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Ottaviani JI, Fong RY, Borges G, Kimball J, Ensunsa JL, Medici V, Pourshahidi LK, Kane E, Ward K, Durkan R, Dobani S, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Gill CIR, Schroeter H, Crozier A. Flavan-3-ol-methylxanthine interactions: Modulation of flavan-3-ol bioavailability in volunteers with a functional colon and an ileostomy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:1-8. [PMID: 36621554 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols, including the flavan-3-ol monomer (-)-epicatechin, are dietary bioactives known to mediate beneficial cardiovascular effects in humans. Recent studies showed that flavan-3-ols could interact with methylxanthines, evidenced by an increase in flavan-3-ol bioavailability with a concomitant increase in flavan-3-ol intake-mediated vascular effects. This study aimed at elucidating flavan-3-ol-methylxanthine interactions in humans in vivo by evaluating the specific contributions of theobromine and caffeine on flavan-3-ol bioavailability. In ileostomists, the effect of methylxanthines on the efflux of flavan-3-ol metabolites in the small intestine was assessed, a parameter important to an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of flavan-3-ols in humans. In a randomized, controlled, triple cross-over study in volunteers with a functional colon (n = 10), co-ingestion of flavan-3-ols and cocoa methylxanthines, mainly represented by theobromine, increased peak circulatory levels (Cmax) of flavan-3-ols metabolites (+21 ± 8%; p < 0.05). Conversely, caffeine did not mediate a statistically significant effect on flavan-3-ol bioavailability (Cmax = +10 ± 8%, p = n.s.). In a subsequent randomized, controlled, double cross-over study in ileostomists (n = 10), cocoa methylxanthines did not affect circulatory levels of flavan-3-ol metabolites, suggesting potential differences in flavan-3-ol bioavailability compared to volunteers with a functional colon. The main metabolite in ileal fluid was (-)-epicatechin-3'-sulfate, however, no differences in flavan-3-ol metabolites in ileal fluid were observed after flavan-3-ol intake with and without cocoa methylxanthines. Taken together, these results demonstrate a differential effect of caffeine and theobromine in modulating flavan-3-ol bioavailability when these bioactives are co-ingested. These findings should be considered when comparing the effects mediated by the intake of flavan-3-ol-containing foods and beverages and the amount and type of methylxanthines present in the ingested matrixes. Ultimately, these insights will be of value to further optimize current dietary recommendations for flavan-3-ol intake. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This work was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03526107 (study part 1, volunteers with functional colon) and NCT03765606 (study part 2, volunteers with an ileostomy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I Ottaviani
- Mars, Inc., McLean, VA, 22101, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Reedmond Y Fong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gina Borges
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jodi L Ensunsa
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Emma Kane
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karen Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rebecca Durkan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sara Dobani
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Hagen Schroeter
- Mars, Inc., McLean, VA, 22101, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Ottaviani JI, Schroeter H, Kuhnle GGC. Measuring the intake of dietary bioactives: Pitfalls and how to avoid them. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101139. [PMID: 36031430 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioactives are food constituents that, while not essential to human life, can affect health. Thus, there is increased interest in developing dietary recommendations for bioactives. Such recommendations require detailed information about the long-term association between habitual intake and health at population scale, and these can only be provided by large-scale observational studies. Nutritional epidemiology relies on the accurate estimation of intake, but currently used methods, commonly based on a 2-step process involving self-reports and food composition tables, are fraught with significant challenges and are unable to estimate the systemic presence of bioactives. Intake assessments based on nutritional biomarkers can provide an advanced alternative, but there are a number of pitfalls that need to be addressed in order to obtain reliable data on intake. Using flavan-3-ols as a case study, we highlight here key challenges and how they may be avoided. Taken together, we believe that the approaches outlined in this review can be applied to a wide range of food constituents, and doing so will improve assessments of the dietary intake of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG56 6DX, UK.
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3
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Revisiting the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols in humans: A systematic review and comprehensive data analysis. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101146. [PMID: 36207170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review summarizes findings from human studies investigating the different routes of absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion (ADME) of dietary flavan-3-ols and their circulating metabolites in healthy subjects. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science. Human intervention studies using single and/or multiple intake of flavan-3-ols from food, extracts, and pure compounds were included. Forty-nine human intervention studies met inclusion criteria. Up to 180 metabolites were quantified from blood and urine samples following intake of flavan-3-ols, mainly as phase 2 conjugates of microbial catabolites (n = 97), with phenyl-γ-valerolactones being the most representative ones (n = 34). Phase 2 conjugates of monomers and phenyl-γ-valerolactones, the main compounds in both plasma and urine, reached two peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 260 and 88 nmol/L at 1.8 and 5.3 h (Tmax) after flavan-3-ol intake. They contributed to the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols for over 20%. Mean bioavailability for flavan-3-ols was moderate (31 ± 23%, n bioavailability values = 20), and it seems to be scarcely affected by the amount of ingested compounds. While intra- and inter-source differences in flavan-3-ol bioavailability emerged, mean flavan-3-ol bioavailability was 82% (n = 1) and 63% (n = 2) after (-)-epicatechin and nut (hazelnuts, almonds) intake, respectively, followed by 25% after consumption of tea (n = 7), cocoa (n = 5), apples (n = 3) and grape (n = 2). This highlights the need to better clarify the metabolic yield with which monomer flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins are metabolized in humans. This work clarified in a comprehensive way for the first time the ADME of a (poly)phenol family, highlighting the pool of circulating compounds that might be determinants of the putative beneficial effects linked to flavan-3-ol intake. Lastly, methodological inputs for implementing well-designed human and experimental model studies were provided.
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Fong RY, Kuhnle GGC, Crozier A, Schroeter H, Ottaviani JI. Validation of a high-throughput method for the quantification of flavanol and procyanidin biomarkers and methylxanthines in plasma by UPLC-MS. Food Funct 2021; 12:7762-7772. [PMID: 34231610 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional biomarkers are critical tools to objectively assess intake of nutrients and other compounds from the diet. In this context, it is essential that suitable analytical methods are available for the accurate quantification of biomarkers in large scale studies. Recently, structurally-related (-)-epicatechin metabolites (SREMs) and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone metabolites (gVLMs) were identified as biomarkers of intake of flavanols and procyanidins, a group of polyphenol bioactives. This study aimed at validating a high throughput method for the quantification of SREMs and gVLMs in plasma along with methylxanthines (MXs), dietary compounds known to interact with flavanol and procyanidin effects. To accomplish this, a full set of authentic analytical standards were used to optimize a micro solid phase extraction method for sample preparation coupled to HPLC-MS detection. Isotopically-labelled standards for all analytes were included to correct potential matrix effects on quantification. Average accuracies of 101%, 93% and 103% were obtained, respectively, for SREMs, gVLMs and MXs. Intra- and inter-day repeatability values were <15%. The method showed linear responses for all analytes (>0.993). Most SREMs and gVLMs had limits of quantifications <5 nM while limits of quantification of MXs were 0.2 μM. All analytes were stable under different tested processing conditions. Finally, the method proved to be suitable to assess SREMs, gVLMs and MXs in plasma collected after single acute and daily intake of cocoa-derived test materials. Overall, this method proved to be a valid analytical tool for high throughput quantification of flavanol and procyanidin biomarkers and methylxanthines in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reedmond Y Fong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Docampo-Palacios ML, Alvarez-Hernández A, de Fátima Â, Lião LM, Pasinetti GM, Dixon RA. Efficient Chemical Synthesis of (Epi)catechin Glucuronides: Brain-Targeted Metabolites for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30095-30110. [PMID: 33251444 PMCID: PMC7689943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grape seed extract (GSE) is rich in flavonoids and has been recognized to possess human health benefits. Our group and others have demonstrated that GSE is able to attenuate the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, our results have disclosed that the anti-Alzheimer's benefits are not directly/solely related to the dietary flavonoids themselves, but rather to their metabolites, particularly to the glucuronidated ones. To facilitate the understanding of regioisomer/stereoisomer-specific biological effects of (epi)catechin glucuronides, we here describe a concise chemical synthesis of authentic standards of catechin and epicatechin metabolites 3-12. The synthesis of glucuronides 9 and 12 is described here for the first time. The key reactions employed in the synthesis of the novel glucuronides 9 and 12 include the regioselective methylation of the 4'-hydroxyl group of (epi)catechin (≤1.0/99.0%; 3'-OMe/4'-OMe) and the regioselective deprotection of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) group at position 5 (yielding up to 79%) over the others (3, 7 and 3' or 4').
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite L. Docampo-Palacios
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
- . Phone: +1-214-601-5892. Fax: +1-580-224-6692
| | - Anislay Alvarez-Hernández
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- Institute
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department
of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
- . Phone: +1-940-565-2308
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Ottaviani JI, Fong RY, Borges G, Schroeter H, Crozier A. Use of LC-MS for the quantitative analysis of (poly)phenol metabolites does not necessarily yield accurate results: Implications for assessing existing data and conducting future research. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:97-103. [PMID: 29870748 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived, dietary (poly)phenols have potential effects on disease-risk reduction and primary disease prevention. The characterization of (poly)phenol absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) is recognized as crucial step to further advance nutritional and biomedical research of these compounds; and given that (poly)phenols are extensively metabolized after ingestion, accurate assessments of their in vivo metabolites is required. It has become common practice to use unmetabolized parent compounds as reference standards when quantifying (poly)phenol metabolites by LC-MS, although little is known about the accuracy of this approach. To investigate this situation with routinely used LC-MS conditions, the signal yielded by the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin was compared to those of authentic standards of its phase II and microbiota-derived metabolites. The results obtained revealed underestimations up to 94% and overestimations up to 113% of individual epicatechin metabolites. Inaccurate quantitative estimates were also obtained when phase II metabolites of other (poly)phenols were quantified by reference to their unmetabolized parent compounds. This demonstrates the importance of using structurally-identical authentic metabolites as reference compounds when quantifying (poly)phenol metabolites by LC-MS. This is of importance, not just to the accuracy of ADME studies, but for the identification and validation of (poly)phenol metabolites as biomarkers of intake in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I Ottaviani
- Mars Inc., McLean, VA 22101, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reedmond Y Fong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gina Borges
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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8
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Ottaviani JI, Heiss C, Spencer JP, Kelm M, Schroeter H. Recommending flavanols and procyanidins for cardiovascular health: Revisited. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Borges G, Ottaviani JI, van der Hooft JJ, Schroeter H, Crozier A. Absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of (−)-epicatechin: A review of recent findings. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Borges G, van der Hooft JJJ, Crozier A. A comprehensive evaluation of the [2- 14C](-)-epicatechin metabolome in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:128-138. [PMID: 27495388 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Following ingestion of [2-14C](-)-epicatechin by rats, radioactivity in urine, feces, body fluids and tissues collected over a 72h period, was measured and 14C-metabolites were analyzed by HPLC-MS2 with a radioactivity monitor. In total 78% of the ingested radioactivity was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and then rapidly eliminated from the circulatory system via renal excretion. A peak plasma concentration occurred 1h after intake corresponding to ~0.7% of intake. Low amounts of radioactivity, <2% of intake, appeared transiently in body tissues. Glucuronidation and methylation of (-)-epicatechin began in the duodenum but occurred more extensively in the jejunum/ileum. Radioactivity reaching the cecum after 6-12h was predominantly in the form of the ring fission metabolites 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-hydroxyvaleric acid along with smaller amounts of their phase II metabolites. Low levels of metabolites were detected in the colon. Of the ingested radioactivity, 19% was voided in feces principally as ring-fission metabolites. The main components in plasma were (-)-epicatechin-5-O-glucuronide and 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-5-O-glucuronide with small amounts of (-)-epicatechin, 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin, 5-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-hydroxyvaleric acid-4'-glucuronide and hippuric acid also being detected. No oxidized products of (-)-epicatechin were detected. No compelling evidence was obtained for biliary recycling of metabolites. The findings demonstrate substantial differences in the metabolism of (-)-epicatechin by rats and humans. Caution should, therefore, be exercised when using animal models to draw conclusions about effects induced by (-)-epicatechin intake in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Borges
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Crozier
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Ottaviani JI, Borges G, Momma TY, Spencer JPE, Keen CL, Crozier A, Schroeter H. The metabolome of [2-(14)C](-)-epicatechin in humans: implications for the assessment of efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of polyphenolic bioactives. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29034. [PMID: 27363516 PMCID: PMC4929566 DOI: 10.1038/srep29034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is a major life style factor affecting human health, thus emphasizing the need for evidence-based dietary guidelines for primary disease prevention. While current recommendations promote intake of fruit and vegetables, we have limited understanding of plant-derived bioactive food constituents other than those representing the small number of essential nutrients and minerals. This limited understanding can be attributed to some extent to a lack of fundamental data describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of bioactive compounds. Consequently, we selected the flavanol (−)-epicatechin (EC) as an example of a widely studied bioactive food constituent and investigated the ADME of [2-14C](−)-epicatechin (300 μCi, 60 mg) in humans (n = 8). We demonstrated that 82 ± 5% of ingested EC was absorbed. We also established pharmacokinetic profiles and identified and quantified >20 different metabolites. The gut microbiome proved to be a key driver of EC metabolism. Furthermore, we noted striking species-dependent differences in the metabolism of EC, an insight with significant consequences for investigating the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of EC. These differences need to be considered when assessing the safety of EC intake in humans. We also identified a potential biomarker for the objective assessment of EC intake that could help to strengthen epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gina Borges
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tony Y Momma
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy P E Spencer
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Carl L Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Sharma PK, Romanczyk LJ, Kondaveti L, Reddy B, Arumugasamy J, Lombardy R, Gou Y, Schroeter H. Total Synthesis of Proanthocyanidin A1, A2, and Their Stereoisomers. Org Lett 2015; 17:2306-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Sharma
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials & Pharma Services, Devens, Massachusetts 01434, United States
| | - Leo J. Romanczyk
- MARS Incorporated, 6885
Elm Street, McLean, Virginia 22101, United States
| | - Leelakrishna Kondaveti
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials & Pharma Services, Devens, Massachusetts 01434, United States
| | - Bollu Reddy
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials & Pharma Services, Devens, Massachusetts 01434, United States
| | - Jeeva Arumugasamy
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials & Pharma Services, Devens, Massachusetts 01434, United States
| | - Richard Lombardy
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials & Pharma Services, Devens, Massachusetts 01434, United States
| | - Yanni Gou
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Materials & Pharma Services, Devens, Massachusetts 01434, United States
| | - Hagen Schroeter
- MARS Incorporated, 6885
Elm Street, McLean, Virginia 22101, United States
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13
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Claude S, Boby C, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JPE, Gérard N, Morand C, Milenkovic D. Flavanol metabolites reduce monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through modulation of expression of genes via p38-MAPK and p65-Nf-kB pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1016-27. [PMID: 24425450 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Consumption of flavanol-rich foods is associated with an improvement in endothelial function. However, the specific biologically active flavanol metabolites involved in this benefit, as well as their molecular mechanisms of action have not been identified. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of plasma flavanol metabolites on adhesion of monocytes to TNF-α-activated endothelial cells and identify potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS 4'-O-methyl(-)-epicatechin, 4'-O-methyl(-)-epicatechin-7-β-d-glucuronide, and (-)-epicatechin-4'-sulfate decreased the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells at physiologically relevant concentrations, from 0.2 to 1 μM. Transcriptomic studies showed that each of the flavanol metabolites affected the expression of different genes in endothelial cells. However, these genes are involved in the cellular processes that control adhesion and migration of monocytes to vascular endothelium, most notably those regulating cell adhesion, cell-cell junctions, focal adhesion, and cytoskeleton remodeling. Gene expression profiles obtained suggest lower monocyte recruitment, in agreement with results from cell adhesion assays. The nutrigenomic effect of metabolites seems to be mediated through their capacity to modulate phosphorylation of p65 and p38 cell-signaling proteins. CONCLUSION Our study provides findings into the molecular mechanisms by which plasma flavanol metabolites could be efficient to preserve vascular endothelium integrity in nutritionally relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Claude
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Ramulu BV, Mahendar L, Krishna J, Reddy AGK, Suchand B, Satyanarayana G. Transition metals catalyzed C–C and C–O bonds formation: facile synthesis of flavans and benzoxepines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Zhang M, Erik Jagdmann G, Van Zandt M, Beckett P, Schroeter H. Enantioselective synthesis of orthogonally protected (2R,3R)-(−)-epicatechin derivatives, key intermediates in the de novo chemical synthesis of (−)-epicatechin glucuronides and sulfates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Zhang M, Jagdmann GE, Van Zandt M, Sheeler R, Beckett P, Schroeter H. Chemical synthesis and characterization of epicatechin glucuronides and sulfates: bioanalytical standards for epicatechin metabolite identification. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:157-69. [PMID: 23356946 DOI: 10.1021/np300568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The monoglucuronides and sulfates of epicatechin, 3'-O-methylepicatechin, and 4'-O-methylepicatechin, respectively, were synthesized as authentic bioanalytical standards. Reversed-phase HPLC methods capable of baseline separation of the glucuronides and sulfates have been developed. Both the epicatechin glucuronides and sulfates were stable in the solid state when stored under ambient conditions and in aqueous solution when stored refrigerated. These results should prove invaluable to the research community as analytical standards as well as in future studies of the biological and pharmacological effects of epicatechin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, 23 Business Park Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
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Lin G, Chang L, Liu Y, Xiang Z, Chen J, Yang Z. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of (+)-Gallocatechin, (−)-Epigallocatechin, and 8-C-Ascorbyl-(−)-epigallocatechin. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:700-4. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201201168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lee JH, Oh CH. ChemoselectiveO-Benzylation of the Propargylic Hydroxy Group in Polyols. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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van der Hooft JJJ, de Vos RCH, Mihaleva V, Bino RJ, Ridder L, de Roo N, Jacobs DM, van Duynhoven JPM, Vervoort J. Structural elucidation and quantification of phenolic conjugates present in human urine after tea intake. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7263-71. [PMID: 22827565 DOI: 10.1021/ac3017339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In dietary polyphenol exposure studies, annotation and identification of urinary metabolites present at low (micromolar) concentrations are major obstacles. To determine the biological activity of specific components, it is necessary to have the correct structures and the quantification of the polyphenol-derived conjugates present in the human body. We present a procedure for identification and quantification of metabolites and conjugates excreted in human urine after single bolus intake of black or green tea. A combination of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) preparation step and two high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based analytical platforms was used, namely, accurate mass fragmentation (HPLC-FTMS(n)) and mass-guided SPE-trapping of selected compounds for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) measurements (HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-NMR). HPLC-FTMS(n) analysis led to the annotation of 138 urinary metabolites, including 48 valerolactone and valeric acid conjugates. By combining the results from MS(n) fragmentation with the one-dimensional (1D)-(1)H NMR spectra of HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-trapped compounds, we elucidated the structures of 36 phenolic conjugates, including the glucuronides of 3',4'-di- and 3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone, three urolithin glucuronides, and indole-3-acetic acid glucuronide. We also obtained 26 h-quantitative excretion profiles for specific valerolactone conjugates. The combination of the HPLC-FTMS(n) and HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-NMR platforms results in the efficient identification and quantification of less abundant phenolic conjugates down to nanomoles of trapped amounts of metabolite corresponding to micromolar metabolite concentrations in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J J van der Hooft
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Romanov-Michailidis F, Viton F, Fumeaux R, Lévèques A, Actis-Goretta L, Rein M, Williamson G, Barron D. Epicatechin B-ring conjugates: first enantioselective synthesis and evidence for their occurrence in human biological fluids. Org Lett 2012; 14:3902-5. [PMID: 22799566 DOI: 10.1021/ol3016463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first enantioselective total synthesis of a number of biologically relevant (-)-epicatechin conjugates is described. The success of this synthesis relied on (i) optimized conditions for the stereospecific cyclization step leading to the catechin C ring; on (ii) efficient conjugation reactions; and on (iii) optimized deprotection sequences. These standard compounds have been subsequently used to elucidate for the first time the pattern of (-)-epicatechin conjugates present in four different human biological fluids following (-)-epicatechin absorption.
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Suchand B, Krishna J, Venkat Ramulu B, Dibyendu D, Gopi Krishna Reddy A, Mahendar L, Satyanarayana G. An efficient intermolecular [Pd]-catalyzed C–C and intramolecular [Cu]-catalyzed C–O bonds formation: synthesis of functionalized flavans and benzoxepine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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