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Carey B, Wessling NK, Steeger P, Schmidt R, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Bratschitsch R, Arora A. Giant Faraday rotation in atomically thin semiconductors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3082. [PMID: 38600090 PMCID: PMC11006678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Faraday rotation is a fundamental effect in the magneto-optical response of solids, liquids and gases. Materials with a large Verdet constant find applications in optical modulators, sensors and non-reciprocal devices, such as optical isolators. Here, we demonstrate that the plane of polarization of light exhibits a giant Faraday rotation of several degrees around the A exciton transition in hBN-encapsulated monolayers of WSe2 and MoSe2 under moderate magnetic fields. This results in the highest known Verdet constant of -1.9 × 107 deg T-1 cm-1 for any material in the visible regime. Additionally, interlayer excitons in hBN-encapsulated bilayer MoS2 exhibit a large Verdet constant (VIL ≈ +2 × 105 deg T-1 cm-2) of opposite sign compared to A excitons in monolayers. The giant Faraday rotation is due to the giant oscillator strength and high g-factor of the excitons in atomically thin semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. We deduce the complete in-plane complex dielectric tensor of hBN-encapsulated WSe2 and MoSe2 monolayers, which is vital for the prediction of Kerr, Faraday and magneto-circular dichroism spectra of 2D heterostructures. Our results pose a crucial advance in the potential usage of two-dimensional materials in ultrathin optical polarization devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Carey
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nils Kolja Wessling
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Steeger
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ashish Arora
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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2
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Hönig SMN, Flachsenberg F, Ehrt C, Neumann A, Schmidt R, Lemmen C, Rarey M. SpaceGrow: efficient shape-based virtual screening of billion-sized combinatorial fragment spaces. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2024; 38:13. [PMID: 38493240 PMCID: PMC10944417 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-024-00551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The growing size of make-on-demand chemical libraries is posing new challenges to cheminformatics. These ultra-large chemical libraries became too large for exhaustive enumeration. Using a combinatorial approach instead, the resource requirement scales approximately with the number of synthons instead of the number of molecules. This gives access to billions or trillions of compounds as so-called chemical spaces with moderate hardware and in a reasonable time frame. While extremely performant ligand-based 2D methods exist in this context, 3D methods still largely rely on exhaustive enumeration and therefore fail to apply. Here, we present SpaceGrow: a novel shape-based 3D approach for ligand-based virtual screening of billions of compounds within hours on a single CPU. Compared to a conventional superposition tool, SpaceGrow shows comparable pose reproduction capacity based on RMSD and superior ranking performance while being orders of magnitude faster. Result assessment of two differently sized subsets of the eXplore space reveals a higher probability of finding superior results in larger spaces highlighting the potential of searching in ultra-large spaces. Furthermore, the application of SpaceGrow in a drug discovery workflow was investigated in four examples involving G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the aim to identify compounds with similar binding capabilities and molecular novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M N Hönig
- BioSolveIT, An der Ziegelei 79, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Albert-Einstein-Ring 8-10, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Ehrt
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Albert-Einstein-Ring 8-10, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Schmidt
- BioSolveIT, An der Ziegelei 79, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Albert-Einstein-Ring 8-10, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Schmidt R, Rose J, Muralidharan V. Transient oscillations as computations for cognition: Analysis, modeling and function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102796. [PMID: 37804772 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Our view of neural oscillations is currently changing. The dominant picture of sustained oscillations is now often replaced by transient oscillations occurring in bursts. This phenomenon seems to be quite comprehensive, as it has been reported for different oscillation frequencies, including the theta, beta, and gamma bands, as well as cortical and subcortical regions in a variety of cognitive tasks and species. Here we review recent developments in their analysis, computational modeling, and functional roles. For the analysis of transient oscillations methods using lagged coherence and Hidden Markov Models have been developed and applied in recent studies to ascertain their transient nature and study their contribution to cognitive functions. Furthermore, computational models have been developed that account for their stochastic nature, which poses interesting functional constraints. Finally, as transient oscillations have been observed across many species, they are likely of functional significance and we consider challenges in characterizing their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schmidt
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jonas Rose
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Vignesh Muralidharan
- Center for Brain Science and Application, School of AI and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India. https://twitter.com/vigmdhrn
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4
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Patterson C, Schmidt R, Goncin U, Walker ME, Hedlin P. A comparison of sevoflurane waste anesthetic gas concentration across three Saskatoon health care facilities. Can J Anaesth 2023; 70:1860-1862. [PMID: 37715045 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-023-02580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Patterson
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - U Goncin
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - M E Walker
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - P Hedlin
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Steeger P, Graalmann JH, Schmidt R, Kupenko I, Sanchez-Valle C, Marauhn P, Deilmann T, de Vasconcellos SM, Rohlfing M, Bratschitsch R. Pressure Dependence of Intra- and Interlayer Excitons in 2H-MoS 2 Bilayers. Nano Lett 2023; 23:8947-8952. [PMID: 37734032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The optical and electronic properties of multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides differ significantly from their monolayer counterparts due to interlayer interactions. The separation of individual layers can be tuned in a controlled way by applying pressure. Here, we use a diamond anvil cell to compress bilayers of 2H-MoS2 in the gigapascal range. By measuring optical transmission spectra, we find that increasing pressure leads to a decrease in the energy splitting between the A and the interlayer exciton. Comparing our experimental findings with ab initio calculations, we conclude that the observed changes are not due to the commonly assumed hydrostatic compression. This effect is attributed to the MoS2 bilayer adhering to the diamond, which reduces the in-plane compression. Moreover, we demonstrate that the distinct real-space distributions and resulting contributions from the valence band account for the different pressure dependencies of the inter- and intralayer excitons in compressed MoS2 bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Steeger
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan-Hauke Graalmann
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ilya Kupenko
- Institute of Mineralogy, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carmen Sanchez-Valle
- Institute of Mineralogy, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Marauhn
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Deilmann
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Xanthopoulos A, Samt AK, Guder C, Taylor N, Roberts E, Herf H, Messner V, Trill A, Holzmann KLK, Kiechle M, Seifert-Klauss V, Zschaeck S, Schatka I, Tauber R, Schmidt R, Enste K, Pockley AG, Lobinger D, Multhoff G. Hsp70-A Universal Biomarker for Predicting Therapeutic Failure in Human Female Cancers and a Target for CTC Isolation in Advanced Cancers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2276. [PMID: 37626772 PMCID: PMC10452093 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is frequently overexpressed in many different tumor types. However, Hsp70 has also been shown to be selectively presented on the plasma membrane of tumor cells, but not normal cells, and this membrane form of Hsp70 (mHsp70) could be considered a universal tumor biomarker. Since viable, mHsp70-positive tumor cells actively release Hsp70 in lipid micro-vesicles, we investigated the utility of Hsp70 in circulation as a universal tumor biomarker and its potential as an early predictive marker of therapeutic failure. We have also evaluated mHsp70 as a target for the isolation and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with different tumor entities. Circulating vesicular Hsp70 levels were measured in the peripheral blood of tumor patients with the compHsp70 ELISA. CTCs were isolated using cmHsp70.1 and EpCAM monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based bead approaches and characterized by immunohistochemistry using cytokeratin and CD45-specific antibodies. In two out of 35 patients exhibiting therapeutic failure two years after initial diagnosis of non-metastatic breast cancer, progressively increasing levels of circulating Hsp70 had already been observed during therapy, whereas levels in patients without subsequent recurrence remained unaltered. With regards to CTC isolation from patients with different tumors, an Hsp70 mAb-based selection system appears superior to an EpCAM mAb-based approach. Extracellular and mHsp70 can therefore serve as a predictive biomarker for therapeutic failure in early-stage tumors and as a target for the isolation of CTCs in various tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Xanthopoulos
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Samt
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Christiane Guder
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Erika Roberts
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Hannah Herf
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Verena Messner
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Anskar Trill
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Katharina Larissa Kreszentia Holzmann
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Vanadin Seifert-Klauss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Sebastian Zschaeck
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Imke Schatka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Robert Tauber
- Department of Urology, Klinkum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Krankenhaus für Naturheilweisen, 81545 Munich, Germany; (R.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Katrin Enste
- Krankenhaus für Naturheilweisen, 81545 Munich, Germany; (R.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Dominik Lobinger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, München Klinik Bogenhausen, Lehrkrankenhaus der TU München, 81925 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research TU München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; (A.X.); (A.-K.S.); (C.G.); (N.T.); (E.R.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (A.T.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
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Muralidharan V, Aron AR, Cohen MX, Schmidt R. Two modes of midfrontal theta suggest a role in conflict and error processing. Neuroimage 2023; 273:120107. [PMID: 37059155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Midfrontal theta increases during scenarios when conflicts are successfully resolved. Often considered a generic signal of cognitive control, its temporal nature has hardly been investigated. Using advanced spatiotemporal techniques, we uncover that midfrontal theta occurs as a transient oscillation or "event" at single trials with their timing reflecting computationally distinct modes. Single-trial analyses of electrophysiological data from participants performing the Flanker (N = 24) and Simon task (N = 15) were used to probe the relationship between theta and metrics of stimulus-response conflict. We specifically investigated "partial errors", in which a small burst of muscle activity in the incorrect response effector occurred, quickly followed by a correction. We found that transient theta events in single trials could be categorized into two distinct theta modes based on their relative timing to different task events. Theta events from the first mode occurred briefly after the task stimulus and might reflect conflict-related processing of the stimulus. In contrast, theta events from the second mode were more likely to occur around the time partial errors were committed, suggesting they were elicited by a potential upcoming error. Importantly, in trials in which a full error was committed, this "error-related theta" occurred too late with respect to the onset of the erroneous muscle response, supporting the role of theta also in error correction. We conclude that different modes of transient midfrontal theta can be adopted in single trials not only to process stimulus-response conflict, but also to correct erroneous responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Center for Brain Sciences and Applications, School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India.
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael X Cohen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands, and Donders Centre for Neuroscience
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Preuß JA, Gehring H, Schmidt R, Jin L, Wendland D, Kern J, Pernice WHP, de Vasconcellos SM, Bratschitsch R. Low-Divergence hBN Single-Photon Source with a 3D-Printed Low-Fluorescence Elliptical Polymer Microlens. Nano Lett 2023; 23:407-413. [PMID: 36445803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently collecting light from single-photon emitters is crucial for photonic quantum technologies. Here, we develop and use an ultralow fluorescence photopolymer to three-dimensionally print micrometer-sized elliptical lenses on individual precharacterized single-photon emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanocrystals, operating in the visible regime. The elliptical lens design beams the light highly efficiently into the far field, rendering bulky objective lenses obsolete. Using back focal plane imaging, we confirm that the emission is collimated to a narrow low-divergence beam with a half width at half-maximum of 2.2°. Using photon correlation measurements, we demonstrate that the single-photon character remains undisturbed by the polymer lens. The strongly directed emission and increased collection efficiency is highly beneficial for quantum optical experiments. Furthermore, our approach paves the way for a highly parallel fiber-based detection of single photons from hBN nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann A Preuß
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Gehring
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lin Jin
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Wendland
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kern
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Michaelis de Vasconcellos
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Carey B, Wessling NK, Steeger P, Klusmann C, Schneider R, Fix M, Schmidt R, Albrecht M, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Bratschitsch R, Arora A. High-Performance Broadband Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy of 2D Materials and Thin Magnetic Films. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2200885. [PMID: 36228108 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) technique is presented for measurements on the micrometer scale. Spectral acquisition speeds of about two orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art modulation spectroscopy setups are demonstrated. The experimental method is based on charge-coupled-device detection, avoiding speed-limiting components, such as polarization modulators with lock-in amplifiers. At the same time, FRS spectra are obtained with a sensitivity of 20 µrad ( 0.001 ° \[0.001{\bm{^\circ }}\] ) over a broad spectral range (525-800 nm), which is on par with state-of-the-art polarization-modulation techniques. The new measurement and analysis technique also automatically cancels unwanted Faraday rotation backgrounds. Using the setup, Faraday rotation spectroscopy of excitons is performed in a hexagonal boron nitride-encapsulated atomically thin semiconductor WS2 under magnetic fields of up to 1.4 T at room temperature and liquid helium temperature. An exciton g-factor of -4.4 ± 0.3 is determined at room temperature, and -4.2 ± 0.2 at liquid helium temperature. In addition, FRS and hysteresis loop measurements are performed on a 20 nm thick film of an amorphous magnetic Tb20 Fe80 alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Carey
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nils Kolja Wessling
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Paul Steeger
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Klusmann
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Fix
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manfred Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ashish Arora
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
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Taylor M, Cook C, Liu Y, Schmidt R, Hailer A, North J, Wang H, Kashem S, Purdom E, Marson A, Ramos S, Cho R, Cheng J. 509 A single-cell transcriptional gradient in human cutaneous memory T cells suppresses pathogenic Th17 inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Frid P, Xu H, Mitchell BD, Drake M, Wasselius J, Gaynor B, Ryan K, Giese AK, Schirmer M, Donahue KL, Irie R, Bouts MJRJ, McIntosh EC, Mocking SJT, Dalca AV, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Holmegaard L, Jood K, Roquer J, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Broderick JP, Jimenez-Conde J, Jern C, Kissela BM, Kleindorfer DO, Lemmens R, Meschia JF, Rosand J, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Schmidt R, Sharma P, Slowik A, Thijs V, Woo D, Worrall BB, Kittner SJ, Petersson J, Golland P, Wu O, Rost NS, Lindgren A. Migraine-Associated Common Genetic Variants Confer Greater Risk of Posterior vs. Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke☆. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106546. [PMID: 35576861 PMCID: PMC10601407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential genetic relationships between migraine and the two distinct phenotypes posterior circulation ischemic stroke (PCiS) and anterior circulation ischemic stroke (ACiS), we generated migraine polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and compared these between PCiS and ACiS, and separately vs. non-stroke control subjects. METHODS Acute ischemic stroke cases were classified as PCiS or ACiS based on lesion location on diffusion-weighted MRI. Exclusion criteria were lesions in both vascular territories or uncertain territory; supratentorial PCiS with ipsilateral fetal posterior cerebral artery; and cases with atrial fibrillation. We generated migraine PRS for three migraine phenotypes (any migraine; migraine without aura; migraine with aura) using publicly available GWAS data and compared mean PRSs separately for PCiS and ACiS vs. non-stroke control subjects, and between each stroke phenotype. RESULTS Our primary analyses included 464 PCiS and 1079 ACiS patients with genetic European ancestry. Compared to non-stroke control subjects (n=15396), PRSs of any migraine were associated with increased risk of PCiS (p=0.01-0.03) and decreased risk of ACiS (p=0.010-0.039). Migraine without aura PRSs were significantly associated with PCiS (p=0.008-0.028), but not with ACiS. When comparing PCiS vs. ACiS directly, migraine PRSs were higher in PCiS vs. ACiS for any migraine (p=0.001-0.010) and migraine without aura (p=0.032-0.048). Migraine with aura PRS did not show a differential association in our analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a stronger genetic overlap between unspecified migraine and migraine without aura with PCiS compared to ACiS. Possible shared mechanisms include dysregulation of cerebral vessel endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Frid
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Section of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - H Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - B D Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Drake
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Wasselius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Gaynor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A K Giese
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K L Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Irie
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M J R J Bouts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - E C McIntosh
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - S J T Mocking
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A V Dalca
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - E Giralt-Steinhauer
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Holmegaard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Jood
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Roquer
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J W Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P F McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J P Broderick
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Jimenez-Conde
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Jern
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B M Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - D O Kleindorfer
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Lemmens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J F Meschia
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - J Rosand
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - T Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, FL, USA
| | - R L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, FL, USA
| | - R Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - P Sharma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London (ICR2UL), Egham, United Kingdom
| | - A Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - V Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - D Woo
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - B B Worrall
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Kittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Petersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Golland
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - O Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - N S Rost
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Section of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Speers LJ, Schmidt R, Bilkey DK. Aberrant Phase Precession of Lateral Septal Cells in a Maternal Immune Activation Model of Schizophrenia Risk May Disrupt the Integration of Location with Reward. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4187-4201. [PMID: 35396329 PMCID: PMC9121831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0039-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial memory and reward processing are known to be disrupted in schizophrenia. Since the lateral septum (LS) may play an important role in the integration of location and reward, we examined the effect of maternal immune activation (MIA), a known schizophrenia risk factor, on spatial representation in the rat LS. In support of a previous study, we found that spatial location is represented as a phase code in the rostral LS of adult male rats, so that LS cell spiking shifts systematically against the phase of the hippocampal, theta-frequency, local field potential as an animal moves along a track toward a reward (phase precession). Whereas shallow precession slopes were observed in control group cells, they were steeper in the MIA animals, such that firing frequently precessed across several theta cycles as the animal moved along the length of the apparatus, with subsequent ambiguity in the phase representation of location. Furthermore, an analysis of the phase trajectories of the control group cells revealed that the population tended to converge toward a common firing phase as the animal approached the reward location. This suggested that phase coding in these cells might signal both reward location and the distance to reward. By comparison, the degree of phase convergence in the MIA-group cells was weak, and the region of peak convergence was distal to the reward location. These findings suggest that a schizophrenia risk factor disrupts the phase-based encoding of location-reward relationships in the LS, potentially smearing reward representations across space.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is unclear how spatial or contextual information generated by hippocampal cells is converted to a code that can be used to signal reward location in regions, such as the VTA. Here we provide evidence that the firing phase of cells in the lateral septum, a region that links the two areas, may code reward location in the firing phase of cells. This phase coding is disrupted in a maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia risk such that representations of reward may be smeared across space in maternal immune activation animals. This could potentially underlie erroneous reward processing and misattribution of salience in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Speers
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David K Bilkey
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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13
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Layfield LJ, Esebua M, Pantanowitz L, Maleki Z, Vazmitsel M, Baloch Z, Cantley RL, Schmidt R. Salivary gland neoplasms with basaloid features in the era of the Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytology: Classification and interobserver agreement. Diagn Cytopathol 2022; 50:341-349. [PMID: 35460214 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) has been shown to have moderate to good reproducibility for categorization of salivary gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Less is known of its accuracy and interobserver reproducibility for categorization of the diagnostically difficult group of basaloid neoplasms. METHODS Forty-five salivary gland specimens with a basaloid morphology (pleomorphic and monomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas) were independently assigned by seven cytopathologists to one of the MSRSGC categories. Interobserver agreement was assessed for average agreement, chance expected agreement and by Cohen's κ and diagnostic accuracy. Correlation of the salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category with histologic diagnosis and benign or malignant designation along with interobserver reproducibility were calculated. RESULTS Average observed agreement for assignment to the MSRSGC was 46% and Cohen's κ = 0.2%. The SUMP category did not correlate with tumor type or with the benign or malignant nature of the neoplasm. Diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 92% and 100% for consensus diagnosis, but were 76% and 77% for individual diagnoses. CONCLUSION The interobserver agreement in categorizing basaloid neoplasms by the MSRSGC is poorer than for salivary gland lesions overall. This reflects the difficulty in diagnosing basaloid neoplasms. Nonetheless, diagnostic accuracy appears similar to that of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Layfield
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Magda Esebua
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zahra Maleki
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryna Vazmitsel
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC-Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Zubair Baloch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard L Cantley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Care and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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14
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Heijnen-Kohl SMJ, Hitzert B, Schmidt R, Geurts HM, van Alphen SPJ. Features and Needs of Autistic Older Adults: A Delphi Study of Clinical Experiences. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35426768 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In geriatric psychiatry Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are increasingly recognized. This study explores what clinicians know about diagnostic and/or therapeutic aspects of autistic older adults and how aging plays a role in the course of ASD. METHODS A Delphi study outlines the point of view of 11 clinical experts in the Netherlands and Belgium (Flanders). RESULTS Regarding diagnostics, age-specific aspects need to be considered. Age-related characteristics (cognitive differences, life events, co-occurring conditions) influence detecting autistic features in older adults. Regarding treatment, counseling methods need to be adapted. Psychoeducation, family therapy, couples therapy, behavioral counseling and psychopharmaca can be helpful in meeting the needs of autistic older adults. There was no consensus on the effects of aging on autistic older adults. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis and treatment of ASD need adaptation for autistic older adults. Further research is needed on the validation of measurement tools, recorded treatment, therapy, psychoeducation, and the effects of aging among people on the autism spectrum. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Available knowledge helps clinicians to detect ASD in older adults and adapt to the specific features and needs of autistic older adults. The effects of aging on the course of ASD are unclear yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M J Heijnen-Kohl
- Clinical psychologist/psychotherapist and director at Mondriaan geriatric mental health care in Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B Hitzert
- Psychiatrist, BuurtzorgT, The Netherlands
| | - R Schmidt
- Geriatric Psychiatrist, The Netherlands
| | - H M Geurts
- Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam; and senior researcher at the Dr. Leo Kannerhuis national autism expertise centre, The Netherlands
| | - S P J van Alphen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands; and health care psychologist and manager at Mondriaan geriatric mental health care in Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Muralidharan V, Aron AR, Schmidt R. Transient beta modulates decision thresholds during human action-stopping. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119145. [PMID: 35342005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Action-stopping in humans involves bursts of beta oscillations in prefrontal-basal ganglia regions. To determine the functional role of these beta bursts we took advantage of the Race Model framework describing action-stopping. We incorporated beta bursts in three race model variants, each implementing a different functional contribution of beta to action-stopping. In these variants, we hypothesized that a transient increase in beta could (1) modulate decision thresholds, (2) change stop accumulation rates, or (3) promote the interaction between the Stop and the Go process. We then tested the model predictions using EEG recordings in humans performing a Stop-signal task. We found that the model variant in which beta increased decision thresholds for a brief period of time best explained the empirical data. The model parameters fitted to the empirical data indicated that beta bursts involve a stronger decision threshold modulation for the Go process than for the Stop process. This suggests that prefrontal beta influences stopping by temporarily holding the response from execution. Our study further suggests that human action-stopping could be multi-staged with the beta acting as a pause, increasing the response threshold for the Stop process to modulate behavior successfully. Overall, our approach of introducing transient oscillations into the race model and testing against human electrophysiological data provides a novel account of the puzzle of prefrontal beta in executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK
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16
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Penner P, Guba W, Schmidt R, Meyder A, Stahl M, Rarey M. The Torsion Library: Semiautomated Improvement of Torsion Rules with SMARTScompare. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1644-1653. [PMID: 35318851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Torsion Library is a collection of torsion motifs associated with angle distributions, derived from crystallographic databases. It is used in strain assessment, conformer generation, and geometry optimization. A hierarchical structure of expert curated SMARTS defines the chemical environments of rotatable bonds and associates these with preferred angles. SMARTS can be very complex and full of implications, which make them difficult to maintain manually. Recent developments in automatically comparing SMARTS patterns can be applied to the Torsion Library to ensure its correctness. We specifically discuss the implementation and the limits of such a procedure in the context of torsion motifs and show several examples of how the Torsion Library benefits from this. All automated changes are validated manually and then shown to have an effect on the angle distributions by correcting matching behavior. The corrected Torsion Library itself is available including both PDB as well as CSD histograms in the Supporting Information and can be used to evaluate rotatable bonds at https://torsions.zbh.uni-hamburg.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Penner
- Universität Hamburg,ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Universität Hamburg,ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Meyder
- Universität Hamburg,ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Stahl
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität Hamburg,ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Waller H, Schmidt R. Fault detection and localization by vibration monitoring with observers. Struct Dyn 2022. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203738085-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Zia H, Von Ah U, Meng Y, Schmidt R, Kerler J, Fuchsmann P. Biotechnological formation of dairy flavor inducing δ-lactones from vegetable oil. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100220. [PMID: 35498959 PMCID: PMC9039933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Rosati R, Schmidt R, Brem S, Perea-Causín R, Niehues I, Kern J, Preuß JA, Schneider R, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Bratschitsch R, Malic E. Dark exciton anti-funneling in atomically thin semiconductors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7221. [PMID: 34893602 PMCID: PMC8664915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of charge carriers is at the heart of current nanoelectronics. In conventional materials, electronic transport can be controlled by applying electric fields. Atomically thin semiconductors, however, are governed by excitons, which are neutral electron-hole pairs and as such cannot be controlled by electrical fields. Recently, strain engineering has been introduced to manipulate exciton propagation. Strain-induced energy gradients give rise to exciton funneling up to a micrometer range. Here, we combine spatiotemporal photoluminescence measurements with microscopic theory to track the way of excitons in time, space and energy. We find that excitons surprisingly move away from high-strain regions. This anti-funneling behavior can be ascribed to dark excitons which possess an opposite strain-induced energy variation compared to bright excitons. Our findings open new possibilities to control transport in exciton-dominated materials. Overall, our work represents a major advance in understanding exciton transport that is crucial for technological applications of atomically thin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosati
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Samuel Brem
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raül Perea-Causín
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iris Niehues
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kern
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johann A Preuß
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ermin Malic
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Layfield LJ, Yang Z, Vazmitsel M, Zhang T, Esebua M, Schmidt R. The international system for serous fluid cytopathology: Interobserver agreement. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 50:3-7. [PMID: 34784101 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of categorization systems had been developed for the reporting of cytology specimens with the aim of providing uniform definitions, criteria, and diagnostic terminology. The intention of these systems is to improve reproducibility of diagnostic categorization with standardized estimates of malignancy risk. Required for the success of these systems is a high level of interobserver reproducibility for category assignment. Recently, the international system for serous fluid cytopathology (TIS) was proposed using the categories nondiagnostic, negative for malignancy, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), suspicious for malignancy, and malignant. Little data exists documenting the interobserver agreement for these categories. DESIGN A search of the cytology records at the University of Missouri was performed for all pleural fluid specimens obtained between January 2014 and December 2019. A total of 200 specimens were reviewed independently by three board-certified cytopathologists. Specimens were characterized as nondiagnostic, negative, AUS, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant. Interobserver agreement was analyzed using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS Overall observer agreement was 68% and chance-corrected weighted agreement (weighted kappa) was 0.63. Agreement was good for categories negative and malignant, but poor for categories atypia of uncertain significance, and suspicious for malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The TIS has performance characteristics similar to other cytologic classification schemes. Interobserver agreement is best for the negative (76%) and malignant (81%) categories. Interobserver agreement is poor for the category's AUS, and suspicious for malignancy. This is similar to interobserver agreement associated with other published categorization systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Layfield
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Rosewell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maryna Vazmitsel
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Magda Esebua
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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21
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Vieira M, Souza C, Nobrega L, Reis R, Andrade C, Schmidt R, Carvalho L. Robotic-Assisted Uterus Retrieval from Living Donor for Uterine Transplantation: First Case in Brazil. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Commercial make-on-demand compound spaces have become increasingly popular within the past few years. Since these libraries are too large for enumeration, they are usually accessed using combinatorial fragment space technologies like FTrees-FS and SpaceLight. Although both search types are of high practical impact, they lack the ability to search for precise structural features on the atomic level. To address this important use case, we developed SpaceMACS enabling efficient and precise maximum common induced substructure (MCIS) similarity and substructure searches within chemical fragment spaces. SpaceMACS enumerates a user-defined number of compounds in a multistep procedure. First, substructures of the query are extracted and matched to all fragments of the space. Then partial results are combined to actual compounds of the space. In this way, SpaceMACS identifies common substructures even if they cross fragment borders. We applied SpaceMACS on three commercial fragment spaces searching for the 150 000 most similar analogs to a glucosyltransferase binder from literature. We were able to find almost all building blocks used for the synthesis of the 90 listed analogs and a plethora of additional results. SpaceMACS is the missing link to enable rational drug discovery on make-on-demand combinatorial catalogs. No matter whether initial compound suggestions come from a de novo design, an AI-based compound generation, or a medicinal chemist's drawing board, the method gives access to the structurally closest chemically available analogs in seconds to at most minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schmidt
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH-Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Klein
- BioSolveIT GmbH, An der Ziegelei 79, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH-Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Haubensak R, Jackson M, Schmidt R, Wells J, Timmerman M, Hanson C. The Association Between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Bone-Related Outcomes in Patients 100 Days Post-Bone Marrow Transplant. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mottaghi S, Kohl S, Biemann D, Liebana S, Montaño Crespo RE, Buchholz O, Wilson M, Klaus C, Uchenik M, Münkel C, Schmidt R, Hofmann UG. Bilateral Intracranial Beta Activity During Forced and Spontaneous Movements in a 6-OHDA Hemi-PD Rat Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:700672. [PMID: 34456673 PMCID: PMC8397450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.700672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortico-basal ganglia beta oscillations (13–30 Hz) are assumed to be involved in motor impairments in Parkinson’s Disease (PD), especially in bradykinesia and rigidity. Various studies have utilized the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat PD model to further investigate PD and test novel treatments. However, a detailed behavioral and electrophysiological characterization of the model, including analyses of popular PD treatments such as DBS, has not been documented in the literature. We hence challenged the 6-OHDA rat hemi-PD model with a series of experiments (i.e., cylinder test, open field test, and rotarod test) aimed at assessing the motor impairments, analyzing the effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and identifying under which conditions excessive beta oscillations occur. We found that 6-OHDA hemi-PD rats presented an impaired performance in all experiments compared to the sham group, and DBS could improve their overall performance. Across all the experiments and behaviors, the power in the high beta band was observed to be an important biomarker for PD as it showed differences between healthy and lesioned hemispheres and between 6-OHDA-lesioned and sham rats. This all shows that the 6-OHDA hemi-PD model accurately represents many of the motor and electrophysiological symptoms of PD and makes it a useful tool for the pre-clinical testing of new treatments when low β (13–21 Hz) and high β (21–30 Hz) frequency bands are considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mottaghi
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Technical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Kohl
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Biemann
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Liebana
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Eneida Montaño Crespo
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Buchholz
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Wilson
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Klaus
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Uchenik
- Biomedical Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christian Münkel
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Technical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Speers LJ, Cheyne KR, Cavani E, Hayward T, Schmidt R, Bilkey DK. Hippocampal Sequencing Mechanisms Are Disrupted in a Maternal Immune Activation Model of Schizophrenia Risk. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6954-6965. [PMID: 34253630 PMCID: PMC8360689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0730-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory requires information to be stored and recalled in sequential order, and these processes are disrupted in schizophrenia. Hippocampal phase precession and theta sequences are thought to provide a biological mechanism for sequential ordering of experience at timescales suitable for plasticity. These phenomena have not previously been examined in any models of schizophrenia risk. Here, we examine these phenomena in a maternal immune activation (MIA) rodent model. We show that while individual pyramidal cells in the CA1 region continue to precess normally in MIA animals, the starting phase of precession as an animal enters a new place field is considerably more variable in MIA animals than in controls. A critical consequence of this change is a disorganization of the ordered representation of experience via theta sequences. These results provide the first evidence of a biological-level mechanism that, if it occurs in schizophrenia, may explain aspects of disorganized sequential processing that contribute to the cognitive symptoms of the disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal phase precession and theta sequences have been proposed as biophysical mechanisms by which the sequential structure of cognition might be ordered. Disturbances of sequential processing have frequently been observed in schizophrenia. Here, we show for the first time that phase precession and theta sequences are disrupted in a maternal immune activation (MIA) model of schizophrenia risk. This is a result of greater variability in the starting phase of precession, indicating that the mechanisms that coordinate precession at the assembly level are disrupted. We propose that this disturbance in phase precession underlies some of the disorganized cognitive symptoms that occur in schizophrenia. These findings could have important preclinical significance for the identification and treatment of schizophrenia risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Speers
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten R Cheyne
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Elena Cavani
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tara Hayward
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - David K Bilkey
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Lange C, Machad. Weber A, Schmidt R, Schroeder C, Strowitzki T, Germeyer A. P–284 Changes in protein expression due to metformin treatment and hyperinsulinemia in a human endometrial cancer cell line. Hum Reprod 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab130.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
The aim of the study was to identify new target proteins/pathways that are affected by metformin treatment in endometrial cancer cells in a proteomic approach.
Summary answer
The expression of 1,300 different proteins were investigated, of which 80 proteins with the most prominent changes were presented and some discussed in detail.
What is known already
The incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) has increased over the past years. Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and associated conditions (i.e. polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), insulin resistance) lead to elevated levels of circulating estrogens, which promote EC development and progression. Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing biguanide drug, commonly used in the treatment of T2DM, especially in obese patients, displayed anti-cancer effects in various cancer types, including EC. Different proteins and pathways have been suggested as potential targets, but the underlying mechanism of action of metformin’s anti-cancer activity is still not completely understood.
Study design, size, duration
In the present in vitro study, EC cells were cultured in 5.5 mmol/L glucose medium (supplemented with 10 nmol/L ß-estradiol (E2)) and treated with metformin (0.5 mmol/L), insulin (100 ng/mL), or remained untreated for 7 d. The expression of 1,300 different proteins was detected in cellular extracts in an affinity proteomic approach and compared between the treatment groups in order to identify potential target proteins and pathways that contribute to the anti-cancer effects of metformin.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
The study was carried out with the EC cell line HEC–1A that represents a postmenopausal model with low E2 sensitivity. Proteins were extracted, quantified with the BCA assay, and protein expression was analyzed using the scioDiscover antibody microarray. Differences in protein abundance between samples were presented as log2-fold changes (log2FC) with significance for samples that displayed |log2FC| ≥ 0.5 and adjusted p ≤ 0.05. Pathway analysis was carried out with the STRING and DAVID databases.
Main results and the role of chance
The data revealed that metformin and insulin targeted similar pathways in the present study and mostly acted on proteins related to proliferation, migration and tumor immune response. These pathways may be affected in a tumor-promoting as well as a tumor-suppressing way by either metformin treatment or insulin supplementation. Results for the 80 most affected proteins were presented and the consequences for the cells resulting from the detected expression changes were discussed in detail for several proteins. The presented data helps identify potential target proteins and pathways affected by metformin treatment in EC and allows for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the biguanide drug’s anti-cancer activity. However, further investigations are necessary to confirm the observations and conclusions drawn from the presented data after metformin administration, especially for proteins that were regulated in a favorable way, i.e. AKT3, CCND2, CD63, CD81, GFAP, IL5, IL17A, IRF4, PI3, and VTCN1. Further proteins might be of interest, where metformin counteracted unfavorable effects that have been induced by hyperinsulinemia.
Limitations, reasons for caution
The results were obtained from an in vitro study with human cancer cell lines, and thus cannot be easily extrapolated to patients.
Wider implications of the findings: In the context of a hyperinsulinemic environment, further proteins might be of interest, i.e. AMFR, CCND2, CD63, ERBB3, EZR, GFAP, IRF4, PI3, PLCG2, SORL1, VEGFA, VTCN1, SPP1, and TM9SF2. Here, a metformin-induced insulin-sensitization might be able to counteract unfavorable effects on protein expression profile that have been induced by hyperinsulinemia.
Trial registration number
Not applicable
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lange
- University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Machad. Weber
- University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Schmidt
- Sciomics GmbH, Contract Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Schroeder
- Sciomics GmbH, Contract Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Strowitzki
- University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Germeyer
- University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg, Germany
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Höhne C, Schmidt R, Berner V, Metzsch‐Zilligen E, Westphal E, Pfaendner R, Mack C. Intrinsic flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) bead foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Fraunhofer‐Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT Pfinztal Germany
| | - Valeria Berner
- Fraunhofer‐Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT Pfinztal Germany
| | - Elke Metzsch‐Zilligen
- Fraunhofer‐Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Erik Westphal
- Fraunhofer‐Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Fraunhofer‐Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christoph Mack
- Fraunhofer‐Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT Pfinztal Germany
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Cook C, Liu Y, Schmidt R, Ramos S, Marson A, Cho R, Cheng J. 181 Tristetraprolin family members repress early T cell cytokine production and are recurrently downregulated in diverse human rashes. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nejad MM, Rotter S, Schmidt R. Basal ganglia and cortical control of thalamic rebound spikes. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4295-4313. [PMID: 33914390 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Movement-related decreases in firing rate have been observed in basal ganglia output neurons. They may transmit motor signals to the thalamus, but the effect of these firing rate decreases on downstream neurons in the motor thalamus is not known. One possibility is that they lead to thalamic post-inhibitory rebound spikes. However, it has also been argued that the physiological conditions permitting rebound spiking are pathological, and primarily present in Parkinson's disease. As in Parkinson's disease neural activity becomes pathologically correlated, we investigated the impact of correlations in basal ganglia output on the transmission of motor signals using a Hodgkin-Huxley model of thalamocortical neurons. We found that such correlations disrupt the transmission of motor signals via rebound spikes by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio and increasing the trial-to-trial variability. We further examined the role of sensory responses in basal ganglia output neurons and the effect of cortical excitation of motor thalamus in modulating rebound spiking. Interestingly, both could either promote or suppress the generation of rebound spikes depending on their timing relative to the motor signal. Finally, we determined parameter regimes, such as levels of excitation, under which rebound spiking is feasible in the model, and confirmed that the conditions for rebound spiking are primarily given in pathological regimes. However, we also identified specific conditions in the model that would allow rebound spiking to occur in healthy animals in a small subset of thalamic neurons. Overall, our model provides novel insights into differences between normal and pathological transmission of motor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mohagheghi Nejad
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Devarajan N, McGarvey JA, Scow K, Jones MS, Lee S, Samaddar S, Schmidt R, Tran TD, Karp DS. Cascading effects of composts and cover crops on soil chemistry, bacterial communities and the survival of foodborne pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1564-1577. [PMID: 33825272 PMCID: PMC8519115 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent foodborne disease outbreaks have caused farmers to re-evaluate their practices. In particular, concern that soil amendments could introduce foodborne pathogens onto farms and promote their survival in soils has led farmers to reduce or eliminate the application of animal-based composts. However, organic amendments (such as composts and cover crops) could bolster food safety by increasing soil microbial diversity and activity, which can act as competitors or antagonists and reduce pathogen survival. METHODS AND RESULTS Leveraging a study of a 27-year experiment comparing organic and conventional soil management, we evaluate the impacts of composted poultry litter and cover crops on soil chemistry, bacterial communities and survival of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. We found that bacterial community composition strongly affected pathogen survival in soils. Specifically, organic soils managed with cover crops and composts hosted more macronutrients and bacterial communities that were better able to suppress Salmonella and Listeria. For example, after incubating soils for 10 days at 20°C, soils without composts retained fourfold to fivefold more Salmonella compared to compost-amended soils. However, treatment effects dissipated as bacterial communities converged over the growing season. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that composts and cover crops may be used to build healthy soils without increasing foodborne pathogen survival. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our work suggests that animal-based composts do not promote pathogen survival and may even promote bacterial communities that suppress pathogens. Critically, proper composting techniques are known to reduce pathogen populations in biological soil amendments of animal origin, which can reduce the risks of introducing pathogens to farm fields in soil amendments. Thus, animal-based composts and cover crops may be a safe alternative to conventional fertilizers, both because of the known benefits of composts for soil health and because it may be possible to apply amendments in such a way that food-safety risks are mitigated rather than exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Devarajan
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J A McGarvey
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - K Scow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M S Jones
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - S Lee
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - S Samaddar
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T D Tran
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D S Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Colonna I, Koini M, Pirpamer L, Damulina A, Hofer E, Schwingenschuh P, Enzinger C, Schmidt R, Ropele S. Microstructural Tissue Changes in Alzheimer Disease Brains: Insights from Magnetization Transfer Imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:688-693. [PMID: 33509922 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reductions in magnetization transfer ratio have been associated with brain microstructural damage. We aim to compare magnetization transfer ratio in global and regional GM and WM between individuals with Alzheimer disease and healthy control participants to analyze the relationship between magnetization transfer ratio and cognitive functioning in Alzheimer disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, participants with Alzheimer disease and a group of age-matched healthy control participants underwent clinical examinations and 3T MR imaging. Magnetization transfer ratios were determined in the cortex, AD-signature regions, normal-appearing WM, and WM hyperintensities. RESULTS Seventy-seven study participants (mean age ± SD, 72 ± 8 years; 47 female) and 77 age-matched healthy control participants (mean age ± SD, 72 ± 8 years; 44 female) were evaluated. Magnetization transfer ratio values were lower in patients with Alzheimer disease than in healthy control participants in all investigated regions. When adjusting for atrophy and extent of WM hyperintensities, significant differences were seen in the global cortex (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.97; P = .04), in Alzheimer disease-signature regions (OR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.67; P = .003), in normal-appearing WM (OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.88; P = .01), and in WM hyperintensities (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.33; P ≤ .001). The magnetization transfer ratio in these regions was an independent determinant of AD. When correcting for atrophy and WM hyperintensity extent, lower GM magnetization transfer ratios were associated with poorer global cognition, language function, and constructional praxis. CONCLUSIONS Alzheimer disease is associated with magnetization transfer ratio reductions in GM and WM regions of the brain. Lower magnetization transfer ratios in the entire cortex and AD-signature regions contribute to cognitive impairment independent of brain atrophy and WM damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Colonna
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
| | - M Koini
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
| | - L Pirpamer
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
| | - A Damulina
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
| | - E Hofer
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.)
| | - P Schwingenschuh
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
| | - C Enzinger
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.).,Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
| | - S Ropele
- From the Department of Neurology (I.C., M.K., L.P., A.D., P.S., C.E., R.S., S.R.)
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Abstract
The maximum common substructure (MCS) problem is an important, well-studied problem in cheminformatics. It is applied in several application scenarios like molecule superimposition and scaffold detection or as a similarity measure in virtual screening and clustering. In many cases, the connected MCS is preferred since it is faster to calculate and a highly fragmented MCS is not very meaningful from a chemical point of view. Nevertheless, a disconnected MCS (dMCS) can be very instructive if it consists of reasonably sized molecular parts connected by variable groups. We present a new algorithm named RIMACS, which is able to calculate the dMCS under constraints. We can control the maximum number of connected components and their minimal size using a modified local substructure mapping approach. A formal proof of correctness is provided as well as extended runtime evaluations on chemical data. The evaluation of RIMACS shows that a small number of connected components helps us to improve MCS similarity in a meaningful way while keeping the runtime requirements in a reasonable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schmidt
- Universität Hamburäg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Krull
- Universität Hamburäg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lina Heinzke
- Universität Hamburäg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität Hamburäg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Stielow T, Schmidt R, Peltz C, Fennel T, Scheel S. Fast reconstruction of single-shot wide-angle diffraction images through deep learning. Mach Learn : Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/abb213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Single-shot x-ray imaging of short-lived nanostructures such as clusters and nanoparticles near a phase transition or non-crystalizing objects such as large proteins and viruses is currently the most elegant method for characterizing their structure. Using hard x-ray radiation provides scattering images that encode two-dimensional projections, which can be combined to identify the full three-dimensional object structure from multiple identical samples. Wide-angle scattering using XUV or soft x-rays, despite yielding lower resolution, provides three-dimensional structural information in a single shot and has opened routes towards the characterization of non-reproducible objects in the gas phase. The retrieval of the structural information contained in wide-angle scattering images is highly non-trivial, and currently no efficient rigorous algorithm is known. Here we show that deep learning networks, trained with simulated scattering data, allow for fast and accurate reconstruction of shape and orientation of nanoparticles from experimental images. The gain in speed compared to conventional retrieval techniques opens the route for automated structure reconstruction algorithms capable of real-time discrimination and pre-identification of nanostructures in scattering experiments with high repetition rate—thus representing the enabling technology for fast femtosecond nanocrystallography.
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Fruhwirth V, Enzinger C, Fandler-Höfler S, Kneihsl M, Eppinger S, Ropele S, Schmidt R, Gattringer T, Pinter D. Baseline white matter hyperintensities affect the course of cognitive function after small vessel disease-related stroke: a prospective observational study. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:401-410. [PMID: 33065757 PMCID: PMC7839458 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose Cognitive impairment is a common sequel of recent small subcortical infarction (RSSI) and might be negatively affected by preexisting cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). We investigated whether the course of cognitive function in patients with RSSI is influenced by the severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), an important imaging feature of SVD. Methods Patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐proven single RSSI were tested neuropsychologically concerning global cognition, processing speed, attention, and set‐shifting. Deep and periventricular WMH severity was assessed using the Fazekas scale, and total WMH lesion volume was calculated from T1‐weighted MRI images. We compared baseline function and course of cognition 15 months after the acute event in patients with absent, mild, and moderate‐to‐severe WMH. Results The study cohort comprised 82 RSSI patients (mean age: 61 ± 10 years, 23% female). At baseline, 40% had cognitive impairment (1.5 standard deviations below standardized mean), and deficits persisted in one‐third of the sample after 15 months. After age correction, there were no significant differences in set‐shifting between WMH groups at baseline. However, although patients without WMH (deep: p < 0.001, periventricular: p = 0.067) or only mild WMH (deep: p = 0.098, periventricular: p = 0.001) improved in set‐shifting after 15 months, there was no improvement in patients with moderate‐to‐severe WMH (deep: p = 0.980, periventricular: p = 0.816). Baseline total WMH volume (p = 0.002) was the only significant predictor for attention 15 months poststroke. Conclusions This longitudinal study demonstrates that preexisting moderate‐to‐severe WMH negatively affect the restoration of cognitive function after RSSI, suggesting limited functional reserve in patients with preexisting SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fruhwirth
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Fandler-Höfler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Kneihsl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Eppinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Pinter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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36
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Niehues I, Marauhn P, Deilmann T, Wigger D, Schmidt R, Arora A, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Rohlfing M, Bratschitsch R. Strain tuning of the Stokes shift in atomically thin semiconductors. Nanoscale 2020; 12:20786-20796. [PMID: 33034315 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) have exceptional optical properties, exhibiting a characteristic absorption and emission at excitonic resonances. Due to their extreme flexibility, strain can be used to alter the fundamental exciton energies and line widths of TMDCs. Here, we report on the Stokes shift, i.e. the energetic difference of light absorption and emission, of the A exciton in TMDC mono- and bilayers. We demonstrate that mechanical strain can be used to tune the Stokes shift. We perform optical transmission and photoluminescence (PL) experiments on mono- and bilayers and apply uniaxial tensile strain of up to 1.2% in MoSe2 and WS2 bilayers. An A exciton red shift of -38 meV/% and -70 meV/% is found in transmission in MoSe2 and WS2, while smaller values of -27 meV/% and -62 meV/% are measured in PL, respectively. Therefore, a reduction of the Stokes shift is observed under increasing tensile strain. At the same time, the A exciton PL line widths narrow significantly with -14 meV/% (MoSe2) and -21 meV/% (WS2), demonstrating a drastic change in the exciton-phonon interaction. By comparison with ab initio calculations, we can trace back the observed shifts of the excitons to changes in the electronic band structure of the materials. Variations of the relative energetic positions of the different excitons lead to a decrease of the exciton-phonon coupling. Furthermore, we identify the indirect exciton emission in bilayer WS2 as the ΓK transition by comparing the experimental and theoretical gauge factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Niehues
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Philipp Marauhn
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Deilmann
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Wigger
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ashish Arora
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institute of Solid State Theory, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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37
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Frederiksen KS, Cooper C, Frisoni GB, Frölich L, Georges J, Kramberger MG, Nilsson C, Passmore P, Mantoan Ritter L, Religa D, Schmidt R, Stefanova E, Verdelho A, Vandenbulcke M, Winblad B, Waldemar G. A European Academy of Neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1805-1820. [PMID: 32713125 PMCID: PMC7540303 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dementia is one of the most common disorders and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life. The present guideline addresses important medical management issues including systematic medical follow-up, vascular risk factors in dementia, pain in dementia, use of antipsychotics in dementia and epilepsy in dementia. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out. Based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, we developed a guideline. Where recommendations based on GRADE were not possible, a good practice statement was formulated. RESULTS Systematic management of vascular risk factors should be performed in patients with mild to moderate dementia as prevention of cerebrovascular pathology may impact on the progression of dementia (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia (without previous stroke) and atrial fibrillation should be treated with anticoagulants (weak recommendation). Discontinuation of opioids should be considered in certain individuals with dementia (e.g. for whom there are no signs or symptoms of pain or no clear indication, or suspicion of side effects; Good Practice statement). Behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia should not be treated with mild analgesics (weak recommendation). In all patients with dementia treated with opioids, assessment of the individual risk-benefit ratio should be performed at regular intervals. Regular, preplanned medical follow-up should be offered to all patients with dementia. The setting will depend on the organization of local health services and should, as a minimum, include general practitioners with easy access to dementia specialists (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia and agitation and/or aggression should be treated with atypical antipsychotics only after all non-pharmacological measures have been proven to be without benefit or in the case of severe self-harm or harm to others (weak recommendation). Antipsychotics should be discontinued after cessation of behavioral disturbances and in patients in whom there are side effects (Good Practice statement). For treatment of epilepsy in individuals with dementia, newer anticonvulsants should be considered as first-line therapy (Good Practice statement). CONCLUSION This GRADE-based guideline offers recommendations on several important medical issues in patients with dementia, and thus adds important guidance for clinicians. For some issues, very little or no evidence was identified, highlighting the importance of further studies within these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Frederiksen
- Department of NeurologyDanish Dementia Research CenterRigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - C. Cooper
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. B. Frisoni
- Memory ClinicUniversity Hospital of GenevaUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - L. Frölich
- Department of Geriatric PsychiatryZentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit MannheimMedical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | | | - M. G. Kramberger
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Cognitive ImpairmentsUniversity Medical Center Ljubljana, and Medical facultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - C. Nilsson
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation MedicineSkåne University HospitalLundSweden
- Clinical Memory Research UnitDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | | | - L. Mantoan Ritter
- Epilepsy CentreKing's College NHS Foundation TrustKing´s College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. Religa
- Division of Clinical GeriatricsDepartment of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetNeo, StockholmSweden
- Karolinska University HospitalTheme AgingHuddingeSweden
| | - R. Schmidt
- University Clinic for NeurologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - E. Stefanova
- Medical FacultyNeurology clinic CCSUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - A. Verdelho
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental HealthCHLNorte‐Hospital de Santa MariaIMMISAMBFaculty of MedicineUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - M. Vandenbulcke
- Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenGeriatric PsychiatryUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - B. Winblad
- Karolinska University HospitalTheme AgingHuddingeSweden
- Division of NeurogeriatricsDepartment of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetBioClinicumSolnaSweden
| | - G. Waldemar
- Department of NeurologyDanish Dementia Research CenterRigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Abstract
The number of publications concerning Pan-Assay Interference Compounds and related problematic structural motifs in screening libraries is constantly growing. In consequence, filter collections are merged, extended but also critically discussed. Due to the complexity of the chemical pattern language SMARTS, an easy-to-use toolbox enabling every chemist to understand, design and modify chemical patterns is urgently needed. Over the past decade, we developed a series of software tools for visualizing, editing, creating, and analysing chemical patterns. Herein, we highlight how most of these tools can now be easily used as part of the novel SMARTS.plus web server (https://smarts.plus/). As a showcase, we demonstrate how researchers can apply the web server tools within minutes to derive novel SMARTS patterns for the filtering of frequent hitters from their screening libraries with only a little experience with the SMARTS language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ehrt
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bennet Krause
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emanuel S R Ehmki
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Layfield LJ, Zhang T, Esebua M, Schmidt R. Axillary lymph node metastasis: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy sensitivity as a function of node size, percent replacement of lymph node by tumor and tumor deposit size. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 49:181-186. [PMID: 32945140 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is commonly used to investigate lymphadenopathy of suspected metastatic origin. While diagnostic accuracy of FNA for lymph node disease is well described, the relationship between node size, percent tumor replacement, and size of metastatic deposit with diagnostic accuracy is less well documented. METHODS All axillary lymph nodes undergoing ultrasound-guided FNA for suspected breast metastases were correlated with subsequent surgical excision specimens. FNAs were judged as positive or negative for malignancy and the percent of false negative FNAs was correlated with node size, percent tumor replacement and size of metastatic deposit RESULTS: Sensitivities were calculated for nodes greater than 15 mm (92%), nodes 11 to 14.9 mm (83%), nodes 7 to 10.9 mm (61%), and for nodes less than 7 mm (60%). Sensitivity increases with increasing node size (P = .001). Percent tumor replacement correlated with sensitivity: 90% or greater replacement (85%) 60% to 89.9% replacement (75%), 40% to 59.9% replacement (75%) and less than 39.9% replacement (64%)(P < .001). Metastases size correlated with sensitivity: metastases greater than 10 mm (94%), 6 to 9.9 mm (70%), 4 to 5.9 mm (54%), and less than 4 mm (72%). CONCLUSIONS Percentage of false negative FNAs associate with investigation of metastatic disease correlates with node size, size of metastatic deposit and percentage of nodes replaced by tumor. Lymph nodes smaller than 7 mm, deposit diameter less than 6 mm and percentage replacement of less than 40% have the highest percentage of false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Layfield
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Magda Esebua
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Utah & ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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40
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Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a viral disease of the brain associated with immunodeficiency, immune suppressing medications, and malignancy. In the absence of effective anti-viral therapy for the causative JC virus, immune restoration has emerged as the critical therapeutic alternative. The evolving treatment of PML (and other rare JC virus-associated neurologic syndromes) requires consideration of baseline immune functioning and comorbid diseases while selecting from a number of therapeutic options to restore an effective immune response. This review focuses on the current options for management of PML in typical situations where this disease presents, including several where immune restoration is a standard therapeutic approach such as in PML associated with HIV/AIDS and in multiple sclerosis associated with natalizumab. Other circumstances in which PML occurs including associated with primary immunodeficiencies, malignancies, and transplants present greater challenges to immune reconstitution, but emerging concepts may enhance therapeutic options for these situations. Particular attention is focused on recent experience with checkpoint inhibitors, guidance for MS drug discontinuation, and strategies to monitor and facilitate immune restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard Dunham
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David B Clifford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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41
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Salehi A, Paturu MR, Patel B, Cain MD, Mahlokozera T, Yang AB, Lin TH, Leuthardt EC, Yano H, Song SK, Klein RS, Schmidt R, Kim AH. Therapeutic enhancement of blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers permeability by laser interstitial thermal therapy. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa071. [PMID: 32666049 PMCID: PMC7344247 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain and blood–tumor barriers (BBB and BTB), which restrict the entry of most drugs into the brain and tumor, respectively, are a significant challenge in the treatment of glioblastoma. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical technique increasingly used clinically for tumor cell ablation. Recent evidence suggests that LITT might locally disrupt BBB integrity, creating a potential therapeutic window of opportunity to deliver otherwise brain-impermeant agents. Methods We established a LITT mouse model to test if laser therapy can increase BBB/BTB permeability in vivo. Mice underwent orthotopic glioblastoma tumor implantation followed by LITT in combination with BBB tracers or the anticancer drug doxorubicin. BBB/BTB permeability was measured using fluorimetry, microscopy, and immunofluorescence. An in vitro endothelial cell model was also used to corroborate findings. Results LITT substantially disrupted the BBB and BTB locally, with increased permeability up to 30 days after the intervention. Remarkably, molecules as large as human immunoglobulin extravasated through blood vessels and permeated laser-treated brain tissue and tumors. Mechanistically, LITT decreased tight junction integrity and increased brain endothelial cell transcytosis. Treatment of mice bearing glioblastoma tumors with LITT and adjuvant doxorubicin, which is typically brain-impermeant, significantly increased animal survival. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that LITT can locally disrupt the BBB and BTB, enabling the targeted delivery of systemic therapies, including, potentially, antibody-based agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Salehi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mounica R Paturu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bhuvic Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tatenda Mahlokozera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alicia B Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tsen-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric C Leuthardt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albert H Kim
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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42
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Aquili L, Bowman EM, Schmidt R. Occasion setters determine responses of putative DA neurons to discriminative stimuli. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107270. [PMID: 32565408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are involved in the processing of rewards and reward-predicting stimuli, possibly analogous to reinforcement learning reward prediction errors. Here we studied the activity of putative DA neurons (n = 37) recorded in the ventral tegmental area of rats (n = 6) performing a behavioural task involving occasion setting. In this task an occasion setter (OS) indicated that the relationship between a discriminative stimulus (DS) and reinforcement is in effect, so that reinforcement of bar pressing occurred only after the OS (tone or houselight) was followed by the DS (houselight or tone). We found that responses of putative DA cells to the DS were enhanced when preceded by the OS, as were behavioural responses to obtain rewards. Surprisingly though, we did not find a homogeneous increase in the mean activity of the population of putative DA neurons to the OS, contrary to predictions of standard temporal-difference models of DA neurons. Instead, putative DA neurons exhibited a heterogeneous response on a single unit level, so that some units increased and others decreased their activity as a response to the OS. Similarly, putative non-DA cells did not show a homogeneous response to the DS on a population level, but also had heterogeneous responses on a single unit level. The heterogeneity in the responses of neurons in the ventral tegmental area may reflect how DA neurons encode context and point to local differences in DA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Aquili
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quadrangle, South Street, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9JP, UK.
| | - Eric M Bowman
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quadrangle, South Street, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, the University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK
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43
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Abstract
Flexible behavior requires restraint of actions that are no longer appropriate. This behavioral inhibition critically relies on frontal cortex - basal ganglia circuits. Within the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) has been hypothesized to mediate selective proactive inhibition: being prepared to stop a specific action, if needed. Here we investigate population dynamics of rat GPe neurons during preparation-to-stop, stopping, and going. Rats selectively engaged proactive inhibition towards specific actions, as shown by slowed reaction times (RTs). Under proactive inhibition, GPe population activity occupied state-space locations farther from the trajectory followed during normal movement initiation. Furthermore, the state-space locations were predictive of distinct types of errors: failures-to-stop, failures-to-go, and incorrect choices. Slowed RTs on correct proactive trials reflected starting bias towards the alternative action, which was overcome before progressing towards action initiation. Our results demonstrate that rats can exert cognitive control via strategic adjustments to their GPe network state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Psychiatry; Neuroscience Graduate Program; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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44
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Sogkas G, Hirsch S, Olsson K, Schmidt R, Witte T, Jabonka A, Ernst D. THU0263 LUNG INVOLVEMENT IN PRIMARY SJÖGREN SYNDROME – AN UNDER-DIAGNOSED ENTITY. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a frequent extra-glandular manifestation of primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS). Limited published data regarding phenotyping and treatment exists. Advances in managing specific ILD phenotypes have not been comprehensively explored in patients with coexisting pSS.Objectives:This retrospective study aimed to phenotype lung diseases occurring in a well-described pSS cohort and describe treatment course and outcomes.Methods:Between April 2018 and September 2019, all pSS patients attending our Outpatient clinic were screened for possible lung involvement. Clinical, laboratory and computer tomography (CT) findings were analysed. Patients were classified according to CT findings into 5 groups: usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) and unspecific-ILD.Results:Lung involvement was confirmed in 24/240 patients (10%). Clinically manifest pSS occurred later in patients with ILD vs. non-ILD (53.2 [42.0-61.7]vs.62.3 [55.6-68.8] years; p=0.0016). The commonest phenotype was UIP n=10 (41%), followed by NSIP n=7 (29%), DIP n=2 (8%), CPFE n=2 (8%) and unspecific-ILD n=3 (13%). Forced vital capacity (FVC) and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) appeared lower in UIP and DIP, without reaching a significant difference. Treatment focused universally on intensified immunosuppression, with 12/24 patients (50%) receiving cyclophosphamide. No anti-fibrotic treatments were used. Follow-up was median 13.2 [7.9-72.3] months, during which 6/24 (25%) patients exhibited a further decline in FVC. No deaths occurred.Conclusion:Lung involvement in pSS is heterogeneous. Better phenotyping and tailored treatment may improve outcomes and requires further evaluation in larger prospective studies.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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45
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Aron AR, Ivry RB, Jeffery KJ, Poldrack RA, Schmidt R, Summerfield C, Urai AE. How Can Neuroscientists Respond to the Climate Emergency? Neuron 2020; 106:17-20. [PMID: 32272064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The world faces a climate emergency. Here, we consider the actions that can be taken by neuroscientists to tackle climate change. We encourage neuroscientists to put emissions reductions at the center of their everyday professional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Kate J Jeffery
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, UK
| | | | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Anne E Urai
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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46
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Ferretti MT, Martinkova J, Biskup E, Benke T, Gialdini G, Nedelska Z, Rauen K, Mantua V, Religa D, Hort J, Santuccione Chadha A, Schmidt R. Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease: current challenges and implications for clinical practice: Position paper of the Dementia and Cognitive Disorders Panel of the European Academy of Neurology. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:928-943. [PMID: 32056347 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by high heterogeneity in disease manifestation, progression and risk factors. High phenotypic variability is currently regarded as one of the largest hurdles in early diagnosis and in the design of clinical trials; there is therefore great interest in identifying factors driving variability that can be used for patient stratification. In addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, the individual's sex and gender are emerging as crucial drivers of phenotypic variability. Evidence exists on sex and gender differences in the rate of cognitive deterioration and brain atrophy, and in the effect of risk factors as well as in the patterns of diagnostic biomarkers. Such evidence might be of high relevance and requires attention in clinical practice and clinical trials. However, sex and gender differences are currently seldom appreciated; importantly, consideration of sex and gender differences is not currently a focus in the design and analysis of clinical trials for AD. The objective of this position paper is (i) to provide an overview of known sex and gender differences that might have implications for clinical practice, (ii) to identify the most important knowledge gaps in the field (with a special regard to clinical trials) and (iii) to provide conclusions for future studies. This scientific statement is endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ferretti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland
| | - J Martinkova
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E Biskup
- College of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Benke
- Neurology Clinic, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G Gialdini
- Neurology - Private Practice, Lucca, Italy
| | - Z Nedelska
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Rauen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland.,Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Mantua
- Italian Medicines Agency, Rome, Italy
| | - D Religa
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Hort
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Santuccione Chadha
- Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland.,Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Neurogeriatrics, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Hunger L, Kumar A, Schmidt R. Abundance Compensates Kinetics: Similar Effect of Dopamine Signals on D1 and D2 Receptor Populations. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2868-2881. [PMID: 32071139 PMCID: PMC7117896 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1951-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromodulator dopamine plays a key role in motivation, reward-related learning, and normal motor function. The different affinity of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptor types has been argued to constrain the D1 and D2 signaling pathways to phasic and tonic dopamine signals, respectively. However, this view assumes that dopamine receptor kinetics are instantaneous so that the time courses of changes in dopamine concentration and changes in receptor occupation are basically identical. Here we developed a neurochemical model of dopamine receptor binding taking into account the different kinetics and abundance of D1 and D2 receptors in the striatum. Testing a large range of behaviorally-relevant dopamine signals, we found that the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor populations responded very similarly to tonic and phasic dopamine signals. Furthermore, because of slow unbinding rates, both receptor populations integrated dopamine signals over a timescale of minutes. Our model provides a description of how physiological dopamine signals translate into changes in dopamine receptor occupation in the striatum, and explains why dopamine ramps are an effective signal to occupy dopamine receptors. Overall, our model points to the importance of taking into account receptor kinetics for functional considerations of dopamine signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Current models of basal ganglia function are often based on a distinction of two types of dopamine receptors, D1 and D2, with low and high affinity, respectively. Thereby, phasic dopamine signals are believed to mostly affect striatal neurons with D1 receptors, and tonic dopamine signals are believed to mostly affect striatal neurons with D2 receptors. This view does not take into account the rates for the binding and unbinding of dopamine to D1 and D2 receptors. By incorporating these kinetics into a computational model we show that D1 and D2 receptors both respond to phasic and tonic dopamine signals. This has implications for the processing of reward-related and motivational signals in the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hunger
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom, and
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom, and
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48
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Wattenburger K, Schmidt R, Placheta L, Middleton JR, Adkins PRF. Evaluation of 4 different teat disinfection methods prior to collection of milk samples for bacterial culture in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4579-4587. [PMID: 32147259 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The first objective of this study was to determine whether differences would occur among teat end preparation techniques with regard to potential contamination of milk samples collected for bacterial culture. The second objective was to determine whether differences would be detected in genus or species of bacteria isolated from samples collected using the various methods as well as from contaminated or uncontaminated samples. Mammary quarter foremilk samples were collected from lactating dairy cattle at the University of Missouri Foremost Research Dairy Farm (Columbia). Four different teat end preparation methods were used to compare contamination rates in milk samples. Sampling techniques used before milk collection included (1) no preparation, (2) pre-milking disinfection and single-use towel drying of teats only, (3) scrubbing of the teat end with alcohol only, and (4) pre-milking disinfection, single-use towel drying, and scrubbing of the teat end with alcohol. Milk was plated on Columbia blood agar. Cultures were read at 48 h, with the number of morphologically different bacterial colony types quantified and isolated. Isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Median numbers of colony types were compared among groups using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with post-hoc pairwise comparisons, and proportional data were compared using the chi-squared test. A total of 168 cows, including 665 quarters, were sampled, and 1,614 isolates resulted. Analysis with MALDI-TOF identified 29 unique genera and 81 unique species among the samples. More contaminated samples occurred in groups 1 and 2 compared with groups 3 and 4. Group 3 had more contaminated samples than group 4. The majority of Pseudomonas spp. isolates were identified within group 2. When applying previously described niches to Staphylococcus spp., environmental species were more likely to be identified among contaminated samples, whereas host-adapted species were more likely to be identified among uncontaminated samples. These data confirm that scrubbing the teat end with alcohol after pre-milking disinfection with an iodine-based teat disinfectant and drying of the teat minimizes contamination of the milk sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wattenburger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - L Placheta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
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49
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Frid P, Drake M, Giese AK, Wasselius J, Schirmer MD, Donahue KL, Cloonan L, Irie R, Bouts MJRJ, McIntosh EC, Mocking SJT, Dalca AV, Sridharan R, Xu H, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Holmegaard L, Jood K, Roquer J, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Broderick JP, Jimenez-Conde J, Jern C, Kissela BM, Kleindorfer DO, Lemmens R, Meschia JF, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Schmidt R, Sharma P, Slowik A, Thijs V, Woo D, Worrall BB, Kittner SJ, Mitchell BD, Petersson J, Rosand J, Golland P, Wu O, Rost NS, Lindgren A. Detailed phenotyping of posterior vs. anterior circulation ischemic stroke: a multi-center MRI study. J Neurol 2020; 267:649-658. [PMID: 31709475 PMCID: PMC7035231 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posterior circulation ischemic stroke (PCiS) constitutes 20-30% of ischemic stroke cases. Detailed information about differences between PCiS and anterior circulation ischemic stroke (ACiS) remains scarce. Such information might guide clinical decision making and prevention strategies. We studied risk factors and ischemic stroke subtypes in PCiS vs. ACiS and lesion location on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in PCiS. METHODS Out of 3,301 MRIs from 12 sites in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN), we included 2,381 cases with acute DWI lesions. The definition of ACiS or PCiS was based on lesion location. We compared the groups using Chi-squared and logistic regression. RESULTS PCiS occurred in 718 (30%) patients and ACiS in 1663 (70%). Diabetes and male sex were more common in PCiS vs. ACiS (diabetes 27% vs. 23%, p < 0.05; male sex 68% vs. 58%, p < 0.001). Both were independently associated with PCiS (diabetes, OR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.04-1.61; male sex, OR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.21-1.78). ACiS more commonly had large artery atherosclerosis (25% vs. 20%, p < 0.01) and cardioembolic mechanisms (17% vs. 11%, p < 0.001) compared to PCiS. Small artery occlusion was more common in PCiS vs. ACiS (20% vs. 14%, p < 0.001). Small artery occlusion accounted for 47% of solitary brainstem infarctions. CONCLUSION Ischemic stroke subtypes differ between the two phenotypes. Diabetes and male sex have a stronger association with PCiS than ACiS. Definitive MRI-based PCiS diagnosis aids etiological investigation and contributes additional insights into specific risk factors and mechanisms of injury in PCiS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrea Frid
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 19, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Drake
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - A K Giese
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Wasselius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - M D Schirmer
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - K L Donahue
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Cloonan
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Irie
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M J R J Bouts
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - E C McIntosh
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - S J T Mocking
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A V Dalca
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - R Sridharan
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - H Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Giralt-Steinhauer
- Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), Department of Neurology, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Holmegaard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Jood
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Roquer
- Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), Department of Neurology, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J W Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P F McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J P Broderick
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Jimenez-Conde
- Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), Department of Neurology, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Jern
- Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B M Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - D O Kleindorfer
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Lemmens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - J F Meschia
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - T Rundek
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R L Sacco
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Sharma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London (ICR2UL), Egham, UK
- Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Ashford, UK
| | - A Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - V Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - D Woo
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - B B Worrall
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Kittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B D Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Petersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Rosand
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Golland
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - O Wu
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - N S Rost
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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50
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Bartram U, Schmidt R. [Transdermal intoxication through broken opioid ampules : Accidental intoxication in a paramedic]. Anaesthesist 2020; 69:122-125. [PMID: 32002562 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-020-00732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the case of an accidental transdermal opioid intoxication in a paramedic. During an ambulance flight mission for patient repatriation several ampules containing opioids were broken unnoticed inside the ampule kit in the outside pocket of the work trousers of the paramedic. He developed the typical clinical picture of opioid intoxication with clouding of consciousness, miosis, and respiratory depression. This necessitated continuous monitoring of vital signs as well as repetitive administration of naloxone under the improvised circumstances of a mission abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bartram
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerzmedizin, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Böheimstr. 37, 70199, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
| | - R Schmidt
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerzmedizin, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Böheimstr. 37, 70199, Stuttgart, Deutschland
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