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Islam MF, Adhikari S, Paik M, Lee W. Determination of Chemical and Enantiomeric Purity of α‐Amino Acids and their Methyl Esters as N‐Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Derivatives Using Amylose‐derived Chiral Stationary Phases. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suraj Adhikari
- College of PharmacyChosun University Gwangju 501‐759 South Korea
| | - Man‐Jeong Paik
- College of PharmacySunchon National University Suncheon 540‐950 South Korea
| | - Wonjae Lee
- College of PharmacyChosun University Gwangju 501‐759 South Korea
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2
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Sharma A, Kumar A, Abdel Monaim SAH, Jad YE, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. N-methylation in amino acids and peptides: Scope and limitations. Biopolymers 2018. [PMID: 29528112 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be divided into two types, namely chemical and biological entities. Traditionally, the former has been associated with the so-called small molecules. The revival of peptides in pharmaceutical industry results from their importance in many biological roles. However, low metabolic stability and the lack of oral availability of most peptides is the main drawback for peptide to fulfill that paradigmatic situation. In this regard, efforts are being channeled into addressing this issue by introducing restrictions into the flexible peptide backbone, mainly through N-methyl amino acids (NMAAs) or development of small cyclic peptides. In many cases, both the above restrictions are combined with the aim to enhance oral availability. The synthesis of NMAAs is complex and their introduction into the peptide chain brings additional synthetic challenges and also sometimes leads to side-reactions. Here we discuss the most efficient methods for the synthesis of NMAAs (either in solution or in solid phase) and also their introduction into peptide sequences. Special attention is also given to the detection of side reactions and the most efficient way to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Jad
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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3
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Grecsó N, Forró E, Fülöp F, Péter A, Ilisz I, Lindner W. Combinatorial effects of the configuration of the cationic and the anionic chiral subunits of four zwitterionic chiral stationary phases leading to reversal of elution order of cyclic β-amino acid enantiomers as ampholytic model compounds. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:178-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Roodbeen R, Jensen KJ. Synthesis of N-methylated peptides: on-resin methylation and microwave-assisted couplings. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:141-149. [PMID: 23943484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
N-methylation may positively influence the pharmacokinetic properties of peptides by improving oral availability and in vivo half-life. Additionally, target affinity and specificity may be improved. Here, we describe the solid-phase N-methylation of peptides using direct alkylation. This method allows a rapid N-methyl scan of synthetic, bioactive peptides. Additionally, a microwave-enhanced method for the difficult coupling onto the methylated N terminus is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Roodbeen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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6
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Pratim Bose P, Chatterjee U, Nerelius C, Govender T, Norström T, Gogoll A, Sandegren A, Göthelid E, Johansson J, Arvidsson PI. Poly-N-methylated amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) C-terminal fragments reduce Abeta toxicity in vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster. J Med Chem 2010; 52:8002-9. [PMID: 19908889 DOI: 10.1021/jm901092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age related neurodegenerative disorder, threatens to become a major health-economic problem. Assembly of 40- or 42-residue amyloid beta-peptides (Abeta) into neurotoxic oligo-/polymeric beta-sheet structures is an important pathogenic feature in AD, thus, inhibition of this process has been explored to prevent or treat AD. The C-terminal part plays an important role in Abeta aggregation, but most Abeta aggregation inhibitors have targeted the central region around residues 16-23. Herein, we synthesized hexapeptides with varying extents of N-methylation based on residues 32-37 of Abeta, to target its C-terminal region. We measured the peptides' abilities to retard beta-sheet and fibril formation of Abeta and to reduce Abeta neurotoxicity. A penta-N-methylated peptide was more efficient than peptides with 0, 2, or 3 N-methyl groups. This penta-N-methylated peptide moreover increased life span and locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster flies overexpressing human Abeta(1-42).
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Sleebs BE, Van Nguyen TT, Hughes AB. Recent Advances in Stereoselective Synthesis and Application of β-Amino Acids. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940903376028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad E. Sleebs
- a Department of Chemistry , La Trobe University , Victoria, 3086, Australia
- b The Walter and Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville , Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - T. T. Van Nguyen
- a Department of Chemistry , La Trobe University , Victoria, 3086, Australia
- b The Walter and Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville , Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew B. Hughes
- a Department of Chemistry , La Trobe University , Victoria, 3086, Australia
- b The Walter and Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville , Victoria, 3052, Australia
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11
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Belsito E, Di Gioia ML, Greco A, Leggio A, Liguori A, Perri F, Siciliano C, Viscomi MC. N-Methyl-N-nosyl-β3-amino Acids. J Org Chem 2007; 72:4798-802. [PMID: 17539685 DOI: 10.1021/jo070438i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-beta(3)-amino acids are important building blocks in the synthesis of biologically active molecules. A very simple and efficient approach to transform natural alpha-amino acids into their corresponding N-methyl-beta(3)-amino acids is here presented. In the method, the key intermediates N-methyl-N-nosyl-alpha-aminoacyldiazomethanes are prepared in only one step, by a simple treatment of the corresponding N-nosyl-alpha-aminoacyl chlorides with diazomethane. The synthetic route takes advantage from the use of the nosyl group. This N-masking moiety activates the NH function, and the N-methylation can directly occur during the acylation step of diazomethane, rendering useless a second step that instead is shown to be necessary in all the classical procedures already reported for the preparation of N-methyl-beta(3)-amino acids. The Wolff rearrangement of N-methyl-N-nosyl-alpha-aminoacyldiazomethanes provides the corresponding N-methyl-N-nosyl-beta(3)-amino acids with total retention of the chiral configuration of the starting alpha-amino acids. No epimerization of the chiral carbon atom is observed also when N-methyl-N-nosyl-beta(3)-amino acids are transformed into chlorides and coupled with alpha-amino acid methyl esters to achieve model scaffolds for biologically important modified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Belsito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15/C, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) - Italy
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Sleebs BE, Hughes AB. Diastereoselective Synthesis of α-Methyl and α-Hydroxy-β-Amino Acids via 4-Substituted-1,3-Oxazinan-6-ones. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3340-52. [PMID: 17402786 DOI: 10.1021/jo0700326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1,3-oxazinan-6-ones have been utilized in a series of enolate reactions to produce 5-hydroxy and 5-alkyl-4-substituted-1,3-oxazinan-6-ones with excellent trans diastereoselectivity. Highlighting the versatility of the oxazinanone, a number of transformations were performed to produce a variety of protected N-H and N-methyl alpha-hydroxy- and alpha-methyl-beta-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad E Sleebs
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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