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Pratibha G, Srinivas I, Raju BMK, Suvana S, Rao KV, Rao MS, Jha A, Anna S, Prabhakar M, Singh VK, Islam A, Singh R, Choudhary SK. Do rainfed production systems have lower environmental impact over irrigated production systems?: On -farm mitigation strategies. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170190. [PMID: 38278221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The intensive agriculture practices improved the crop productivity but escalated energy inputs (EI) and carbon foot print (CF) which contributes to global warming. Hence designing productive, profitable crop management practices under different production systems with low environmental impact (EI and CF) is the need of the hour. To identify the practices, quantification of baseline emissions and the major sources of emissions are required. Indian agriculture has diversified crops and production systems but there is dearth of information on both EI and CF of these production systems and crops. Hence the present study was an attempt to find hot spots and identify suitable strategies with high productivity, energy use efficiency (EUE) and carbon use efficiency (CUE). Energy and carbon balance of castor, cotton, chickpea, groundnut, maize, rice (both rainfed and irrigated), wheat, sugarcane (only irrigated), pigeon pea, soybean, sorghum, pearl millet (only rainfed) in different production systems was assessed. Field specific data on different crop management practices as well as grain and biomass yields were considered. Rainfed production systems had lower EI and CF than irrigated system. The nonrenewable sources of energy like fertilizer (64 %), irrigation (78 %), diesel fuel (75 %) and electricity (67 %) are the major source of energy input. Rainfed crops recorded higher CUE over irrigated condition. Adoption of technologies like efficient irrigation strategies (micro irrigation), enhancing fertilizer use efficiency (site specific nutrient management or slow release fertilizer), conservation agriculture (conservation or reduced tillage) rice cultivation methods (SRI or Direct seeded rice) were the mitigation strategies. These results will help policy makers and stake holders in adoption of suitable strategies for sustainable intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pratibha
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India.
| | - I Srinivas
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - B M K Raju
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - S Suvana
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - K V Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - M Srinivasa Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - Anamika Jha
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - Shivakumar Anna
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - M Prabhakar
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - V K Singh
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
| | - Adlul Islam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - S K Choudhary
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
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2
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Aoki M, Aoki-Ogata H, Bulut H, Hayashi H, Takamune N, Kishimoto N, Tanaka H, Higashi-Kuwata N, Hattori SI, Das D, Venkateswara Rao K, Iwama K, Davis DA, Hasegawa K, Murayama K, Yarchoan R, Ghosh AK, Pau AK, Machida S, Misumi S, Mitsuya H. GRL-142 binds to and impairs HIV-1 integrase nuclear localization signal and potently suppresses highly INSTI-resistant HIV-1 variants. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg2955. [PMID: 37436982 PMCID: PMC10337902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear localization signal (NLS) of HIV-1 integrase (IN) is implicated in nuclear import of HIV-1 preintegration complex (PIC). Here, we established a multiclass drug-resistant HIV-1 variant (HIVKGD) by consecutively exposing an HIV-1 variant to various antiretroviral agents including IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). HIVKGD was extremely susceptible to a previously reported HIV-1 protease inhibitor, GRL-142, with IC50 of 130 femtomolar. When cells were exposed to HIVKGD IN-containing recombinant HIV in the presence of GRL-142, significant decrease of unintegrated 2-LTR circular cDNA was observed, suggesting that nuclear import of PIC was severely compromised by GRL-142. X-ray crystallographic analyses revealed that GRL-142 interacts with NLS's putative sequence (DQAEHLK) and sterically blocks the nuclear transport of GRL-142-bound HIVKGD's PIC. Highly INSTI-resistant HIV-1 variants isolated from heavily INSTI-experienced patients proved to be susceptible to GRL-142, suggesting that NLS-targeting agents would serve as salvage therapy agents for highly INSTI-resistant variant-harboring individuals. The data should offer a new modality to block HIV-1 infectivity and replication and shed light on developing NLS inhibitors for AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Aoki
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aoki-Ogata
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Structural Virology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kazuya Iwama
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - David A Davis
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alice K Pau
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Department of Structural Virology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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3
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Sekhar KM, Kota VR, Reddy TP, Rao KV, Reddy AR. Amelioration of plant responses to drought under elevated CO 2 by rejuvenating photosynthesis and nitrogen use efficiency: implications for future climate-resilient crops. Photosynth Res 2021; 150:21-40. [PMID: 32632534 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary global agriculture is beset with serious threats from diverse eco-environmental conditions causing decreases in crop yields by ~ 15%. These yield losses might increase further due to climate change scenarios leading to increased food prices triggering social unrest and famines. Urbanization and industrialization are often associated with rapid increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially atmospheric CO2 concentration [(CO2)]. Increase in atmospheric [CO2] significantly improved crop photosynthesis and productivity initially which vary with plant species, genotype, [CO2] exposure time and biotic as well as abiotic stress factors. Numerous attempts have been made using different plant species to unravel the physiological, cellular and molecular effects of elevated [CO2] as well as drought. This review focuses on plant responses to elevated [CO2] and drought individually as well as in combination with special reference to physiology of photosynthesis including its acclimation. Furthermore, the functional role of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and its relation to photosynthetic acclimation and crop productivity under elevated [CO2] and drought are reviewed. In addition, we also discussed different strategies to ameliorate the limitations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation and RuBP regeneration. Further, improved stomatal and mesophyll conductance and NUE for enhanced crop productivity under fast changing global climate conditions through biotechnological approaches are also discussed here. We conclude that multiple gene editing approaches for key events in photosynthetic processes would serve as the best strategy to generate resilient crop plants with improved productivity under fast changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalva Madhana Sekhar
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Vamsee Raja Kota
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - T Papi Reddy
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - K V Rao
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
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Prasad TV, Srinivasa Rao M, Rao KV, Bal SK, Muttapa Y, Choudhary JS, Singh VK. Temperature-based phenology model for predicting the present and future establishment and distribution of recently invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in India. Bull Entomol Res 2021; 112:1-15. [PMID: 34629126 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a polyphagous and highly destructive invasive insect pest of many crops. It was recently introduced into India and widely reported in almost all parts of India. Development of a temperature-based phenology model for predicting its rate of development and distribution will help in understanding the establishment and further spread of introduced invasive insect pests. Development, survival and reproduction parameters of S. frugiperda at six constant temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35°C) were investigated and further validated with data generated under fluctuating temperature conditions. The estimated lower developmental threshold temperatures were 12.1°C for eggs, 11°C for larvae, 12.2°C for pupae, 15.13°C for males and 12.66°C for females. Degree-day (DD) requirements for the development of the different stages of S. frugiperda were 50, 250 and 200 DD for egg, larva and pupa, respectively. The best-fitted functions were compiled for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which was stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. The developed phenology model predicted temperature ranges between 27 and 30°C as favourable for S. frugiperda development, survival and reproduction. The results revealed that maximum net reproductive rate (215.66 females/female/generation) and total fecundity (981.08 individuals/female/generation) were attained at 30°C constant temperature. The mean length of generations decreased from 74.29 days at 15°C to 38.74 days at 30°C. The maximum intrinsic rate of increase (0.138 females/female/day) and shortest doubling time (4.9 days) were also observed at 30°C. Results of simulated life table parameters showed high temperature-dependent development of S. frugiperda and complete development within all the tested constant temperature ranges (15-35°C). Simulated life table parameters for predicting risk indices of S. frugiperda in India indicated a significant increase in activity indices and establishment risk indices with a higher number of generations during future (2050 and 2070) climatic change scenarios compared to present conditions. Our results indicate that India will be highly suitable for the establishment and survival of S. frugiperda in future time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Prasad
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - M Srinivasa Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - K V Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - S K Bal
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - Y Muttapa
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - J S Choudhary
- ICAR-RCER, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Plandu, Ranchi-834 010, Jharkhand, India
| | - V K Singh
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
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5
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Bulut H, Hattori SI, Aoki-Ogata H, Hayashi H, Das D, Aoki M, Davis DA, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. Single atom changes in newly synthesized HIV protease inhibitors reveal structural basis for extreme affinity, high genetic barrier, and adaptation to the HIV protease plasticity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10664. [PMID: 32606378 PMCID: PMC7326966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), such as darunavir (DRV), are the key component of antiretroviral therapy. However, HIV-1 often acquires resistance to PIs. Here, seven novel PIs were synthesized, by introducing single atom changes such as an exchange of a sulfur to an oxygen, scission of a single bond in P2′-cyclopropylaminobenzothiazole (or -oxazole), and/or P1-benzene ring with fluorine scan of mono- or bis-fluorine atoms around DRV’s scaffold. X-ray structural analyses of the PIs complexed with wild-type Protease (PRWT) and highly-multi-PI-resistance-associated PRDRVRP51 revealed that the PIs better adapt to structural plasticity in PR with resistance-associated amino acid substitutions by formation of optimal sulfur bond and adaptation of cyclopropyl ring in the S2′-subsite. Furthermore, these PIs displayed increased cell permeability and extreme anti-HIV-1 potency compared to DRV. Our work provides the basis for developing novel PIs with high potency against PI-resistant HIV-1 variants with a high genetic barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Bulut
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aoki-Ogata
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.,Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 980-8575, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Manabu Aoki
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - David A Davis
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States
| | - Prasanth R Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States. .,Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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6
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Ghosh AK, Nyalapatla PR, Kovela S, Rao KV, Brindisi M, Osswald HL, Amano M, Aoki M, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design and Synthesis of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing Tricyclic Fused Ring Systems as Novel P2 Ligands: Structure-Activity Studies, Biological and X-ray Structural Analysis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4561-4577. [PMID: 29763303 PMCID: PMC6044451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing stereochemically defined fused tricyclic polyethers as the P2 ligands and a variety of sulfonamide derivatives as the P2' ligands are described. A number of ring sizes and various substituent effects were investigated to enhance the ligand-backbone interactions in the protease active site. Inhibitors 5c and 5d containing this unprecedented fused 6-5-5 ring system as the P2 ligand, an aminobenzothiazole as the P2' ligand, and a difluorophenylmethyl as the P1 ligand exhibited exceptional enzyme inhibitory potency and maintained excellent antiviral activity against a panel of highly multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The umbrella-like P2 ligand for these inhibitors has been synthesized efficiently in an optically active form using a Pauson-Khand cyclization reaction as the key step. The racemic alcohols were resolved efficiently using a lipase catalyzed enzymatic resolution. Two high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease revealed extensive interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease and provided molecular insight into the binding properties of these new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,The corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Phone: (765)-494-5323; Fax: (765)-496-1612,
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Kovela S, Brindisi M, Osswald HL, Reddy BS, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Hattori SI, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design of Highly Potent, Dual-Acting and Central-Nervous-System-Penetrating HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with Excellent Potency against Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:803-815. [PMID: 29437300 PMCID: PMC5912973 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the design, synthesis, X-ray structural, and biological studies of an exceptionally potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, compound 5 ((3S,7aS,8S)-hexahydro-4H-3,5-methanofuro[2,3-b]pyran-8-yl ((2S,3R)-4-((2-(cyclopropylamino)-N-isobutylbenzo[d]thiazole)-6-sulfonamido)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl)carbamate). Using structure-based design, we incorporated an unprecedented 6-5-5-ring-fused crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran as the P2-ligand, a cyclopropylaminobenzothiazole as the P2'-ligand, and a 3,5-difluorophenylmethyl group as the P1-ligand. The resulting inhibitor 5 exhibited exceptional HIV-1 protease inhibitory and antiviral potency at the picomolar level. Furthermore, it displayed antiviral IC50 values in the picomolar range against a wide panel of highly multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The inhibitor shows an extremely high genetic barrier against the emergence of drug-resistant variants. It also showed extremely potent inhibitory activity toward dimerization as well as favorable central nervous system penetration. We determined a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the complex between inhibitor 5 and HIV-1 protease, which provides molecular insight into the unprecedented activity profiles observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA),
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Satish Kovela
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Prof. Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Dr. K. V. Rao, Dr. P. R. Nyalapatla, Dr. S. Kovela, Dr. M. Brindisi, Dr. H. L. Osswald, Dr. B. Sekhara Reddy Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Dr. J. Agniswamy, Y.-F. Wang, Prof. Dr. I. T. Weber Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Dr. J. Agniswamy, Y.-F. Wang, Prof. Dr. I. T. Weber Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan),Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA),Dr. M. Aoki, S.-i. Hattori, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- Dr. M. Aoki, S.-i. Hattori, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Dr. J. Agniswamy, Y.-F. Wang, Prof. Dr. I. T. Weber Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan),Dr. M. Aoki, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA),Dr. M. Aoki, S.-i. Hattori, Prof. Dr. H. Mitsuya Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
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8
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Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Kovela S, Brindisi M, Osswald HL, Sekhara Reddy B, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Hattori SI, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Front Cover: Design of Highly Potent, Dual-Acting and Central-Nervous-System-Penetrating HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with Excellent Potency against Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants (ChemMedChem 8/2018). ChemMedChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases; Kumamoto University School of Medicine; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda MD 20892 USA
- Center for Clinical Sciences; National Center for Global Heath and Medicine; Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- Center for Clinical Sciences; National Center for Global Heath and Medicine; Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases; Kumamoto University School of Medicine; Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda MD 20892 USA
- Center for Clinical Sciences; National Center for Global Heath and Medicine; Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655 Japan
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9
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Aoki M, Hayashi H, Rao KV, Das D, Higashi-Kuwata N, Bulut H, Aoki-Ogata H, Takamatsu Y, Yedidi RS, Davis DA, Hattori SI, Nishida N, Hasegawa K, Takamune N, Nyalapatla PR, Osswald HL, Jono H, Saito H, Yarchoan R, Misumi S, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. A novel central nervous system-penetrating protease inhibitor overcomes human immunodeficiency virus 1 resistance with unprecedented aM to pM potency. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29039736 PMCID: PMC5644950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection/AIDS has significantly extended the life expectancy of HIV-1-infected individuals and reduced HIV-1 transmission at very high rates. However, certain individuals who initially achieve viral suppression to undetectable levels may eventually suffer treatment failure mainly due to adverse effects and the emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. Here, we report GRL-142, a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor containing an unprecedented 6-5-5-ring-fused crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran, which has extremely potent activity against all HIV-1 strains examined with IC50 values of attomolar-to-picomolar concentrations, virtually no effects on cellular growth, extremely high genetic barrier against the emergence of drug-resistant variants, and favorable intracellular and central nervous system penetration. GRL-142 forms optimum polar, van der Waals, and halogen bond interactions with HIV-1 protease and strongly blocks protease dimerization, demonstrating that combined multiple optimizing elements significantly enhance molecular and atomic interactions with a target protein and generate unprecedentedly potent and practically favorable agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Aoki
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hiromi Aoki-Ogata
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ravikiran S Yedidi
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - David A Davis
- Retroviral Disease Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishida
- Bioanalysis Group, Drug Metabolism and Analysis Department, Nonclinical Research Center, Drug Development Service Segment, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Protein Crystal Analysis Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Innovative Collaboration Organization, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Prasanth R Nyalapatla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Heather L Osswald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- Retroviral Disease Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Amano M, Miguel Salcedo-Gómez P, Yedidi RS, Delino NS, Nakata H, Venkateswara Rao K, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. GRL-09510, a Unique P2-Crown-Tetrahydrofuranylurethane -Containing HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor, Maintains Its Favorable Antiviral Activity against Highly-Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12235. [PMID: 28947797 PMCID: PMC5613016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that GRL-09510, a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) containing a newly-generated P2-crown-tetrahydrofuranylurethane (Crwn-THF), a P2′-methoxybenzene, and a sulfonamide isostere, is highly active against laboratory and primary clinical HIV-1 isolates (EC50: 0.0014–0.0028 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity (CC50: 39.0 μM). Similarly, GRL-09510 efficiently blocked the replication of HIV-1NL4-3 variants, which were capable of propagating at high-concentrations of atazanavir, lopinavir, and amprenavir (APV). GRL-09510 was also potent against multi-drug-resistant clinical HIV-1 variants and HIV-2ROD. Under the selection condition, where HIV-1NL4-3 rapidly acquired significant resistance to APV, an integrase inhibitor raltegravir, and a GRL-09510 congener (GRL-09610), no variants highly resistant against GRL-09510 emerged over long-term in vitro passage of the virus. Crystallographic analysis demonstrated that the Crwn-THF moiety of GRL-09510 forms strong hydrogen-bond-interactions with HIV-1 protease (PR) active-site amino acids and is bulkier with a larger contact surface, making greater van der Waals contacts with PR than the bis-THF moiety of darunavir. The present data demonstrate that GRL-09510 has favorable features for treating patients infected with wild-type and/or multi-drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, that the newly generated P2-Crwn-THF moiety confers highly desirable anti-HIV-1 potency. The use of the novel Crwn-THF moiety sheds lights in the design of novel PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Pedro Miguel Salcedo-Gómez
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ravikiran S Yedidi
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole S Delino
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakata
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | | | - Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
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11
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Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Osswald HL, Martyr CD, Aoki M, Hayashi H, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Bulut H, Das D, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design and Development of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with a Crown-Like Oxotricyclic Core as the P2-Ligand To Combat Multidrug-Resistant HIV Variants. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4267-4278. [PMID: 28418652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of exceptionally potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors are reported. Inhibitor 5 displayed superior antiviral activity and drug-resistance profiles. In fact, this inhibitor showed several orders of magnitude improved antiviral activity over the FDA approved drug darunavir. This inhibitor incorporates an unprecedented 6-5-5 ring-fused crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran as the P2 ligand and an aminobenzothiazole as the P2' ligand with the (R)-hydroxyethylsulfonamide isostere. The crown-like P2 ligand for this inhibitor has been synthesized efficiently in an optically active form using a chiral Diels-Alder catalyst providing a key intermediate in high enantiomeric purity. Two high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease revealed extensive interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease and provided molecular insight into the binding properties of these new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Prasanth R Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Heather L Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cuthbert D Martyr
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University , Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute , Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Irene T Weber
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute , Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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12
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Rai AN, Tamirisa S, Rao KV, Kumar V, Suprasanna P. Retraction note to: Brassica RNA binding protein ERD4 is involved in conferring salt, drought tolerance and enhancing plant growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 2017; 93:547. [PMID: 28101816 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana N Rai
- Plant Stress Physiology and Biotechnology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Srinath Tamirisa
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - K V Rao
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - P Suprasanna
- Plant Stress Physiology and Biotechnology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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13
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Moin M, Bakshi A, Saha A, Udaya Kumar M, Reddy AR, Rao KV, Siddiq EA, Kirti PB. Activation tagging in indica rice identifies ribosomal proteins as potential targets for manipulation of water-use efficiency and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:2440-2459. [PMID: 27411514 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have generated 3900 enhancer-based activation-tagged plants, in addition to 1030 stable Dissociator-enhancer plants in a widely cultivated indica rice variety, BPT-5204. Of them, 3000 were screened for water-use efficiency (WUE) by analysing photosynthetic quantum efficiency and yield-related attributes under water-limiting conditions that identified 200 activation-tagged mutants, which were analysed for flanking sequences at the site of enhancer integration in the genome. We have further selected five plants with low Δ13 C, high quantum efficiency and increased plant yield compared with wild type for a detailed investigation. Expression studies of 18 genes in these mutants revealed that in four plants one of the three to four tagged genes became activated, while two genes were concurrently up-regulated in the fifth plant. Two genes coding for proteins involved in 60S ribosomal assembly, RPL6 and RPL23A, were among those that became activated by enhancers. Quantitative expression analysis of these two genes also corroborated the results on activating-tagging. The high up-regulation of RPL6 and RPL23A in various stress treatments and the presence of significant cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions along with the high up-regulation of several of RPL genes in various stress treatments indicate that they are potential targets for manipulating WUE/abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazahar Moin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Achala Bakshi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Anusree Saha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - M Udaya Kumar
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences - GKVK, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - Attipalli R Reddy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - K V Rao
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - E A Siddiq
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, PJTS Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - P B Kirti
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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14
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Kapilashrami M, Wang YJ, Li X, Glans PA, Fang M, Riazanova AV, Belova LM, Rao KV, Luo Y, Barbiellini B, Lin H, Markiewicz R, Bansil A, Hussain Z, Guo J. Understanding the magnetic interaction between intrinsic defects and impurity ions in room-temperature ferromagnetic Mg1-xFexO thin films. J Phys Condens Matter 2016; 28:156002. [PMID: 26987741 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/15/156002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature and characteristics of the intrinsic defects and impurities in the dielectric barrier separating the ferromagnetic electrodes in a magnetic tunneling junction is of great importance for understanding the often observed 'barrier-breakdown' therein. In this connection, we present herein systematic experimental (SQUID and synchrotron-radiation-based x-ray absorption spectroscopy) and computational studies on the electronic and magnetic properties of Mg1-xFexO thin films. Our studies reveal: (i) defect aggregates comprised of basic and trimer units (Fe impurity coupled to 1 or 2 Mg vacancies) and (ii) existence of two competing magnetic orders, defect- and dopant-induced, with spin densities aligning anti-parallel if the trimer is present in the oxide matrix. These findings open up new avenues for designing tunneling barriers with high endurance and tunneling effect upon tuning the concentration/distribution of the two magnetic orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukes Kapilashrami
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Center for Engineering Concepts Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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15
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Rai AN, Tamirisa S, Rao KV, Kumar V, Suprasanna P. Brassica RNA binding protein ERD4 is involved in conferring salt, drought tolerance and enhancing plant growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 2016; 90:375-87. [PMID: 26711633 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
'Early responsive to dehydration' (ERD) genes are a group of plant genes having functional roles in plant stress tolerance and development. In this study, we have isolated and characterized a Brassica juncea 'ERD' gene (BjERD4) which encodes a novel RNA binding protein. The expression pattern of ERD4 analyzed under different stress conditions showed that transcript levels were increased with dehydration, sodium chloride, low temperature, heat, abscisic acid and salicylic acid treatments. The BjERD4 was found to be localized in the chloroplasts as revealed by Confocal microscopy studies. To study the function, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated and analyzed for various morphological and physiological parameters. The overexpressing transgenic lines showed significant increase in number of leaves with more leaf area and larger siliques as compared to wild type plants, whereas RNAi:ERD4 transgenic lines showed reduced leaf number, leaf area, dwarf phenotype and delayed seed germination. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing BjERD4 gene also exhibited enhanced tolerance to dehydration and salt stresses, while the knockdown lines were susceptible as compared to wild type plants under similar stress conditions. It was observed that BjERD4 protein could bind RNA as evidenced by the gel-shift assay. The overall results of transcript analysis, RNA gel-shift assay, and transgenic expression, for the first time, show that the BjERD4 is involved in abiotic stress tolerance besides offering new clues about the possible roles of BjERD4 in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana N Rai
- Plant Stress Physiology and Biotechnology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Srinath Tamirisa
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - K V Rao
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - P Suprasanna
- Plant Stress Physiology and Biotechnology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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16
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Rejani R, Rao KV, Osman M, Srinivasa Rao C, Reddy KS, Chary GR, Samuel J. Spatial and temporal estimation of soil loss for the sustainable management of a wet semi-arid watershed cluster. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:143. [PMID: 26846293 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ungauged wet semi-arid watershed cluster, Seethagondi, lies in the Adilabad district of Telangana in India and is prone to severe erosion and water scarcity. The runoff and soil loss data at watershed, catchment, and field level are necessary for planning soil and water conservation interventions. In this study, an attempt was made to develop a spatial soil loss estimation model for Seethagondi cluster using RUSLE coupled with ARCGIS and was used to estimate the soil loss spatially and temporally. The daily rainfall data of Aphrodite for the period from 1951 to 2007 was used, and the annual rainfall varied from 508 to 1351 mm with a mean annual rainfall of 950 mm and a mean erosivity of 6789 MJ mm ha(-1) h(-1) year(-1). Considerable variation in land use land cover especially in crop land and fallow land was observed during normal and drought years, and corresponding variation in the erosivity, C factor, and soil loss was also noted. The mean value of C factor derived from NDVI for crop land was 0.42 and 0.22 in normal year and drought years, respectively. The topography is undulating and major portion of the cluster has slope less than 10°, and 85.3% of the cluster has soil loss below 20 t ha(-1) year(-1). The soil loss from crop land varied from 2.9 to 3.6 t ha(-1) year(-1) in low rainfall years to 31.8 to 34.7 t ha(-1) year(-1) in high rainfall years with a mean annual soil loss of 12.2 t ha(-1) year(-1). The soil loss from crop land was higher in the month of August with an annual soil loss of 13.1 and 2.9 t ha(-1) year(-1) in normal and drought year, respectively. Based on the soil loss in a normal year, the interventions recommended for 85.3% of area of the watershed includes agronomic measures such as contour cultivation, graded bunds, strip cropping, mixed cropping, crop rotations, mulching, summer plowing, vegetative bunds, agri-horticultural system, and management practices such as broad bed furrow, raised sunken beds, and harvesting available water using farm ponds and percolation tanks. This methodology can be adopted for estimating the soil loss from similar ungauged watersheds with deficient data and for planning suitable soil and water conservation interventions for the sustainable management of the watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rejani
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - K V Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Osman
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ch Srinivasa Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Sammi Reddy
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G R Chary
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Josily Samuel
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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17
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Agniswamy J, Shen CH, Wang YF, Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Xu CX, Sayer JM, Louis JM, Weber IT. Extreme multidrug resistant HIV-1 protease with 20 mutations is resistant to novel protease inhibitors with P1'-pyrrolidinone or P2-tris-tetrahydrofuran. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4017-27. [PMID: 23590295 DOI: 10.1021/jm400231v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extreme drug resistant mutant of HIV-1 protease (PR) bearing 20 mutations (PR20) has been studied with the clinical inhibitor amprenavir (1) and two potent antiviral investigational inhibitors GRL-02031 (2) and GRL-0519 (3). Clinical inhibitors are >1000-fold less active on PR20 than on wild-type enzyme, which is consistent with dissociation constants (KL) from isothermal titration calorimetry of 40 nM for 3, 178 nM for amprenavir, and 960 nM for 2. High resolution crystal structures of PR20-inhibitor complexes revealed altered interactions compared with the corresponding wild-type PR complexes in agreement with relative inhibition. Amprenavir lacks interactions due to PR20 mutations in the S2/S2' subsites relative to PR. Inhibitors 2 and 3 lose interactions with Arg8' in PR20 relative to the wild-type enzyme because Arg8' shifts to interact with mutated L10F side chain. Overall, inhibitor 3 compares favorably with darunavir in affinity for PR20 and shows promise for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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18
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Zhang H, Wang YF, Shen CH, Agniswamy J, Rao KV, Xu CX, Ghosh AK, Harrison RW, Weber IT. Novel P2 tris-tetrahydrofuran group in antiviral compound 1 (GRL-0519) fills the S2 binding pocket of selected mutants of HIV-1 protease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1074-83. [PMID: 23298236 DOI: 10.1021/jm301519z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GRL-0519 (1) is a potent antiviral inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (PR) possessing tris-tetrahydrofuran (tris-THF) at P2. The high resolution X-ray crystal structures of inhibitor 1 in complexes with single substitution mutants PR(R8Q), PR(D30N), PR(I50V), PR(I54M), and PR(V82A) were analyzed in relation to kinetic data. The smaller valine side chain in PR(I50V) eliminated hydrophobic interactions with inhibitor and the other subunit consistent with 60-fold worse inhibition. Asn30 in PR(D30N) showed altered interactions with neighboring residues and 18-fold worse inhibition. Mutations V82A and I54M showed compensating structural changes consistent with 6-7-fold lower inhibition. Gln8 in PR(R8Q) replaced the ionic interactions of wild type Arg8 with hydrogen bond interactions without changing the inhibition significantly. The carbonyl oxygen of Gly48 showed two alternative conformations in all structures likely due to the snug fit of the large tris-THF group in the S2 subsite in agreement with high antiviral efficacy of 1 on resistant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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19
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Wood WA, Whitley J, Goyal R, Brown PM, Sharf A, Irons R, Rao KV, Essenmacher A, Serody JS, Coghill JM, Armistead PM, Sarantopoulos S, Gabriel DA, Shea TC. Effectiveness of etoposide chemomobilization in lymphoma patients undergoing auto-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012; 48:771-6. [PMID: 23165501 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of stem cell mobilization with G-CSF in lymphoma patients is suboptimal. We reviewed our institutional experience using chemomobilization with etoposide (VP-16; 375 mg/m(2) on days +1 and +2) and G-CSF (5 μg/kg twice daily from day +3 through the final day of collection) in 159 patients with lymphoma. This approach resulted in successful mobilization (>2 × 10(6) CD34+ cells collected) in 94% of patients (83% within 4 apheresis sessions). Fifty-seven percent of patients yielded at least 5 × 10(6) cells in 2 days and were defined as good mobilizers. The regimen was safe with a low rate of rehospitalization. Average costs were $14 923 for good mobilizers and $27 044 for poor mobilizers (P<0.05). Using our data, we performed a 'break-even' analysis that demonstrated that adding two doses of Plerixafor to predicted poor mobilizers at the time of first CD34+ cell count would achieve cost neutrality if the frequency of good mobilizers were to increase by 21%, while the frequency of good mobilizers would need to increase by 25% if three doses of Plerixafor were used. We conclude that chemomobilization with etoposide and G-CSF in patients with lymphoma is effective, with future opportunities for cost-neutral improvement using novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Wood
- Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Center Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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20
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Ghosh AK, Venkateswara Rao K, Yadav ND, Anderson DD, Gavande N, Huang X, Terzyan S, Tang J. Structure-based design of highly selective β-secretase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and protein-ligand X-ray crystal structure. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9195-207. [PMID: 22954357 DOI: 10.1021/jm3008823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure-based design, synthesis, and X-ray structure of protein-ligand complexes of exceptionally potent and selective β-secretase inhibitors are described. The inhibitors are designed specifically to interact with S(1)' active site residues to provide selectivity over memapsin 1 and cathepsin D. Inhibitor 5 has exhibited exceedingly potent inhibitory activity (K(i) = 17 pM) and high selectivity over BACE 2 (>7000-fold) and cathepsin D (>250000-fold). A protein-ligand crystal structure revealed important molecular insight into these selectivities. These interactions may serve as an important guide to design selectivity over the physiologically important aspartic acid proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
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21
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Ghosh AK, Pandey S, Gangarajula S, Kulkarni S, Xu X, Rao KV, Huang X, Tang J. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dihydroquinazoline-derived potent β-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5460-5. [PMID: 22863204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of dihydroquinazoline-derived β-secretase inhibitors incorporating thiazole and pyrazole-derived P2-ligands are described. We have identified inhibitor 4f which has shown potent enzyme inhibitory (K(i)=13 nM) and cellular (IC(50)=21 nM in neuroblastoma cells) assays. A model of 4f was created based upon the X-ray structure of 3a-bound β-secretase. The model suggested possible interactions in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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22
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Fang M, Ström V, Olsson RT, Belova L, Rao KV. Particle size and magnetic properties dependence on growth temperature for rapid mixed co-precipitated magnetite nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:145601. [PMID: 22433909 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/14/145601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation using a custom-designed jet mixer to achieve rapid mixing (RM) of reactants in a timescale of milliseconds. The quick and stable nucleation obtained allows control of the particle size and size distribution via a more defined growth process. Nanoparticles of different sizes were prepared by controlling the processing temperature in the first few seconds post-mixing. The average size of the nanoparticles investigated using a Tecnai transmission electron microscope is found to increase with the temperature from 3.8 nm at 1 ± 1 °C to 10.9 nm for particles grown at 95 ± 1 °C. The temperature dependence of the size distribution follows the same trend and is explained in terms of Ostwald ripening of the magnetite nanoparticles during the co-precipitation of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+). The magnetic properties were studied by monitoring the blocking temperature via both DC and AC techniques. Strikingly, the obtained RM particles maintain the high magnetization (as high as ∼88 A m(2) kg(-1) at 500 kA m(-1)) while the coercivity is as low as ∼12 A m(-1) with the expected temperature dependence. Besides, by adding a drop of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, aqueous ferrofluids with long term stability are obtained, suggesting their suitability for applications in ferrofluid technology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE 10044, Sweden
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23
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Girgis E, Wahsh MMS, Othman AGM, Bandhu L, Rao KV. Synthesis, magnetic and optical properties of core/shell Co1-xZnxFe2O4/SiO2 nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011; 6:460. [PMID: 21774807 PMCID: PMC3211881 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of multi-functionalized cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), cobalt zinc ferrite (Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4), and zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles have been enhanced by coating them with silica shell using a modified Stöber method. The ferrites nanoparticles were prepared by a modified citrate gel technique. These core/shell ferrites nanoparticles have been fired at temperatures: 400°C, 600°C and 800°C, respectively, for 2 h. The composition, phase, and morphology of the prepared core/shell ferrites nanoparticles were determined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The diffuse reflectance and magnetic properties of the core/shell ferrites nanoparticles at room temperature were investigated using UV/VIS double-beam spectrophotometer and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. It was found that, by increasing the firing temperature from 400°C to 800°C, the average crystallite size of the core/shell ferrites nanoparticles increases. The cobalt ferrite nanoparticles fired at temperature 800°C; show the highest saturation magnetization while the zinc ferrite nanoparticles coated with silica shell shows the highest diffuse reflectance. On the other hand, core/shell zinc ferrite/silica nanoparticles fired at 400°C show a ferromagnetic behavior and high diffuse reflectance when compared with all the uncoated or coated ferrites nanoparticles. These characteristics of core/shell zinc ferrite/silica nanostructures make them promising candidates for magneto-optical nanodevice applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Girgis
- Solid State Physics Department, National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Lab, CEAS, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Behouth Street, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed MS Wahsh
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Atef GM Othman
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lokeshwar Bandhu
- Department of Materials Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44 Sweden
| | - KV Rao
- Department of Materials Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44 Sweden
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24
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Swapna L, Khurana R, Kumar SV, Tyagi AK, Rao KV. Pollen-specific expression of Oryza sativa indica pollen allergen gene (OSIPA) promoter in rice and Arabidopsis transgenic systems. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:49-59. [PMID: 21061188 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Earlier, a pollen-specific Oryza sativa indica pollen allergen gene (OSIPA), coding for expansins/pollen allergens, was isolated from rice, and its promoter--upon expression in tobacco and Arabidopsis--was found active during the late stages of pollen development. In this investigation, to analyze the effects of different putative regulatory motifs of OSIPA promoter, a series of 5' deletions were fused to β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) which were stably introduced into rice and Arabidopsis. Histochemical GUS analysis of the transgenic plants revealed that a 1631 bp promoter fragment mediates maximum GUS expression at different stages of anther/pollen development. Promoter deletions to -1272, -966, -617, and -199 bp did not change the expression profile of the pollen specificity. However, the activity of promoter was reduced as the length of promoter decreased. The region between -1567 and -199 bp was found adequate to confer pollen-specific expression in both rice and Arabidopsis systems. An approximate 4-fold increase in the GUS activity was observed in the pollen of rice when compared to that of Arabidopsis. As such, the OSIPA promoter seems promising for generation of stable male-sterile lines required for the production of hybrids in rice and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Swapna
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India
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25
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Khalil WKB, Girgis E, Emam AN, Mohamed MB, Rao KV. Genotoxicity evaluation of nanomaterials: dna damage, micronuclei, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine induced by magnetic doped CdSe quantum dots in male mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:640-50. [PMID: 21425850 DOI: 10.1021/tx2000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel class of inorganic fluorophores which are gaining widespread recognition as a result of their exceptional photophysical properties and their applications as a biomarker and in molecular biomedical imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity in mice exposed to CdSe quantum dots of average size 5.0 ± 0.2 nm and CdSe doped with 1% cobalt ions of similar size. The quantum dots are surface modified using mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) in order to be biocompatible and water-soluble. The MAA-QDs were given to the mice orally at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg by weight of MAA-QDs. Bone marrow and liver samples were collected after two and seven days of treatment. The results indicated that after two days of treatment, the high dose of doped MAA-QDs was significantly able to induce DNA damage, formation of micronuclei (MNs), and generation of DNA adduct (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG). However, increasing DNA damage and the frequency of MNs formation as well as the generation of DNA adducts were observed with both the undoped MAA-QDs (2000 mg/kg) and doped MAA-QDs (1000 and 2000 mg/kg) after seven days of treatment. The results of our study indicate that exposure to high doses of pure MAA-QDs or MAA-QDs doped with cobalt has the potential to cause indirect in vivo genetic damage, which may be attributed to free radical-induced oxidative stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K B Khalil
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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26
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Bharathi Y, Vijaya Kumar S, Pasalu IC, Balachandran SM, Reddy VD, Rao KV. Pyramided rice lines harbouring Allium sativum (asal) and Galanthus nivalis (gna) lectin genes impart enhanced resistance against major sap-sucking pests. J Biotechnol 2011; 152:63-71. [PMID: 21295625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed transgene pyramided rice lines, endowed with enhanced resistance to major sap-sucking insects, through sexual crosses made between two stable transgenic rice lines containing Allium sativum (asal) and Galanthus nivalis (gna) lectin genes. Presence and expression of asal and gna genes in pyramided lines were confirmed by PCR and western blot analyses. Segregation analysis of F₂ progenies disclosed digenic (9:3:3:1) inheritance of the transgenes. Homozygous F₃ plants carrying asal and gna genes were identified employing genetic and molecular methods besides insect bioassays. Pyramided lines, infested with brown planthopper (BPH), green leafhopper (GLH) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), proved more effective in reducing insect survival, fecundity, feeding ability besides delayed development of insects as compared to the parental transgenics. Under infested conditions, pyramided lines were found superior to the parental transgenics in their seed yield potential. This study represents first report on pyramiding of two lectin genes into rice exhibiting enhanced resistance against major sucking pests. The pyramided lines appear promising and might serve as a novel genetic resource in rice breeding aimed at durable and broad based resistance against hoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bharathi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, University Campus, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
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27
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Ghosh AK, Xu CX, Rao KV, Baldridge A, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Weber IT, Aoki M, Miguel SGP, Amano M, Mitsuya H. Cover Picture: Probing Multidrug-Resistance and Protein-Ligand Interactions with Oxatricyclic Designed Ligands in HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (ChemMedChem 11/2010). ChemMedChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201090049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Ghosh AK, Xu CX, Rao KV, Baldridge A, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Weber IT, Aoki M, Miguel SGP, Amano M, Mitsuya H. Probing multidrug-resistance and protein-ligand interactions with oxatricyclic designed ligands in HIV-1 protease inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1850-4. [PMID: 20827746 PMCID: PMC3523686 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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29
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Kapilashrami M, Xu J, Rao KV, Belova L, Carlegrim E, Fahlman M. Experimental evidence for ferromagnetism at room temperature in MgO thin films. J Phys Condens Matter 2010; 22:345004. [PMID: 21403248 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/34/345004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic ordering at room temperature (RTFM) in MgO thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering under various atmospheric conditions and temperatures is reported. A saturation magnetization (M(S)) value as high as 1.58 emu g(-1) is (0.046 μB/unit cell) observed for a 170 nm film deposited at RT under an oxygen pressure of 1.3 × 10(-4) mbar. In contrast, films deposited at elevated temperature (under an identical oxygen pressure), or at higher oxygen pressures, as well as under a nitrogen atmosphere at RT show significantly suppressed magnetization. The ferromagnetic order in the MgO matrix is believed to be defect induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukes Kapilashrami
- Department of Materials Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Ghosh AK, Takayama J, Rao KV, Ratia K, Chaudhuri R, Mulhearn DC, Lee H, Nichols DB, Baliji S, Baker SC, Johnson ME, Mesecar AD. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like novel protease inhibitors: design, synthesis, protein-ligand X-ray structure and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4968-79. [PMID: 20527968 PMCID: PMC2918394 DOI: 10.1021/jm1004489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, molecular modeling, and biological evaluation of a series of new generation SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitors are described. A new lead compound 3 (6577871) was identified via high-throughput screening of a diverse chemical library. Subsequently, we carried out lead optimization and structure-activity studies to provide a series of improved inhibitors that show potent PLpro inhibition and antiviral activity against SARS-CoV infected Vero E6 cells. Interestingly, the (S)-Me inhibitor 15 h (enzyme IC(50) = 0.56 microM; antiviral EC(50) = 9.1 microM) and the corresponding (R)-Me 15 g (IC(50) = 0.32 microM; antiviral EC(50) = 9.1 microM) are the most potent compounds in this series, with nearly equivalent enzymatic inhibition and antiviral activity. A protein-ligand X-ray structure of 15 g-bound SARS-CoV PLpro and a corresponding model of 15 h docked to PLpro provide intriguing molecular insight into the ligand-binding site interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Biotransformation of quercetin was examined with a number of bacterial cultures. In the presence of a bacterial culture (Bacillus cereus), quercetin was transformed into two crystalline products, identified as protocatechuic acid and quercetin-3-glucoside (isoquercitrin).
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Rao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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32
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Menéndez E, Liedke MO, Fassbender J, Gemming T, Weber A, Heyderman LJ, Rao KV, Deevi SC, Suriñach S, Baró MD, Sort J, Nogués J. Direct magnetic patterning due to the generation of ferromagnetism by selective ion irradiation of paramagnetic FeAl alloys. Small 2009; 5:229-234. [PMID: 19089839 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sub-100-nm magnetic dots embedded in a non-magnetic matrix are controllably generated by selective ion irradiation of paramagnetic Fe(60)Al(40) (atomic %) alloys, taking advantage of the disorder-induced magnetism in this material. The process is demonstrated by sequential focused ion beam irradiation and by in-parallel broad-beam ion irradiation through lithographed masks. Due to the low fluences used, this method results in practically no alteration of the surface roughness. The dots exhibit a range of magnetic properties depending on the size and shape of the structures, with the smallest dots (<100 nm) having square hysteresis loops with coercivities in excess of micro(0)H(C) = 50 mT. Importantly, the patterning can be fully removed by annealing. The combination of properties induced by the direct magnetic patterning is appealing for a wide range of applications, such as patterned media, magnetic separators, or sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Menéndez
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Ström V, Rao KV. A desktop Faraday rotation instrument in the ultraviolet. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:025109. [PMID: 18315331 DOI: 10.1063/1.2868789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple versatile desktop instrument for the measurement of Faraday rotation in the ultraviolet range has been designed and constructed. A high pressure short arc mercury lamp is used for the light source. By using interference filter for mercury, the desired wavelength of the available lines for mercury (e.g., 365, 405, and 436 nm) is selected. Our instrument measures hysteresis loops in magnetic fields up to 900 kAm within a few minutes. With a light beam intensity monitor, the detrimental effect from fluctuations in the light source has been virtually eliminated. The instrument can operate at photocurrents from the picoampere regime and above with a Faraday rotation sensitivity of around 1 millideg. By incorporating a higher order Taylor expansion approach, we improve the linearity of the Faraday rotation to transmitted light relationship by two orders of magnitude. The electronics is custom designed analog type, rendering relaxed dynamic requirements for the analog-to-digital converter. The design is fully protected from ambient light which makes operation with the equipment in darkness superfluous; neither does it need any optical table. The data acquisition and operation of the instrument are fully supported by a LABVIEW program. Measurements on a magnetite thin film and on microscope cover glass are given as examples for the performance and sensitivity of the equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Ström
- Department of Materials Science-MSE-Tmfy, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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34
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Basavaiah D, Venkateswara Rao K, Sekhara Reddy B. (5S)-1-Aza-2-imino-3-oxa-4,4-diphenylbicyclo(3.3.0)octane: a novel chiral catalytic source containing the N–(CNH)–O moiety for the borane-mediated asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Guo JH, Gupta A, Sharma P, Rao KV, Marcus MA, Dong CL, Guillen JMO, Butorin SM, Mattesini M, Glans PA, Smith KE, Chang CL, Ahuja R. X-ray spectroscopic study of the charge state and local ordering of room-temperature ferromagnetic Mn-doped ZnO. J Phys Condens Matter 2007; 19:172202. [PMID: 21690936 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/17/172202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The charge state and local ordering of Mn doped into a pulsed laser deposited single-phase thin film of ZnO are investigated by using x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O K-edge, Mn K-edge and L-edge, and x-ray emission spectroscopy at the O K-edge and Mn L-edge. This film is ferromagnetic at room temperature. EXAFS measurement shows that Mn(2+) replaces the Zn site in tetrahedral symmetry, and there is no evidence for either metallic Mn or MnO in the film. Upon Mn doping, the top of O 2p valence band extends into the bandgap, indicating additional charge carriers being created.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Basavaiah D, Venkateswara Rao K, Jannapu Reddy R. The Baylis–Hillman reaction: a novel source of attraction, opportunities, and challenges in synthetic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:1581-8. [PMID: 17721583 DOI: 10.1039/b613741p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Baylis-Hillman reaction is a successful, useful, and atom-economical carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which has grown from an obscure level to the level of high synthetic popularity due to its operational simplicity and also due to the enormous applications of the Baylis-Hillman adducts in organic synthesis. In this tutorial review, we briefly describe the way this reaction has grown to its present heights and the opportunities, attractions, and challenges the reaction offers with respect to its asymmetric and intramolecular versions, and mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deevi Basavaiah
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India.
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Latha AM, Rao KV, Reddy TP, Reddy VD. Development of transgenic pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) plants resistant to downy mildew. Plant Cell Rep 2006; 25:927-35. [PMID: 16607531 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic pearl millet lines expressing pin gene--exhibiting high resistance to downy mildew pathogen, Sclerospora graminicola--were produced using particle-inflow-gun (PIG) method. Shoot-tip-derived embryogenic calli were co-bombarded with plasmids containing pin and bar genes driven by CaMV 35S promoter. Bombarded calli were cultured on MS medium with phosphinothricin as a selection agent. Primary transformants 1T(0), 2T(0), and 3T(0) showed the presence of both bar and pin coding sequences as evidenced by PCR and Southern blot analysis, respectively. T(1) progenies of three primary transformants, when evaluated for downy mildew resistance, segregated into resistant and susceptible phenotypes. T(1) plants resistant to downy mildew invariably exhibited tolerance to Basta suggesting co-segregation of pin and bar genes. Further, the downy mildew resistant 1T(1) plants were found positive for pin gene in Southern and Northern analyses thereby confirming stable integration, expression, and transmission of pin gene. 1T(2) progenies of 1T(0) conformed to dihybrid segregation of 15 resistant:1 susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Madhavi Latha
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007 Andhra Pradesh, India
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Mahalakshmi S, Christopher GSB, Reddy TP, Rao KV, Reddy VD. Isolation of a cDNA clone (PcSrp) encoding serine-rich-protein from Porteresia coarctata T. and its expression in yeast and finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) affording salt tolerance. Planta 2006; 224:347-59. [PMID: 16450172 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A 1.4 Kb cDNA clone encoding a serine-rich protein has been isolated from the cDNA library of salt stressed roots of Porteresia coarctata, and designated as P. coarctata serine-rich-protein (PcSrp) encoding gene. Northern analysis and in situ mRNA hybridization revealed the expression of PcSrp in the salt stressed roots and rhizome of P. coarctata. However, no such expression was seen in the salt stressed leaves and in the unstressed tissues of root, rhizome and leaf, indicating that PcSrp is under the control of a salt-inducible tissue-specific promoter. In yeast, the PcSrp conferred increased NaCl tolerance, implicating its role in salinity tolerance at cellular level. Further, PcSrp was cloned downstream to rice Actin-1 promoter and introduced into finger millet through particle-inflow-gun method. Transgenic plants expressing PcSrp were able to grow to maturity and set seed under 250 mM NaCl stress. The untransformed control plants by contrast failed to survive under similar salt stress. The stressed roots of transgenic plants invariably accumulated higher Na(+) and K(+) ion contents compared to roots of untransformed plants; whereas, shoots of transgenics accumulated lower levels of both the ions than that of untransformed plants under identical stress, clearly suggesting the involvement of PcSrp in ion homeostasis contributing to salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahalakshmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, 500 007 Hyderabad, AP, India
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Basavaiah D, Rao KV, Reddy BS. (2S)-2-Anilinomethylpyrrolidine: an efficient in situ recyclable chiral catalytic source for the borane-mediated asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones in refluxing toluene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Basavaiah D, Venkateswara Rao K, Sekhara Reddy B. (5S)-1,3-Diaza-2-imino-3-phenylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane: first example of guanidine based in situ recyclable chiral catalytic source for borane-mediated asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abhyankar G, Reddy VD, Giri CC, Rao KV, Lakshmi VVS, Prabhakar S, Vairamani M, Thippeswamy BS, Bhattacharya PS. Amplified fragment length polymorphism and metabolomic profiles of hairy roots of Psoralea corylifolia L. Phytochemistry 2005; 66:2441-57. [PMID: 16169025 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible protocol for establishment of hairy root cultures of Psoralea corylifolia L. was developed using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834. The hairy root clones exhibited typical sigmoid growth curves. Genomic and metabolomic profiles of hairy root clones along with that of untransformed control were analysed. Hairy root clones, Ps I and Ps II, showed significant differences in their amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles as compared to that of control, besides exhibiting Ri T-DNA-specific bands. These results amply indicate the stable integration of Ri T-DNA into the genomes of these clones. Further, the variations observed between clones in the AFLP profiles suggest the variable lengths and independent nature of Ri T-DNA integrations into their genomes. An isoflavonoid, formononetin, and its glycoside were present only in the hairy root clones while they were absent in the untransformed control. Variations observed in the metabolite profiles of these clones may be attributed to the random T-DNA integrations and associated changes caused by them in the recipient genomes. GC/MS analyses revealed the production of three and six clone-specific compounds in Ps I and Ps II, respectively, suggesting that the clones are dissimilar in their secondary metabolism. HPLC/UV-MS analyses disclosed substantial increases in the total isoflavonoids produced in Ps I (184%) and Ps II (94%) compared to untransformed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Abhyankar
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Ramesh S, Nagadhara D, Pasalu IC, Kumari AP, Sarma NP, Reddy VD, Rao KV. Development of stem borer resistant transgenic parental lines involved in the production of hybrid rice. J Biotechnol 2005; 111:131-41. [PMID: 15219400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 03/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem borer resistant transgenic parental lines, involved in hybrid rice, were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method. Two pSB111 super-binary vectors containing modified cry1Ab/cry1Ac genes driven by maize ubiquitin promoter, and herbicide resistance gene bar driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were, used in this study. Embryogenic calli after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium were selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin. Southern blot analyses of primary transformants revealed the stable integration of bar, cry1Ab and cry1Ac coding sequences into the genomes of three parental lines with a predominant single copy integration and without any rearrangement of T-DNA. T1 progeny plants disclosed a monogenic pattern (3:1) of transgene segregation as confirmed by molecular analyses. Furthermore, the co-segregation of bar and cry genes in T1 progenies suggested that the transgenes are integrated at a single site in the rice genome. In different primary transformants with alien inbuilt resistance, the levels of cry proteins varied between 0.03 and 0.13% of total soluble proteins. These transgenic lines expressing insecticidal proteins afforded substantial resistance against stem borers. This is the first report of its kind dealing with the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry genes into the elite parental lines involved in the development of hybrid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramesh
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Nagadhara D, Ramesh S, Pasalu IC, Rao YK, Sarma NP, Reddy VD, Rao KV. Transgenic rice plants expressing the snowdrop lectin gene (gna) exhibit high-level resistance to the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). Theor Appl Genet 2004; 109:1399-405. [PMID: 15252708 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic rice plants, expressing snowdrop lectin [Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)], obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, were evaluated for resistance against the insect, the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH). The transgene gna was driven by the phloem-specific, rice-sucrose synthase promoter RSs1, and the bar was driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. In our previous study, the transgenic status of these lines was confirmed by Southern, Northern and Western blot analyses. Both the transgenes, gna and bar, were stably inherited and co-segregated into progenies in T1 to T5 generations. Insect bioassays on transgenic plants revealed the potent entomotoxic effects of GNA on the WBPH. Also, significant decreases were observed in the survival, development and fecundity of the insects fed on transgenic plants. Furthermore, intact GNA was detected in the total proteins of WBPHs fed on these plants. Western blot analysis revealed stable and consistent expression of GNA throughout the growth and development of transgenic plants. Transgenic lines expressing GNA exhibited high-level resistance against the WBPH. As reported earlier, these transgenics also showed substantial resistance against the brown planthopper and green leafhopper.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nagadhara
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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Basavaiah D, Reddy GJ, Venkateswara Rao K. Toward effective chiral catalysts containing the NPO structural framework for the borane-mediated asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sharma P, Gupta A, Rao KV, Owens FJ, Sharma R, Ahuja R, Guillen JMO, Johansson B, Gehring GA. Ferromagnetism above room temperature in bulk and transparent thin films of Mn-doped ZnO. Nat Mater 2003; 2:673-7. [PMID: 14502276 DOI: 10.1038/nmat984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The search for ferromagnetism above room temperature in dilute magnetic semiconductors has been intense in recent years. We report the first observations of ferromagnetism above room temperature for dilute (<4 at.%) Mn-doped ZnO. The Mn is found to carry an average magnetic moment of 0.16 mu(B) per ion. Our ab initio calculations find a valance state of Mn(2+) and that the magnetic moments are ordered ferromagnetically, consistent with the experimental findings. We have obtained room-temperature ferromagnetic ordering in bulk pellets, in transparent films 2-3 microm thick, and in the powder form of the same material. The unique feature of our sample preparation was the low-temperature processing. When standard high-temperature (T > 700 degrees C) methods were used, samples were found to exhibit clustering and were not ferromagnetic at room temperature. This capability to fabricate ferromagnetic Mn-doped ZnO semiconductors promises new spintronic devices as well as magneto-optic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Sharma
- Department of Materials Science-Tmfy-MSE, Royal Institute of Technology, SE 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Nagadhara D, Ramesh S, Pasalu IC, Rao YK, Krishnaiah NV, Sarma NP, Bown DP, Gatehouse JA, Reddy VD, Rao KV. Transgenic indica rice resistant to sap-sucking insects. Plant Biotechnol J 2003; 1:231-40. [PMID: 17156035 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation has been optimized in indica rice susceptible to sap-sucking insects, viz., brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH). Snowdrop lectin gene (gna) from Galanthus nivalis, driven by phloem-specific rice-sucrose-synthase promoter, along with herbicide resistance gene (bar) driven by CaMV 35S promoter, was employed for genetic transformation. Embryogenic calli--after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harbouring Ti plasmid pSB111-bar-gna--were selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the stable integration of both the genes into genomes of transgenic (T0) rice plants. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed the expression of gna in the transgenic plants. In the T1 and T2 generations, the gna and bar transgenes showed co-segregation at a ratio of 3 : 1. Plant progenies expressing gna, in T1 and T2, exhibited substantial resistance against BPH and GLH pests. This is the first report dealing with transgenic indica rice exhibiting high resistance to both insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nagadhara
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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47
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Halli SS, Rao KV. Dynamics of fertility and labour force participation of Canadian women in 1971 and 1981: a cohort approach. J Inst Econ Res 2002; 22:1-21. [PMID: 12341777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The authors analyze the relationship between labor force participation and fertility in Canada using data from the Public Use Sample Tapes from the 1971 and 1981 censuses. Factors considered include age, religion, educational status, and marital status. The authors conclude that "labour force participation of women seems to have less influence on fertility compared to [the] fertility effect on labour force participation."
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Kumar KS, Prasad CE, Balakrishna N, Rao KV, Reddy PU. Respiratory symptoms and spirometric observations in relation to atmospheric pollutants in a sample of urban population. Asia Pac J Public Health 2002; 12:58-64. [PMID: 11836920 DOI: 10.1177/101053950001200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of respiratory problems and the ventilatory functions in subjects belonging to three sample areas with different levels of pollution was studied to ascertain if there is any association between air pollutant levels and abnormal ventilatory functions. The predominant activity existing in that area served as the basis for stratification of the city into industrial (Group I), commercial (Group II) and residential (Group III) areas. Ambient air quality data of suspended particulate matter SPM, SO2 and NOx of the three sample areas were measured using standard methods. 216 men included in the study were administered the American Thoracic Society--Division of Lung Diseases ATS-DLD respiratory questionnaire, clinically examined and subjected to routine laboratory investigations. Spirometry and salbutamol reversibility tests were performed as per the ATS guidelines 1991. The mean and peak levels of SPM in the commercial area and the peak levels in the residential area were higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The mean and peak levels of NOx and SO2 in all the three areas were lower than the NAAQS. A high prevalence of approximately 30-50% of respiratory symptoms was reported in the present study. Respiratory and ventilatory abnormalities were higher in the commercial areas, which are associated with the higher mean and peak levels of SO2 and the peak levels of NOx. The pollution control measures should also aim at the peak levels of pollutants as they have been shown to exacerbate the respiratory symptoms in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Sundarrajan M, Fernandis AZ, Subrahmanyam G, Prabhudesai S, Krishnamurthy SC, Rao KV. Enhanced sequential expression of G1/S cyclins during experimental epatocarcinogenesis and tyrosine phosphorylation. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2002; 20:189-97. [PMID: 11797828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that cancer development is a multistage process, starting from the original cell population and ending with a malignant tumor. However, the mechanisms involved in the progressive growth of cells from normalcy to preneoplasia, and from preneoplasia to malignancy are not clear. Because tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are known to play critical roles during normal and abnormal cellular growth, we have studied the tyrosine phosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, and protein phosphatases during the sequential development of liver cancer. The present investigation indicated that enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, with no change in the levels of tyrosine protein phosphatases may contribute to abnormal cellular proliferation during liver carcinogenesis. We have also seen an increase in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and G1/S cyclins during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sundarrajan
- Cellular Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai, India
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