3,3,6,6-Tetrachloro-2,2-dihydroxycyclohexanone as a synthetic equivalent of unavailable 3-chloro-6-hydroxy-1,2-benzoquinone: first synthesis of 4-chloro-1-hydroxyphenazines

Recent developments in the isolation, biological function, biosynthesis, and synthesis of phenazine natural products

Phenazines are natural products which are produced by bacteria or by archaeal Methanosarcina species. The tricyclic ring system enables redox processes, which producing organisms use for oxidation of NADH or for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), giving them advantages over other microorganisms. In this review we summarize the progress in the field since 2005 regarding the isolation of new phenazine natural products, new insights in their biological function, and particularly the now almost completely understood biosynthesis. The review is complemented by a description of new synthetic methods and total syntheses of phenazines.