1-Methylimidazole 3-N-oxide as a new promoter for the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction

Crystal structure of 1-methylimidazole 3-oxide monohydrate

1-Methylimidazole 3-N-oxide (NMI-O) crystallizes as a monohydrate, C4H6N2O·H2O, in the monoclinic space group P21 with Z' = 2 (mol-ecules A and B). The imidazole rings display a planar geometry (r.m.s. deviations = 0.0008 and 0.0002 Å) and are linked in the crystal structure into infinite zigzag strands of ⋯NMI-O(A)⋯OH2⋯NMI-O(B)⋯OH2⋯ units by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains propagate along the b-axis direction of the unit cell.

The Baylis–Hillman reaction: a novel source of attraction, opportunities, and challenges in synthetic chemistry

The Baylis-Hillman reaction is a successful, useful, and atom-economical carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which has grown from an obscure level to the level of high synthetic popularity due to its operational simplicity and also due to the enormous applications of the Baylis-Hillman adducts in organic synthesis. In this tutorial review, we briefly describe the way this reaction has grown to its present heights and the opportunities, attractions, and challenges the reaction offers with respect to its asymmetric and intramolecular versions, and mechanistic aspects.

Synthesis and evaluation of α-hydroxymethylated conjugated nitroalkenes for their anticancer activity: Inhibition of cell proliferation by targeting microtubules

The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) type reaction of a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic conjugated nitroalkenes with formaldehyde in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of imidazole and catalytic amounts (10 mol %) of anthranilic acid at room temperature provided the corresponding hydroxymethylated derivatives in moderate to good yield. The parent nitroalkenes and their MBH adducts were subsequently screened for their anticancer activity. Some of the MBH adducts were found to inhibit cervical cancer (HeLa) cell proliferation at low micromolar concentrations with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 1-2 microM. The antiproliferative activity of 3-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)furan and three potent MBH adducts, namely, hydroxymethylated derivatives of 3-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)thiophene, 1-methoxy-4-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)benzene, and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)benzene was correlated well with their antimicrotubule activity. At their effective concentration range, the tested compounds perturbed the organization of mitotic spindle microtubules and chromosomes. In the presence of hydroxymethylated nitroalkenes, abnormal bipolar or multipolar mitotic spindles were apparent. Interphase microtubules were found to be significantly depolymerized at relatively higher concentrations of the tested compounds. These compounds inhibited tubulin assembly into microtubules in vitro by binding to tubulin at a site distinct from the vinblastine and colchicine binding sites. The compounds reduced the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of tubulin and the fluorescence of tubulin-1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS) complex indicating that they induced conformational changes in the tubulin. The results suggest that hydroxymethylated nitroalkenes exert their antiproliferative activity at least in part by depolymerizing cellular microtubules through tubulin binding and indicate that hydroxymethylated nitroalkenes are promising lead compounds for cancer therapy.