1
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Hung KY, Kowalczyk R, Desai A, Brimble MA, Marshall JF, Harris PWR. Synthesis and Systematic Study on the Effect of Different PEG Units on Stability of PEGylated, Integrin-αvβ6-Specific A20FMDV2 Analogues in Rat Serum and Human Plasma. Molecules 2022; 27:4331. [PMID: 35889207 PMCID: PMC9316855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A20FMDV2 is a 20-mer peptide that exhibits high selectivity and affinity for the tumour-related αvβ6 integrin that can compete with extracellular ligands for the crucial RGD binding site, playing a role as a promising αvβ6-specific inhibitor for anti-cancer therapies. Unfortunately, the clinical value of A20FMDV2 is limited by its poor half-life in blood caused by rapid renal excretion and its reported high susceptibility to serum proteases. The incorporation of poly (ethylene glycol) chains, coined PEGylation, is a well-established approach to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of drug molecules. Here, we report a systematic study on the incorporation of a varying number of ethylene glycol units (1-20) into the A20FMDV2 peptide to establish the effects of PEGylation size on the peptide stability in both rat serum and human plasma. In addition, the effect of acetyl and propionyl PEGylation handles on peptide stability is also described. Selected peptide analogues were assessed for integrin-αvβ6-targeted binding, showing good specificity and activity in vitro. Stability studies in rat serum established that all of the PEGylated peptides displayed good stability, and an A20FMDV2 peptide containing twenty ethylene glycol units (PEG20) was the most stable. Surprisingly, the stability testing in human plasma identified shorter PEGs (PEG2 and PEG5) as more resistant to degradation than longer PEGs, a trend which was also observed with affinity binding to integrin αvβ6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-yuan Hung
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Ami Desai
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - John F. Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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2
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Hampe L, Harris PWR, Rushton B, Radjainia M, Brimble MA, Mitra AK. Engineering a stable complex of
ERp44
with a designed peptide ligand for analyzing the mode of interaction of
ERp44
with its clients. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Hampe
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ben Rushton
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Bernhard‐Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Bernhard‐Nocht‐Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg Germany
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Alok K. Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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3
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Yang SH, Clemett CA, Brimble MA, O'Carroll SJ, Harris PWR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of S-lipidated lipopeptides of a connexin 43 channel inhibitory peptide. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1041-1047. [PMID: 33479696 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of 42 novel S-lipidated analogues of a connexin 43 channel inhibitory Peptide5 is described. Unmodified Peptide5 moderates hemichannels and gap junctions that are both implicated in the progression of neurological disease. Peptide5 was site-specifically modified with a cysteine residue, which then underwent thiol-ene mediated S-lipidation to afford S-lipidated Peptide5 analogues containing straight-chain, branched, or aromatic lipids. The modified peptides were assessed for their effect on hemichannel opening and the most promising candidates were evaluated in serum stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand . .,School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3a Symonds St, Private Bag 92019 , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Connor A Clemett
- Department of Anatomy Medical Imaging , School of Medical Sciences , Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre for Brain Research , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland , New Zealand .
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand . .,School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3a Symonds St, Private Bag 92019 , Auckland , New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , 3a Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy Medical Imaging , School of Medical Sciences , Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre for Brain Research , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland , New Zealand .
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand . .,School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3a Symonds St, Private Bag 92019 , Auckland , New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , 3a Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand
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4
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Bahsis L, Ben El Ayouchia H, Anane H, Pascual-Álvarez A, De Munno G, Julve M, Stiriba SE. A reusable polymer-supported copper(I) catalyst for triazole click reaction on water: An experimental and computational study. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lahoucine Bahsis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
| | - Hicham Ben El Ayouchia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
| | - Hafid Anane
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
| | - Alejandro Pascual-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Valencia Spain
| | - Giovanni De Munno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; 87036 Rende, Cosenza Italy
| | - Miguel Julve
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Valencia Spain
| | - Salah-Eddine Stiriba
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Valencia Spain
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5
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Bower RL, Yule L, Rees TA, Deganutti G, Hendrikse ER, Harris PWR, Kowalczyk R, Ridgway Z, Wong AG, Swierkula K, Raleigh DP, Pioszak AA, Brimble MA, Reynolds CA, Walker CS, Hay DL. Molecular Signature for Receptor Engagement in the Metabolic Peptide Hormone Amylin. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:32-49. [PMID: 32219203 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic peptide hormone, amylin, plays a critical role in the control of appetite, and synergizes with other key metabolic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). There is opportunity to develop potent and long-acting analogues of amylin or hybrids between these and GLP-1 mimetics for treating obesity. To achieve this, interrogation of how the 37 amino acid amylin peptide engages with its complex receptor system is required. We synthesized an extensive library of peptides to profile the human amylin sequence, determining the role of its disulfide loop, amidated C-terminus and receptor "capture" and "activation" regions in receptor signaling. We profiled four signaling pathways with different ligands at multiple receptor subtypes, in addition to exploring selectivity determinants between related receptors. Distinct roles for peptide subregions in receptor binding and activation were identified, resulting in peptides with greater activity than the native sequence. Enhanced peptide activity was preserved in the brainstem, the major biological target for amylin. Interpretation of our data using full-length active receptor models supported by molecular dynamics, metadynamics, and supervised molecular dynamics simulations guided the synthesis of a potent dual agonist of GLP-1 and amylin receptors. The data offer new insights into the function of peptide amidation, how allostery drives peptide-receptor interactions, and provide a valuable resource for the development of novel amylin agonists for treating diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Bower
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Yule
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tayla A Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Erica R Hendrikse
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zachary Ridgway
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Amy G Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Katarzyna Swierkula
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Daniel P Raleigh
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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6
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Hampe L, Xu C, Harris PWR, Chen J, Liu M, Middleditch M, Radjainia M, Wang Y, Mitra AK. Synthetic peptides designed to modulate adiponectin assembly improve obesity-related metabolic disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4478-4492. [PMID: 28945274 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adiponectin, an adipokine possessing profound insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties, is a potent biotherapeutic agent . The trimeric adiponectin subunit assembles into hexameric and functionally important higher molecular weight (HMW) forms, controlled by the endoplasmic reticulum protein 44 (ERp44). Obesity-induced ER stress decreases the HMW form in serum, contributing to the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. In this study, a panel of synthetic peptides, designed to target ERp44-adiponectin interactions, were tested for their effects on circulating levels of HMW adiponectin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Peptides derived from the ERp44 binding region of adiponectin and immunoglobulin IgM were synthesized with or without a cell-penetrating sequence. Cultures of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with the peptides for assessing the assembly and secretion of HMW adiponectin. Mice given standard chow or a high-fat diet were treated acutely or chronically, with the peptides to investigate the therapeutic effects on insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. RESULTS The designed peptides interfered with ERp44-adiponectin interactions and modulated adiponectin assembly and release from adipocytes. In particular, IgM-derived peptides facilitated the release of endogenous adiponectin (especially the HMW form) from adipose tissue, enhanced its circulating level and the ratio of HMW-to-total-adiponectin in obese mice. Long-term treatment of mice fed with high-fat diet by IgM-derived peptides reduced the circulating lipid levels and improved insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Targeting ERp44-adiponectin interactions with short peptides represents an effective strategy to treat of obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Hampe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alok K Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Hung KY, Harris PWR, Desai A, Marshall JF, Brimble MA. Structure-activity relationship study of the tumour-targeting peptide A20FMDV2 via modification of Lys16, Leu13, and N- and/or C-terminal functionality. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:154-164. [PMID: 28494253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 20-residue linear peptide A20FMDV2 has been shown to exhibit high selectivity and affinity for the tumour-related αvβ6 integrin and has potential as a vector for therapeutic drugs. However, it exhibits poor half-life in plasma in part due to its high susceptibility to serum proteases. In this study fourteen A20FMDV2 analogues incorporating non-proteinogenic substitutes of the native Lys16 and Leu13 residues and six A20FMDV2 analogues containing modified N- and C-termini were synthesised to increase the half-life and activity of A20FMDV2. The analogues incorporating modified terminal motifs of A20FMDV2 were found to strongly bind to the αvβ6 integrin and were subsequently functionalized with the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid chelating agent to facilitate coupling with radioactive indium-111 for human plasma stability and in vivo biodistribution studies. A20FMDV2 peptide variants incorporating an N-terminal d-Asn and C-terminal d-Thr exhibited improved relative activity in vitro and were less susceptible to plasma degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Yuan Hung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ami Desai
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - John F Marshall
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1010, New Zealand.
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8
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Harris PWR, Cook GM, Leung IKH, Brimble MA. An Efficient Chemical Synthesis of Lassomycin Enabled by an On-Resin Lactamisation–Off-Resin Methanolysis Strategy and Preparation of Chemical Variants. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the naturally occurring cyclic peptide lassomycin that bears a unique Asp–Gly isopeptide bond and a C-terminal methyl ester is described. On-resin cyclisation between 1Gly and side chain 8Asp and a subsequent solution-phase transesterification reaction afforded synthetic lassomycin in high yield. Several analogues were also prepared using the optimised methodology. None of the cyclised peptides, including the synthetic natural product, exhibited any significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comparison of the spectroscopic data for synthetic lassomycin with naturally occurring lassomycin concluded they were otherwise identical.
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9
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Kim Y, Griffin JM, Harris PWR, Chan SHC, Nicholson LFB, Brimble MA, O'Carroll SJ, Green CR. Characterizing the mode of action of extracellular Connexin43 channel blocking mimetic peptides in an in vitro ischemia injury model. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:68-78. [PMID: 27816754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-selective Connexin43 hemichannels contribute to secondary lesion spread. The hemichannel blocking peptidomimetic Peptide5, derived from the second extracellular loop of the human Connexin43 protein, prevents lesion spread and reduces vascular permeability in preclinical models of central nervous system injury. The molecular mode of action of Peptide5, however, was unknown and is described here. METHODS Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and APRE-19 cells were used. Scrape loading was used to assess gap junction function and hypoxic, acidic ion-shifted Ringer solution induced ATP release used to assess hemichannel function. Peptide modifications, including amino acid substitutions and truncations, and competition assays were used to demonstrate Peptide5 functional specificity and site of action respectively. RESULTS Peptide5 inhibits Connexin43 hemichannel-mediated ATP release by acting on extracellular loop two of Connexin43, adjacent to its matching sequence within the protein. Precise sequence specificity is important for hemichannel block, but less so for uncoupling of gap junction channels (seen only at high concentrations). The SRPTEKT motif is central to Peptide5 function but on its own is not sufficient to inhibit hemichannels. Both the SRPTEKT motif and Peptide5 reduce gap junction communication, but neither uncoupling below 50%. CONCLUSIONS Reduced gap junction coupling at high peptide concentrations appears to be relatively non-specific. However, Peptide5 at low concentrations acts upon extracellular loop two of Connexin43 to block hemichannels in a precise, sequence specific manner. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The concentration dependent and sequence specific action of Peptide5 supports its development for the treatment of retinal injury and chronic disease, as well as other central nervous system injury and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeri Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jarred M Griffin
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, New Zealand
| | - Sin Hang Crystal Chan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise F B Nicholson
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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10
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Amso Z, Kowalczyk R, Watson M, Park YE, Callon KE, Musson DS, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Structure activity relationship study on the peptide hormone preptin, a novel bone-anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9225-9238. [PMID: 27488745 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01455k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preptin is a 34-residue pancreatic hormone shown to be anabolic to bone in vitro and in vivo. The bone activity of preptin resides within the (1-16) N-terminal fragment. Due to its peptidic nature, the truncated fragment of preptin is enzymatically unstable; however it provides an attractive framework for the creation of stable analogues using various peptidomimetic techniques. An alanine scan of preptin (1-16) was undertaken which showed that substitution of Ser at position 3 or Pro at position 14 did not inhibit the proliferative activity of preptin in primary rat osteoblasts (bone-forming cells). Importantly, Ser-3 to Ala substitution also showed a significant activity on osteoblast differentiation in vitro and increased the formation of mineralised bone matrix. Additional modifications with non-proteinogenic amino acids at position 3 improved the stability in liver microsomes, but diminished the osteoblast proliferative activity. In addition, to provide greater structural diversity, a series of macrocyclic preptin (1-16) analogues was synthesised using head-to-tail and head-to-side chain macrolactamisation as well as ring-closing metathesis. However, a detrimental effect on osteoblast activity was observed upon macrocyclisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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11
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Son SJ, Harris PWR, Squire CJ, Baker EN, Kent SBH, Brimble MA. Total Chemical Synthesis of an Orf Virus Protein, ORFV002, an Inhibitor of the Master Gene Regulator NF-κB. Biopolymers 2016; 102:137-44. [PMID: 26820014 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ORFV002 is a novel orf viral protein (117 Aa) that inhibits nuclear events through the regulation of the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, a master regulator of human gene expression (Diel et al., J Virol 2011, 85, 264-275). It is identified as the first nuclear inhibitor of NF-κB produced by orf virus (ORFV) and no homologues in other genera of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily have been reported to date (Diel et al., J Virol 2011, 85, 264-275). Our molecular structure predictions suggest that ORFV002 may mimic part of IκB, an inhibitor and natural human partner of NF-κB. Recent advances in total chemical synthesis of proteins have provided solutions in overcoming challenges of current recombinant methods of protein isolation for structure elucidation. Aided by Boc solid phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation, ORFV002 was successfully synthesized in multimilligram amounts in good yield and high purity.
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12
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Watkins HA, Chakravarthy M, Abhayawardana RS, Gingell JJ, Garelja M, Pardamwar M, McElhinney JMWR, Lathbridge A, Constantine A, Harris PWR, Yuen TY, Brimble MA, Barwell J, Poyner DR, Woolley MJ, Conner AC, Pioszak AA, Reynolds CA, Hay DL. Receptor Activity-modifying Proteins 2 and 3 Generate Adrenomedullin Receptor Subtypes with Distinct Molecular Properties. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11657-75. [PMID: 27013657 PMCID: PMC4882435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone with numerous effects in the vascular systems. AM signals through the AM1 and AM2 receptors formed by the obligate heterodimerization of a G protein-coupled receptor, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and receptor activity-modifying proteins 2 and 3 (RAMP2 and RAMP3), respectively. These different CLR-RAMP interactions yield discrete receptor pharmacology and physiological effects. The effective design of therapeutics that target the individual AM receptors is dependent on understanding the molecular details of the effects of RAMPs on CLR. To understand the role of RAMP2 and -3 on the activation and conformation of the CLR subunit of AM receptors, we mutated 68 individual amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of CLR, a key region for activation of AM receptors, and determined the effects on cAMP signaling. Sixteen CLR mutations had differential effects between the AM1 and AM2 receptors. Accompanying this, independent molecular modeling of the full-length AM-bound AM1 and AM2 receptors predicted differences in the binding pocket and differences in the electrostatic potential of the two AM receptors. Druggability analysis indicated unique features that could be used to develop selective small molecule ligands for each receptor. The interaction of RAMP2 or RAMP3 with CLR induces conformational variation in the juxtamembrane region, yielding distinct binding pockets, probably via an allosteric mechanism. These subtype-specific differences have implications for the design of therapeutics aimed at specific AM receptors and for understanding the mechanisms by which accessory proteins affect G protein-coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | | | - Joseph J Gingell
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | - Meenakshi Pardamwar
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - James M W R McElhinney
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lathbridge
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Constantine
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W R Harris
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tsz-Ying Yuen
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - James Barwell
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - David R Poyner
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Woolley
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex C Conner
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom,
| | - Debbie L Hay
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
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Harris PWR, Squire C, Young PG, Brimble MA. Chemical synthesis of γ-secretase activating protein using pseudoglutamines as ligation sites. Biopolymers 2016; 104:37-45. [PMID: 25523549 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of analogue of a novel γ-secretase activating protein, which may play a pivotal role in the formation of amyloid peptides, the precursor to Alzheimer's disease, is described. The linear polypeptide sequence, consisting of 121 amino acids was assembled from four unprotected peptide building blocks using a convergent ligation-based synthesis. A strategic mutation of three glutamine residues to cysteine enabled the ligations, and the cysteines were subsequently converted to pseudoglutamines, to mimic the native glutamine. The full length unfolded protein was obtained in milligram amounts and was demonstrated to be homogeneous by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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14
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Harris PWR, Brimble MA. Chemical synthesis of a polypeptide backbone derived from the primary sequence of the cancer protein NY-ESO-1 enabled by kinetically controlled ligation and pseudoprolines. Biopolymers 2016; 104:116-27. [PMID: 25656702 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cancer protein NY-ESO-1 has been shown to be one of the most promising vaccine candidates although little is known about its cellular function. Using a chemical protein strategy, the 180 amino acid polypeptide, tagged with an arginine solubilizing tail, was assembled in a convergent manner from four unprotected peptide α-thioester peptide building blocks and one cysteinyl polypeptide, which were in turn prepared by Boc and Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) respectively. To facilitate the assembly by ligation chemistries, non-native cysteines were introduced as chemical handles into the polypeptide fragments; pseudoproline dipeptides and microwave assisted Fmoc SPPS were crucial techniques to prepare the challenging hydrophobic C-terminal fragment. Three sequential kinetically controlled ligations, which exploited the reactivity between peptide arylthioesters and peptide alkylthioesters, were then used in order to assemble the more tractable N-terminal region of NY-ESO-1. The ensuing 147 residue polypeptide thioester then underwent successful final native chemical ligation with the very hydrophobic C-terminal polypeptide bearing an N-terminal cysteine affording the 186 residue polypeptide as an advanced intermediate en route to the native NY-ESO-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Yule LR, Bower RL, Kaur H, Kowalczyk R, Hay DL, Brimble MA. Synthesis and amylin receptor activity of glycomimetics of pramlintide using click chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5238-45. [PMID: 27139251 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00850j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pramlintide (Symlin®), a synthetic analogue of the neuroendocrine hormone amylin, is devoid of the tendency to form cytotoxic amyloid fibrils and is currently used in patients with type I and type II diabetes mellitus as an adjunctive therapy with insulin or insulin analogues. As part of an on-going search for a pramlintide analogue with improved pharmacokinetic properties, we herein report the synthesis of mono- and di-glycosylated analogues of pramlintide and their activity at the AMY1(a) receptor. Introduction of N-glycosylated amino acids into the pramlintide sequence afforded the native N-linked glycomimetics whilst use of Cu(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click) chemistry delivered 1,2,3-triazole linked glycomimetics. AMY1(a) receptor activity was retained by incorporation of single or multiple GlcNAc moieties at positions 21 and 35 of native pramlintide. Importantly, no difference in AMY1(a) activity was observed between native N-linked glycomimetics and 1,2,3-triazole linked glycomimetics demonstrating that the click variants can act as surrogates for the native N-glycosides in a biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Yule
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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16
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Harris PWR, Brimble MA. A comparison of Boc and Fmoc SPPS strategies for the preparation of C-terminal peptide α-thiolesters: NY-ESO-1 ³⁹Cys-⁶⁸Ala-COSR. Biopolymers 2016; 100:356-65. [PMID: 23444272 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a polypeptide derived from the cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 bearing a C-terminal α-thiolester is described. Employing tert-butyloxycarbonyl solid phase peptide synthesis the thiolester moiety was installed on-resin using a mercaptopropionic acid linker, thereby requiring no post synthetic manipulations and delivering the requisite α-thiolester polypeptide after cleavage from the resin with HF. Several 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl solid phase peptide synthesis approaches whereby the thiolester was required to be introduced in a post synthesis manner were examined concurrently. These comprised syntheses on two different "safety catch" linkers, an N-alkyl-N-acyl sulphonamide and an N-acyl benzimidazolone wherein the thiolester is generated from an activated precursor. The condensation of a mercaptan with the C-terminal carboxylate in a direct thiolesterification reaction was also examined. When using either of the three 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-based approaches, the linear polypeptide could be assembled straightforwardly on the solid phase resin; however, a thiolesterification of the C-terminal carboxyl of the fully side chain protected peptide proved to be the most effective post-assembly method for the installation of the C-terminal thiolester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Center for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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17
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Harris PWR, Hampe L, Radjainia M, Brimble MA, Mitra AK. An investigation of the role of the adiponectin variable domain on the stability of the collagen-like domain. Biopolymers 2016; 102:313-21. [PMID: 24752567 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis is described of a polypeptide construct possessing both the variable and the collagen-like domain of adiponectin, which can be used as a model system for probing the influence of the variable domain on multimerization of this important circulating hormone. Using a collagen domain repeat peptide unit derived from native adiponectin or a glutamic acid analogue was ineffective due to noncollagenous conformational properties in both cases. However, employing a collagen model peptide and linking this to the variable domain thioester peptide using native chemical ligation proved effective. The 63 residue peptide was characterized by circular dichroism and mass spectrometry which demonstrated that a collagen-like triple-helical structure was preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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18
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Yang SH, Harris PWR, Williams GM, Brimble MA. Lipidation of Cysteine or Cysteine-Containing Peptides Using the Thiol-Ene Reaction (CLipPA). European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Gates ZP, Dhayalan B, Kent SBH. Obviation of hydrogen fluoride in Boc chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis of peptide-αthioesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13979-13982. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07891e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid performs comparably to hydrogen fluoride for the on-resin global deprotection of peptides prepared by Boc chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis.
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20
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Whiting L, Stewart KW, Hay DL, Harris PW, Choong YS, Phillips ARJ, Brimble MA, Cooper GJS. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas of adult male rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12638. [PMID: 26634904 PMCID: PMC4760439 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides derived from the glucagon gene Gcg, for example, glucagon and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), act as physiological regulators of fuel metabolism and are thus of major interest in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as type‐2 diabetes and obesity, and their therapeutic management. Glicentin‐related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP) is a further, 30 amino acid Gcg‐derived peptide identified in human, mouse, rat, and pig. However, the potential glucoregulatory function of this peptide is largely unknown. Here, we synthesized rat GRPP (rGRPP) and a closely related peptide, rat GRPP‐like peptide (rGRPP‐LP), and investigated their actions in the liver and pancreas of adult male rats by employing isolated‐perfused organ preparations. Rat GRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not affect glucose output from the liver, but both elicited potent inhibition of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the rat pancreas. This action is unlikely to be mediated by glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, as rGRPP and rGRPP‐LP did not stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production from the glucagon or GLP‐1 receptors, nor did they antagonize glucagon‐ or GLP‐1‐stimulated cAMP‐production at either receptor. GRPP and GRPP‐LP may be novel regulators of insulin secretion, acting through an as‐yet undefined receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Whiting
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Kevin W Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Harris
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yee S Choong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, New Zealand Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK The Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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McIntosh JD, Brimble MA, Brooks AES, Dunbar PR, Kowalczyk R, Tomabechi Y, Fairbanks AJ. Convergent chemo-enzymatic synthesis of mannosylated glycopeptides; targeting of putative vaccine candidates to antigen presenting cells. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4636-4642. [PMID: 28717478 PMCID: PMC5500846 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) catalysed glycosylation is a powerful convergent synthetic method allowing access to glycopeptides bearing full-length N-glycan structures. Mannose-terminated N-glycan oligosaccharides, produced by either total or semi-synthesis, were converted into oxazoline donor substrates. A peptide from the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) tegument protein pp65 that incorporates a well-characterised T cell epitope, containing N-acetylglucosamine at specific Asn residues, was accessed by solid phase peptide synthesis, and used as an acceptor substrate. High-yielding enzymatic glycosylation afforded glycopeptides bearing defined homogeneous high-mannose N-glycan structures. These high-mannose containing glycopeptides were tested for enhanced targeting to human antigen presenting cells (APCs), putatively mediated via the mannose receptor, and for processing by the APCs for presentation to human CD8+ T cells specific for a 9-mer epitope within the peptide. Binding assays showed increased binding of glycopeptides to APCs compared to the non-glycosylated control. Glycopeptides bearing high-mannose N-glycan structures at a single site outside the T cell epitope were processed and presented by the APCs to allow activation of a T cell clone. However, the addition of a second glycan within the T cell epitope resulted in ablation of T cell activation. We conclude that chemo-enzymatic synthesis of mannosylated glycopeptides enhances uptake by human APCs while preserving the immunogenicity of peptide epitopes within the glycopeptides, provided those epitopes are not themselves glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Yusuke Tomabechi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch , 8140 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch , 8140 , New Zealand .
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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22
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Hampe L, Radjainia M, Xu C, Harris PWR, Bashiri G, Goldstone DC, Brimble MA, Wang Y, Mitra AK. Regulation and Quality Control of Adiponectin Assembly by Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone ERp44. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18111-18123. [PMID: 26060250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, a collagenous hormone secreted abundantly from adipocytes, possesses potent antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Mediated by the conserved Cys(39) located in the variable region of the N terminus, the trimeric (low molecular weight (LMW)) adiponectin subunit assembles into different higher order complexes, e.g. hexamers (middle molecular weight (MMW)) and 12-18-mers (high molecular weight (HMW)), the latter being mostly responsible for the insulin-sensitizing activity of adiponectin. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone ERp44 retains adiponectin in the early secretory compartment and tightly controls the oxidative state of Cys(39) and the oligomerization of adiponectin. Using cellular and in vitro assays, we show that ERp44 specifically recognizes the LMW and MMW forms but not the HMW form. Our binding assays with short peptide mimetics of adiponectin suggest that ERp44 intercepts and converts the pool of fully oxidized LMW and MMW adiponectin, but not the HMW form, into reduced trimeric precursors. These ERp44-bound precursors in the cis-Golgi may be transported back to the ER and released to enhance the population of adiponectin intermediates with appropriate oxidative state for HMW assembly, thereby underpinning the process of ERp44 quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Hampe
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 999007 Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ghader Bashiri
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 999007 Hong Kong, China
| | - Alok K Mitra
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Medini K, Harris PWR, Hards K, Dingley AJ, Cook GM, Brimble MA. Chemical Synthesis of A Pore-Forming Antimicrobial Protein, Caenopore-5, by Using Native Chemical Ligation at a Glu-Cys Site. Chembiochem 2014; 16:328-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hay DL, Harris PWR, Kowalczyk R, Brimble MA, Rathbone DL, Barwell J, Conner AC, Poyner DR. Structure-activity relationships of the N-terminus of calcitonin gene-related peptide: key roles of alanine-5 and threonine-6 in receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:415-26. [PMID: 24125506 PMCID: PMC3904261 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The N-terminus of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is important for receptor activation, especially the disulphide-bonded ring (residues 1-7). However, the roles of individual amino acids within this region have not been examined and so the molecular determinants of agonism are unknown. This study has examined the role of residues 1, 3-6 and 8-9, excluding Cys-2 and Cys-7. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CGRP derivatives were substituted with either cysteine or alanine; further residues were introduced at position 6. Their affinity was measured by radioligand binding and their efficacy by measuring cAMP production in SK-N-MC cells and β-arrestin 2 translocation in CHO-K1 cells at the CGRP receptor. KEY RESULTS Substitution of Ala-5 by cysteine reduced affinity 270-fold and reduced efficacy for production of cAMP in SK-N-MCs. Potency at β-arrestin translocation was reduced by ninefold. Substitution of Thr-6 by cysteine destroyed all measurable efficacy of both cAMP and β-arrestin responses; substitution with either alanine or serine impaired potency. Substitutions at positions 1, 4, 8 and 9 resulted in approximately 10-fold reductions in potency at both responses. Similar observations were made at a second CGRP-activated receptor, the AMY(1(a)) receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ala-5 and Thr-6 are key determinants of agonist activity for CGRP. Ala-5 is also very important for receptor binding. Residues outside of the 1-7 ring also contribute to agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Kowalczyk R, Brimble MA, Tomabechi Y, Fairbanks AJ, Fletcher M, Hay DL. Convergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of a library of glycosylated analogues of pramlintide: structure-activity relationships for amylin receptor agonism. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8142-51. [PMID: 25030939 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pramlintide (Symlin®), a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring pancreatic hormone amylin, is currently used with insulin in adjunctive therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Herein we report a systematic study into the effect that N-glycosylation of pramlintide has on activation of amylin receptors. A highly efficient convergent synthetic route, involving a combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and enzymatic glycosylation, delivered a library of N-glycosylated variants of pramlintide bearing either GlcNAc, the core N-glycan pentasaccharide [Man3(GlcNAc)2] or a complex biantennary glycan [(NeuAcGalGlcNAcMan)2Man(GlcNAc)2] at each of its six asparagine residues. The majority of glycosylated versions of pramlintide were potent receptor agonists, suggesting that N-glycosylation may be used as a tool to optimise the pharmacokinetic properties of pramlintide and so deliver improved therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kowalczyk
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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26
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Synthesis of truncated analogues of preptin-(1–16), and investigation of their ability to stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Yeung H, Harris PWR, Squire CJ, Baker EN, Brimble MA. Preparation of truncated orf virus entry fusion complex proteins by chemical synthesis. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:398-405. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yeung
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; 3A Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; 3A Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Christopher J. Squire
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; 3A Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Edward N. Baker
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; 3A Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; 3A Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; 23 Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
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28
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Harris PWR, Yang SH, Molina A, López G, Middleditch M, Brimble MA. Plant antimicrobial peptides snakin-1 and snakin-2: chemical synthesis and insights into the disulfide connectivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:5102-10. [PMID: 24644073 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins represent an important class of plant defensive compounds against pathogens and provide a rich source of lead compounds in the field of drug discovery. We describe the effective preparation of the cysteine-rich snakin-1 and -2 antimicrobial peptides by using a combination of solid-phase synthesis and native chemical ligation. A subsequent cysteine/cystine mediated oxidative folding to form the six internal disulfide bonds concurrently gave the folded proteins in 40-50 % yield. By comparative evaluation of mass spectrometry, HPLC, biological data and trypsin digest mapping of folded synthetic snakin-2 compared to natural snakin-2, we demonstrated that synthetic snakin-2 possesses full antifungal activity and displayed similar chromatographic behaviour to natural snakin-2. Trypsin digest analysis allowed tentative assignment of three of the purported six disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1142 (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 93737422; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand).
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29
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Harris PWR, Kowalczyk R, Yang SH, Williams GM, Brimble MA. An important side reaction using the thiol, 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol (DODT), in 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-based solid phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:186-90. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland; 23 Symonds St Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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30
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Dielectric Dispersion and Electric Relaxation Processes Induced by Ionic Conduction in Formamide, 2-Aminoethanol and Their Binary Mixtures. J SOLUTION CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Wright TH, Brooks AES, Didsbury AJ, MacIntosh JD, Williams GM, Harris PWR, Dunbar PR, Brimble MA. Direct peptide lipidation through thiol-ene coupling enables rapid synthesis and evaluation of self-adjuvanting vaccine candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10616-9. [PMID: 23939951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A radical lipidation: Application of a novel thiol-ene lipidation enables the one-step synthesis of self-adjuvanting antigenic peptides as vaccine candidates. The resultant monoacyl lipopeptides are shown to activate monocytes in a robust manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland Central, 1142 (New Zealand)
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32
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Wright TH, Brooks AES, Didsbury AJ, Williams GM, Harris PWR, Dunbar PR, Brimble MA. Direct Peptide Lipidation through Thiol-Ene Coupling Enables Rapid Synthesis and Evaluation of Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Williams GM, Cooper GJS, Lee K, Whiting L, Brimble MA. Synthesis of the IGF-II-like hormone vesiculin using regioselective formation of disulfide bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3145-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Hung KY, Harris PWR, Brimble MA. Synthesis of the Peptaibol Framework of the Anticancer Agent Culicinin D: Stereochemical Assignment of the AHMOD Moiety. Org Lett 2012; 14:5784-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302852q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-yuan Hung
- School of Chemical Sciences and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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35
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Controlled couplings of quinone monoacetals using reusable polystyrene-anchored specific proton catalyst. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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How to blast osteoblasts? Novel dicarba analogues of amylin-(1–8) to treat osteoporosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6011-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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A Single Pseudoproline and Microwave Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis Facilitates an Efficient Synthesis of Human Amylin 1–37. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Lee DJ, Yang SH, Williams GM, Brimble MA. Synthesis of Multivalent Neoglyconjugates of MUC1 by the Conjugation of Carbohydrate-Centered, Triazole-Linked Glycoclusters to MUC1 Peptides Using Click Chemistry. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7564-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3013435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Lee
- School of Chemical
Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23
Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical
Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23
Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- School of Chemical
Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23
Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical
Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23
Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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39
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Heapy AM, Williams GM, Fraser JD, Brimble MA. Synthesis of a dicarba analogue of human β-defensin-1 using a combined ring closing metathesis--native chemical ligation strategy. Org Lett 2012; 14:878-81. [PMID: 22239540 DOI: 10.1021/ol203407z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe the first synthesis of the native antimicrobial protein HBD-1 making use of an orthogonal thiol protection strategy and a novel dicarba analogue thereof. The robust hydrocarbon linkage was installed by replacement of one disulfide bond using on-resin ring closing metathesis. The unprecedented 59-membered C-terminal cysteine macrocyclic fragment thus formed then engages in native chemical ligation allowing convergent access to this unique synthetic protein analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Heapy
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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