide prevented paralysis and death in pulmonary thromboembolism model and significantly reduced ferric chloride-induced thrombus formation in rats. Moreover, it exhibited low cytotoxicity in a cellular model. In conclusion, this is the first report that a novel platelet aggregation inhibitory peptide was isolated from stiff silkworm (B. batryticatus). Due to the excellent efficacy in reducing platelet aggregation and low toxicity, it can be a valuable lead compound for new drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kong
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhi-Long He
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhou
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jin-Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Ming
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Jiang X, Chen Y, Shi LG. Optimization of flavonoids extraction from Bombyx batryticatus using response surface methodology and evaluation of their antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Park JH, Lee DY, Yun P, Yeon SW, Ko JH, Kim YS, Baek NI. Flavonoids from silkworm droppings and their promotional activities on heme oxygenase-1. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2011; 13:377-382. [PMID: 21462044 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.555331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new flavane glucoside, 7,2'-dihydroxy-8-hydroxyethyl-4'-methoxyflavane-2'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), along with three known flavonoids, 7,2'-dihydroxy-8-prenyl-4'-methoxyflavane (1), euchrenone a(7) (2), and 7,2'-dihydroxy-8-prenyl-4'-methoxy-2'-O-β-d-glucopyranosylflavane (4), was isolated from silkworm droppings. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and optical rotational characteristics. The compounds isolated from silkworm droppings were evaluated for their effects on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity. Compounds 1 and 3 increased the expression of HO-1 in HepG2 cells. HO-1 is an antioxidant enzyme that catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide, free iron, and biliverdin, all of which are involved in the suppression of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Park
- College of Life Sciences & Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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Perera PK, Peng C, Xue L, Li Y, Han C. Ex vivo and in vivo effect of Chinese herbal pill Yi Shen Juan Bi (YJB) on experimental arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:171-175. [PMID: 21134433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY Chinese herbal pill Yi Shen Juan Bi (YJB), which is a compound herbal drug, has traditionally been used as an anti-rheumatic drug in Chinese local clinics. Thus, we investigated the therapeutic effect of the YJB in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), using Freund's complete induced adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rat model. METHODS For that purpose, macrophage derived cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) were measured in ex vivo by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also assayed the effect of YJB on peritoneal macrophage derived nitric oxide (NO) in ex vivo by Griess reaction. Prostaglandin E (PGE) in metapedes was assayed by ultraviolet spectrophotometer method. Further synovial Bax level was examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS YJB significantly decreased the production of peritoneal macrophages derived TNF-α, IL-1 and NO. YJB also significantly decreased prostaglandin E (PGE) and upregulated the Bax expression in AA rat's synovium. CONCLUSION YJB is a potential anti-rheumatic agent targeting the inflammatory and immunomodulatory response of macrophages while down regulating the PGE and up-regulating the pro-apoptotic Bax expression. Such characteristics of YJB on AA may be advantageous to the treatment of clinical rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathirage Kamal Perera
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207 Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
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Kumar V, Jamie Talisman I, Bukhari O, Razzaghy J, Malhotra SV. Dual role of ionic liquids as phase transfer catalyst and solvent for glycosidation reactions. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00385b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ibrahim AK, Radwan MM, Ahmed SA, Slade D, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Microbial metabolism of cannflavin A and B isolated from Cannabis sativa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1014-9. [PMID: 20223485 PMCID: PMC4885748 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolism of cannflavin A (1) and B (2), two biologically active flavonoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L., produced five metabolites (3-7). Incubation of 1 and 2 with Mucor ramannianus (ATCC 9628) and Beauveria bassiana (ATCC 13144), respectively, yielded 6''S,7''-dihydroxycannflavin A (3), 6''S,7''-dihydroxycannflavin A 7-sulfate (4) and 6''S,7''-dihydroxycannflavin A 4'-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), and cannflavin B 7-O-beta-D-4'''-O-methylglucopyranoside (6) and cannflavin B 7-sulfate (7), respectively. All compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany K. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Safwat A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Desmond Slade
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samir A. Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA. Tel.: +1 662 915 7821; fax: +1 662 915 7989. (I.A. Khan)
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Roll DM, Barbieri LR, Bigelis R, McDonald LA, Arias DA, Chang LP, Singh MP, Luckman SW, Berrodin TJ, Yudt MR. The lecanindoles, nonsteroidal progestins from the terrestrial fungus Verticillium lecanii 6144. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1944-1948. [PMID: 19863083 DOI: 10.1021/np9004882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four new indolosesquiterpenes, lecanindoles A-D (1-4), were isolated from fermentations of the terrestrial fungus Verticillium lecanii 6144. The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated from analysis of spectroscopic data. Compound 2 was reduced to give 4 and its isomer 5. Compound 4 was found to be a potent and selective progesterone receptor agonist with an EC50 of 1.1 +/- 0.4 nM in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Roll
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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Hu FL, He YQ, Huang B, Li CR, Fan MZ, Li ZZ. Secondary metabolites in a soybean fermentation broth of Paecilomyces militaris. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Kikuchi H, Hoshi T, Kitayama M, Sekiya M, Katou Y, Ueda K, Kubohara Y, Sato H, Shimazu M, Kurata S, Oshima Y. New diterpene pyrone-type compounds, metarhizins A and B, isolated from entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium flavoviride and their inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang SW, Xuan LJ. Five Aromatics Bearing a 4-O-Methylglucose Unit fromCordyceps cicadae. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oller-López JL, Iranzo M, Mormeneo S, Oliver E, Cuerva JM, Oltra JE. Bassianolone: an antimicrobial precursor of cephalosporolides E and F from the entomoparasitic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1172-3. [PMID: 15785802 DOI: 10.1039/b417534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have established the chemical structure of (+)-bassianolone (3), the antimicrobial compound precursor of cephalosporolides E and F, and that of the furan metabolite 4 from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Oller-López
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, E-18071, Granada, Spain
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Kawasaki T, Higuchi K. Simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:761-93. [PMID: 16311634 DOI: 10.1039/b502162f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature on simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit from the beginning up to the end of 2004. Newly isolated alkaloids, structure determinations, total synthesis and biological activities are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kawasaki
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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