1
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K S S, S A, V S S. Fragment-Based Design and Synthesis of Symmetrical bis-Peptidotriazoles Using Alkylidene bis-Amide Formations and Subsequent Triazole Ligation with β-Acetamido Carbonyl Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9198-9209. [PMID: 38865691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A novel and efficient fragment-based assembly of symmetrical bis-peptidotraizoles has been developed based on double Sharpless azide-alkyne click chemistry. A new Cu(II) catalyzed protocol with a wide substrate scope was developed for accessing the symmetrical alkylidene bis-azidoamide fragment that yields the products in very good yields at room temperature without employing column purifications. The propargylated β-acetamido ketone fragment was accessed using another Cu(II) catalyzed room temperature MCR protocol. A fast double-click reaction (2 h) of symmetrical alkylidene bis-azidoamides with propargylated β-acetamido ketone fragments leads to the formation of unusual symmetrical bis-peptidotriazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini K S
- Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Calicut 673008, Kerala State,India
| | - Arun S
- Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Thrissur 680125, Kerala State, India
| | - Shinu V S
- Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Calicut 673008, Kerala State,India
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2
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Advances in the Synthesis of Fused 1,2,3-Triazoles via a MCR-Intramolecular Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Approach. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010308. [PMID: 36615500 PMCID: PMC9821980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review narrates several reports which deal with the synthesis of fused 1,2,3-triazole containing scaffolds following a sequential multicomponent reaction (MCR)-intramolecular azide-alkyne cycloaddition (IAAC) approach. The reviewed reactions were cleverly designed so as to incorporate azide and alkyne functionalities in the MCR product which was then subjected to IAAC. The review is divided into two sections based on the number of components in the multicomponent reaction. We have aimed at a critical discussion and also have highlighted either advantages or disadvantages of each methodology.
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Maftei CV, Franz MH, Kleeberg C, Neda I. New Members of the Cinchona Alkaloids Family: Assembly of the Triazole Heterocycle at the 6' Position. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113357. [PMID: 34199504 PMCID: PMC8199664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The substance class of the well-known Cinchona alkaloids is widened by 6′-Amino-cinchonine and 6′-Amino-cinchonidine, novel compounds which incorporate a primary amino function in the quinolinic ring system. These key intermediates open the field for a range of fruitful chemistry. Here is described a short and direct pathway for the synthesis of triazole containing derivatives of the above-mentioned substances using the [3 + 2] Huisgen cycloaddition. For this purpose, the amines were first converted into the corresponding azides. Based on this, non-substituted and silyl-protected triazoles were synthesized as examples. Furthermore, didehydrated derivatives of quincorine and quincoridine were used as addition partners, resulting in compounds that carry the quinuclidine ring of the cinchona alkaloids at both ends. Some of these compounds were examined radiographically to investigate the position of the quinuclidine ring to the triazole. The solid-state structures of compounds 10, 11 and 28 were determined by X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Heiko Franz
- InnoChemTech GmbH, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.V.M.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität ‘Carola-Wilhelmina’ Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ion Neda
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität ‘Carola-Wilhelmina’ Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Mortensen KT, Osberger TJ, King TA, Sore HF, Spring DR. Strategies for the Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Macrocycles. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10288-10317. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim T. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Thomas J. Osberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Thomas A. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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5
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Abstract
This Review is devoted to the chemistry of macrocyclic peptides having heterocyclic fragments in their structure. These motifs are present in many natural products and synthetic macrocycles designed against a particular biochemical target. Thiazole and oxazole are particularly common constituents of naturally occurring macrocyclic peptide molecules. This frequency of occurrence is because the thiazole and oxazole rings originate from cysteine, serine, and threonine residues. Whereas other heteroaryl groups are found less frequently, they offer many insightful lessons that range from conformational control to receptor/ligand interactions. Many options to develop new and improved technologies to prepare natural products have appeared in recent years, and the synthetic community has been pursuing synthetic macrocycles that have no precedent in nature. This Review attempts to summarize progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Smolyar
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
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6
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Vroemans R, Bamba F, Winters J, Thomas J, Jacobs J, Van Meervelt L, John J, Dehaen W. Sequential Ugi reaction/base-induced ring closing/IAAC protocol toward triazolobenzodiazepine-fused diketopiperazines and hydantoins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:626-633. [PMID: 29623124 PMCID: PMC5870159 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A practical three-step protocol for the assembly of triazolobenzodiazepine-fused diketopiperazines and hydantoins has been developed. The synthesis of these tetracyclic ring systems was initiated by an Ugi reaction, which brought together all necessary functionalities for further transformations. The Ugi adducts were then subjected to a base-induced ring closing and an intramolecular azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction in succession to obtain highly fused benzodiazepine frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Vroemans
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fante Bamba
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, UFR Sciences des Structures de la Matiere et de Technologie, Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Ivory Coast
| | - Jonas Winters
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joice Thomas
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Jacobs
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jubi John
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Abstract
The synthesis and utilization of all carbon-chain 'carbocontiguous' azidoalkynyl precursors for an intramolecular click reaction is described. The substrates contain both azidoalkyl and ethynylmethyl groups which are conjoined by a 2-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole lynchpin and are suitably disposed for ring closure. On promotion by copper salts, a number of cyclic click products having the 1,4-disubstituted endo-fused triazole component and the 4,5-diphenyloxazole component are obtained. In one case, removal of the phenylsulfonylmethyl group from the substrate prior to cyclization gave the 1,5-disubstituted exo-fused triazole. The utilization of CuSO4/sodium ascorbate system appears to be the optimal conditions for closure/cyclization and afforded the cyclized products in yields of 84-95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin C Patil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292 USA
| | - Frederick A Luzzio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292 USA
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“MCR-Click” synthesis of coumarin-tagged macrocycles with large Stokes shift values and cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Thasnim P, Bahulayan D. Click-on fluorescent triazolyl coumarin peptidomimetics as inhibitors of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02712e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A fluorogenic click reaction which enables the formation of fluorescent and bioactive triazolylcoumarinsviaa photoinduced electron transfer process is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thasnim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Malappuram 673635
- India
| | - D. Bahulayan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Malappuram 673635
- India
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10
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Singh MS, Chowdhury S, Koley S. Advances of azide-alkyne cycloaddition-click chemistry over the recent decade. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Jithin Raj P, Bahulayan D. An efficient click-multicomponent strategy for the diversity oriented synthesis of 15–18 membered macrocyclic peptidomimetic fluorophores. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Batool T, Rasool N, Gull Y, Noreen M, Nasim FUH, Yaqoob A, Zubair M, Rana UA, Khan SUD, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZE. A convenient method for the synthesis of (prop-2-ynyloxy)benzene derivatives via reaction with propargyl bromide, their optimization, scope and biological evaluation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115457. [PMID: 25545159 PMCID: PMC4278708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly convenient method has been developed for the synthesis of (prop-2-ynyloxy) benzene and its derivatives. Differently substituted phenol and aniline derivatives were allowed to react with propargyl bromide in the presence of K2CO3 base and acetone as solvent. The compounds were synthesized in good yields (53–85%). Low cost, high yields and easy availability of compounds helped in the synthesis. Electron withdrawing groups favor the formation of stable phenoxide ion thus in turn favors the formation of product while electron donating groups do not favor the reaction. Phenol derivatives gave good yields as compared to that of aniline. As aprotic polar solvents favor SN2 type reactions so acetone provided best solvation for the reactions. K2CO3 was proved to be good for the synthesis. Antibacterial, Antiurease and NO scavenging activity of synthesized compounds were also examined. 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzene 2a was found most active compound against urease enzyme with a percentage inhibition of 82.00±0.09 at 100 µg/mL with IC50 value of 60.2. 2-bromo-4-methyl-1-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzene 2d was found potent antibacterial against Bacillus subtillus showing excellent inhibitory action with percentage inhibition of 55.67±0.26 at 100 µg/ml wih IC50 value of 79.9. Based on results, it can be concluded that some of the synthesized compounds may have potential antiurease and antibacterial effects against several harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaza Batool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (NR); (HJ)
| | - Yasmeen Gull
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mnaza Noreen
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Asma Yaqoob
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Rana
- Deanship of scientific research, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Deanship of scientific research, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (NR); (HJ)
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13
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Soumya T, Thasnim P, Bahulayan D. Step-economic and cost effective synthesis of coumarin based blue emitting fluorescent dyes. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Sheng W, Sheng S, Zeng J, Huang Z, Cai M. Four-Component, One-Pot Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles Bearing 1-(2-Phenylselenocyclohexyl) Group. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Normal University; Jiangxi Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Shouri Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Normal University; Jiangxi Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangbo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Normal University; Jiangxi Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Normal University; Jiangxi Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Normal University; Jiangxi Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
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15
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Mendoza-Espinosa D, Negron-Silva GE, Lomas-Romero L, Gutierrez-Carrillo A, Santillán R. Pseudo-four component synthesis of mono- and di-benzylated-1,2,3-triazoles derived from aniline. Molecules 2013; 19:55-66. [PMID: 24362625 PMCID: PMC6270711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudo-four component click synthesis of dibenzylated 1,2,3-triazoles derived from aniline is reported. The cycloaddition of sodium azide to N-(prop-2-ynyl)-benzenamine (I) in the presence of equimolar amounts of p-substituted benzyl derivatives, yields a mixture of mono- and dibenzylated 1,2,3-triazoles. When two equivalents of the benzyl derivative are added to the multicomponent reaction, the selective preparation of the dibenzylated compounds is achieved. The reactivity of the aniline N-H bond in monobenzylated 1,2,3-triazoles was tested by treatment with one equivalent of a p-substituted benzyl chloride at 40 °C, rendering the dibenzylated derivatives quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mendoza-Espinosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Avenida San Pablo No. 180, C.P. 02200, México D.F., Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Guillermo E. Negron-Silva
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Avenida San Pablo No. 180, C.P. 02200, México D.F., Mexico; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-55-5318-9593; Fax: +52-55-5318-9000
| | - Leticia Lomas-Romero
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, C.P. 09340, México D.F., Mexico; E-Mails: (L.L.-R.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Atilano Gutierrez-Carrillo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, C.P. 09340, México D.F., Mexico; E-Mails: (L.L.-R.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Rosa Santillán
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV-IPN, Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México D.F., Mexico; E-Mail:
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A Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction and ‘Click Strategy’ for the Stereoselective Synthesis of a New Series of Oxazolone Peptidomimetics withα-Acylamino Amide andβ-Amido Ketone Structures. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Balan B, Bahulayan D. Facile and Rapid Green Route for the Synthesis of Privileged Peptidotriazoles Based on Oxazolonic Acids by Click Fragment Assembly. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biny Balan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut
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18
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Mekky AEM, Ahmed AAM, Elwahy AHM. An Efficient Synthesis of Novel Benzo-Fused Macrocyclic Dilactams. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Gao L, Xia S, Wu N, Tao S, Feng Y, Rong L. Efficient Preparation of 5-Amino-4-cyano-N-(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)-3-aryl-2,3-dihydrothiophene-2-carboxamide Derivatives Without Using Any Other Catalysts. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.721919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijiu Gao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Sheng Xia
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Nan Wu
- b Department of Aviation Oil and Material , Xuzhou Airforce College , Xuzhou , China
| | - Shimin Tao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Youjian Feng
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Liangce Rong
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , China
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Yu X, Sun D. Macrocyclic drugs and synthetic methodologies toward macrocycles. Molecules 2013; 18:6230-68. [PMID: 23708234 PMCID: PMC4374646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. So far, a large number of macrocyclic natural products have been isolated and synthesized. The construction of macrocycles is generally considered as a crucial and challenging step in the synthesis of macrocyclic natural products. Over the last several decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken toward the synthesis of complex naturally occurring macrocycles and great progresses have been made to advance the field of total synthesis. The commonly used synthetic methodologies toward macrocyclization include macrolactonization, macrolactamization, transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling, ring-closing metathesis, and click reaction, among others. Selected recent examples of macrocyclic synthesis of natural products and druglike macrocycles with significant biological relevance are highlighted in each class. The primary goal of this review is to summarize currently used macrocyclic drugs, highlight the therapeutic potential of this underexplored drug class and outline the general synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; E-Mail:
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Lei Y, Wu B, Yang XJ. Activation of alkynes by an α-diimine-stabilized Al–Al-bonded compound: insertion into the Al–Al bond or cycloaddition to AlN2C2 rings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4546-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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23
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Sokolova NV, Nenajdenko VG. Recent advances in the Cu(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition: focus on functionally substituted azides and alkynes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42482k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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