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Qiao X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhou S, Pang X. Simple preparation of lignosulfonate stabilized eutectic gallium/indium liquid metal nanodroplets through ball milling process. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127809. [PMID: 37926321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of biomass and liquid metal (LM) makes the preparation process "greener" and application of LM composite materials more sustainable. Here we reported the solvent free preparation of lignosulfonate (LS) stabilized eutectic gallium/indium (EGaIn) LM nanodroplets through ball milling (BM), which was recognized to be efficient and environmentally-friendly alternatives to solution-based methods. By regulating the BM frequency and milling time, uniform LM nanodroplets with a size <200 nm can be achieved. Moreover, the surface of the EGaIn nanodroplets was covered by LS molecules, owing to the hydrogen bond formed between Ga2O3 and LS. Hydrophilic LS shell endowed the LS@EGaIn nanodroplets excellent colloidal stability in the aqueous media. The elongation at break and fracture strength of hydrogel with the addition of LS@EGaIn significantly improved with the addition of LS@EGaIn. Besides, the conductivity and excellent stress responsibility of the LS@EGaIn composite hydrogel illustrated its potential application as s a stress sensor, flexible wearable devices and other related applications. Moreover, it was predicted that LS can be replaced by other synthesized or biological macromolecules, and induced the formation of types of LM based composite materials through such a simple method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Qiao
- College of Materials Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Materials, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Fiber Preparation and Modification, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China; Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linan Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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2
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Cho HY, Bielawski CW. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid-State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13929-13935. [PMID: 32419353 PMCID: PMC7496184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) was synthesized in the solid-state by ball milling a mixture of the corresponding monomer, a Cu-based catalyst, and an activated haloalkane as the polymerization initiator. Various reaction conditions, including milling time, milling frequency and added reductant to accelerate the polymerization were optimized. Monomer conversion and the evolution of polymer molecular weight were monitored over time using 1 H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography, respectively, and linear correlations were observed. While the polymer molecular weight was effectively tuned by changing the initial monomer-to-initiator ratio, the experimentally measured values were found to be lower than their theoretical values. The difference was attributed to premature mechanical decomposition and modeled to accurately account for the decrement. Random copolymers of two monomers with orthogonal solubilities, sodium styrene sulfonate and 2-vinylnaphthalene, were also synthesized in the solid-state. Inspection of the data revealed that the solid-state polymerization reaction was controlled, followed a mechanism similar to that described for solution-state atom transfer radical polymerizations, and may be used to prepare polymers that are inaccessible via solution-state methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Y. Cho
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
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3
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Cho HY, Bielawski CW. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid‐State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Y. Cho
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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4
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Liu HW, Xu H, Shao G, Wang GW. Zinc-Mediated Reductive Cyclization of [60]Fullerene with Enones and Subsequent Dehydration under Solvent-Free and Ball-Milling Conditions. Org Lett 2019; 21:2625-2628. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Stolle A, Schmidt R, Jacob K. Scale-up of organic reactions in ball mills: process intensification with regard to energy efficiency and economy of scale. Faraday Discuss 2015; 170:267-86. [PMID: 25406485 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scale-up of the Knoevenagel-condensation between vanillin and barbituric acid carried out in planetary ball mills is investigated from an engineering perspective. Generally, the reaction proceeded in the solid state without intermediate melting and afforded selectively only one product. The reaction has been used as a model to analyze the influence and relationship of different parameters related to operation in planetary ball mills. From the viewpoint of technological parameters the milling ball diameter, dMB, the filling degree with respect to the milling balls' packing, ΦMB,packing, and the filling degree of the substrates with respect to the void volume of the milling balls' packing, ΦGS, have been investigated at different reaction scales. It was found that milling balls with small dMB lead to higher yields within shorter reaction time, treaction, or lower rotation frequency, rpm. Thus, the lower limit is set considering the technology which is available for the separation of the milling balls from the product after the reaction. Regarding ΦMB,packing, results indicate that the optimal value is roughly 50% of the total milling beakers' volume, VB,total, independent of the reaction scale or reaction conditions. Thus, 30% of VB,total are taken by the milling balls. Increase of the initial batch sizes changes ΦGS significantly. However, within the investigated parameter range no negative influence on the yield was observed. Up to 50% of VB,total can be taken over by the substrates in addition to 30% for the total milling ball volume. Scale-up factors of 15 and 11 were realized considering the amount of substrates and the reactor volume, respectively. Beside technological parameters, variables which influence the process itself, treaction and rpm, were investigated also. Variation of those allowed to fine-tune the reaction conditions in order to maximize the yield and minimize the energy intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Stolle
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry (ITUC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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7
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Yau HC, Bayazit MK, Gaffney PRJ, Livingston AG, Steinke JHG, Shaffer MSP. Synthesis and characterization of branched fullerene-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)s. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct transesterification of phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester with polyethylene glycols produces a range of multiple fullerene species. The use of a monodispersed PEG core allows isolation of a pure fully substituted product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Chun Yau
- Department of Chemistry
- South Kensington Campus
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | | | - Piers R. J. Gaffney
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- South Kensington Campus
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Andrew G. Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- South Kensington Campus
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | | | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry
- South Kensington Campus
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
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8
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Abstract
The low or lack of solubility of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene/graphite in organic solvents and water severely hampers the study of their chemical functionalizations and practical applications. Covalent and noncovalent functionalizations of fullerenes and related materials via mechanochemistry seem appealing to tackle these problems. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive coverage on the mechanochemical reactions of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphite, including dimerizations and trimerizations, nucleophilic additions, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Diels-Alder reactions, [2 + 1] cycloadditions of carbenes and nitrenes, radical additions, oxidations, etc. It is intriguing to find that some reactions of fullerenes can only proceed under solvent-free conditions or undergo different reaction pathways from those of the liquid-phase counterparts to generate completely different products. We also present the application of the mechanical milling technique to complex formation, nanocomposite formation and enhanced hydrogen storage of carbon-related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-E Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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9
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Xin N, Yang X, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Zhang S, Gan L. Synthesis of C60(O)3: An Open-Cage Fullerene with a Ketolactone Moiety on the Orifice. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1157-62. [PMID: 23311689 DOI: 10.1021/jo3026302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zishuo Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Showxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liangbing Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032,
China
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10
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Schmidt R, Thorwirth R, Szuppa T, Stolle A, Ondruschka B, Hopf H. Fast, Ligand- and Solvent-Free Synthesis of 1,4-Substituted Buta-1,3-diynes by Cu-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes in a Ball Mill. Chemistry 2011; 17:8129-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Thorwirth R, Bernhardt F, Stolle A, Ondruschka B, Asghari J. Switchable selectivity during oxidation of anilines in a ball mill. Chemistry 2011; 16:13236-42. [PMID: 20922723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free method for the direct oxidation of anilines to the corresponding azo and azoxy homocoupling products by using a planetary ball mill was developed. Various oxidants and grinding auxiliaries were tested and a variety of substituted anilines were investigated. It was possible to form chemoselectively either azo, azoxy, or the nitro compounds from reaction of aromatic anilines. The selectivity of the solvent-free reaction is switchable by applying a combination of oxidant and grinding auxiliary. Furthermore, a comparison with other methods of energy input (microwave, classical heating, and ultrasound) highlighted the advantages of the ball mill approach and its high energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Thorwirth
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
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12
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Stolle A, Szuppa T, Leonhardt SES, Ondruschka B. Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2317-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00195c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Tiwari AJ, Marr LC. The role of atmospheric transformations in determining environmental impacts of carbonaceous nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1883-1895. [PMID: 21284286 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In studies that have explored the potential environmental impacts of manufactured nanomaterials, the atmosphere has largely been viewed as an inert setting that acts merely as a route for inhalation exposure. Manufactured nanomaterials will enter the atmosphere during production, use, and disposal, and rather than simply being transported, airborne nanoparticles are in fact subject to physical and chemical transformations that could modify their fate, transport, bioavailability, and toxicity once they deposit to aqueous and terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of this paper is to review the factors affecting carbonaceous nanomaterials' behavior in the environment and to show that atmospheric transformations, often overlooked, have the potential to alter nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties and thus influence their environmental fate and impact. Atmospheric processing of naturally occurring and incidental nanoparticles takes place through coagulation, condensation, and oxidation; these phenomena are expected to affect manufactured nanoparticles as well. It is likely that carbonaceous nanomaterials in the atmosphere will be oxidized, effectively functionalizing them. By influencing size, shape, and surface chemistry, atmospheric transformations have the potential to affect a variety of nanoparticle-environment interactions, including solubility, interaction with natural surfactants, deposition to porous media, and ecotoxicity. Potential directions for future research are suggested to address the current lack of information surrounding atmospheric transformations of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Tiwari
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 411 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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14
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Senna M. The promising aspects of processing nanomaterials under mechanical stressing for physicochemical viewpoints. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Preparing samples for fullerene C60 hazard tests: Stable dispersion of fullerene crystals in water using a bead mill. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Cotto MC, Emiliano A, Nieto S, Duconge J, Roque-Malherbe R. Degradation of phenol by mechanical activation of a rutile catalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 339:133-9. [PMID: 19682705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper a novel mechanochemical process for the elimination of organic pollutants dissolved in water is proposed. In this regard, phenol aqueous solutions (100mgL(-1)) were ball-milled for 0, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72h with and without a well-characterized (XRD, SEM, and N(2) Adsorption), rutile powder catalyst and the reaction products analyzed with UV and GC/MS. It was found that when the catalyst was not included in the process, phenol was not affected, but when it was included, phenol was decomposed. The catalyst itself did not change and the reaction follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics. Besides, intermediates which are characteristic of the ()OH radical mechanism were found in the reaction products. Then, a mechanism similar to those accepted for other advanced oxidation processes was proposed. The value measured for the pseudo-first-order reaction constant was very low, indicating that the reported process is inefficient. Nevertheless, this problem could be solved by applying catalysts consisting of particles with smaller diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cotto
- Institute of Physical Chemical Applied Research, School of Science, University of Turabo, P.O. Box 3030, Gurabo, PR 00778-3030
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