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Sudarshan K, Yarlagadda S, Sengupta S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diarylheptanoids. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400380. [PMID: 38744677 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for synthesizing biologically important natural products, medicinal chemists embark on an endless journey. This review focuses on the reports published towards the syntheses of diarylheptanoids, classifying them into linear, tetrahydropyran, diarylether, and biphenyl categories. The synthesis methods for each class from 2013 to 2023 are discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the field. Representative natural product examples are highlighted for each category. The review emphasizes the importance of diarylheptanoids in the realms of chemistry and medicine, showcasing their potential as valuable compounds for medicinal and synthetic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasireddy Sudarshan
- Kasireddy Sudarshan, Suresh Yarlagadda, Sagnik Sengupta, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907, USA
| | - Suresh Yarlagadda
- Kasireddy Sudarshan, Suresh Yarlagadda, Sagnik Sengupta, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907, USA
| | - Sagnik Sengupta
- Kasireddy Sudarshan, Suresh Yarlagadda, Sagnik Sengupta, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907, USA
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2
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Microwave-Assisted Cu-Catalyzed Diaryletherification for Facile Synthesis of Bioactive Prenylated Diresorcinols. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010062. [PMID: 36615257 PMCID: PMC9821922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated diresorcinols exhibit various bioactivities, including cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Therefore, establishing facile and efficient synthetic routes for prenylated diresorcinols facilitates their development as chemical probes or drugs with a novel mode of action. In this study, microwave-assisted copper catalysis was explored as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the cross-coupling of sterically hindered ortho-prenylated phenols and aryl halides to produce bioactive prenylated diresorcinols, diorcinol I and leotiomycene B. Notable advantages of microwave-assisted catalysis include not only operational simplicity and rapid heating but also shorter reaction times and higher chemical yields. In addition, highly regioselective prenylation of phenol was achieved for the preparation of ortho-prenyl phenol via directed lithiation and subsequent alkylation. This study provides valuable insights for the preparation of other bioactive prenylated diresorcinols. Furthermore, considering that prenylated benzenoids are biosynthetic precursors of various polycyclic natural products, this synthetic route could be expanded to more complex bioactive compounds possessing diaryl ethers.
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Recent green synthetic approaches toward Ullmann reaction: a review. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Drugs and Microwave-Assisted and/or Solid-Supported Synthesis of Macrocycles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031012. [PMID: 35164274 PMCID: PMC8839925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles represent attractive candidates in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Since 2014, nineteen macrocyclic drugs, including three radiopharmaceuticals, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, cancer, obesity, immunosuppression, etc. As such, new synthetic methodologies and high throughput chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase synthesis) to access various macrocycle entities have attracted great interest in this chemical space. This article serves as an update on our previous review related to macrocyclic drugs and new synthetic strategies toward macrocycles (Molecules, 2013, 18, 6230). In this work, I first reviewed recent FDA-approved macrocyclic drugs since 2014, followed by new advances in macrocycle synthesis using high throughput chemistry, including microwave-assisted and/or solid-supported macrocyclization strategies. Examples and highlights of macrocyclization include macrolactonization and macrolactamization, transition-metal catalyzed olefin ring-closure metathesis, intramolecular C–C and C–heteroatom cross-coupling, copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, intramolecular SNAr or SN2 nucleophilic substitution, condensation reaction, and multi-component reaction-mediated macrocyclization, and covering the literature since 2010.
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Recent Advancement of Ullmann Condensation Coupling Reaction in the Formation of Aryl-Oxygen (C-O) Bonding by Copper-Mediated Catalyst. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed chemical transformation of organic electrophiles and organometallic reagents belong to the most important cross coupling reaction in organic synthesis. The biaryl ether division is not only popular in natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals but also widely found in many pesticides, polymers, and ligands. Copper catalyst has received great attention owing to the low toxicity and low cost. However, traditional Ullmann-type couplings suffer from limited substrate scopes and harsh reaction conditions. The introduction of homogeneous copper catalyst with presence of bidentate ligands over the past two decades has totally changed this situation as these ligands enable the reaction promoted in mild condition. The reaction scope has also been greatly expanded, rendering this copper-based cross-coupling attractive for both academia and industry. In this review, we will highlight the latest progress in the development of useful homogeneous copper catalyst with presence of ligand and heterogeneous copper catalyst in Ullmann type C-O cross-coupling reaction. Additionally, the application of Ullmann type C-O cross coupling reaction will be discussed.
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Schütz R, Meixner M, Antes I, Bracher F. A modular approach to the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids tetrandrine and isotetrandrine. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3047-3068. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A modular short-step synthesis of the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids tetrandrine and isotetrandrine was developed employingN-acyl-Pictet–Spengler reaction and Ullman diaryl ether synthesis as central steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Schütz
- Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research
- Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - Maximilian Meixner
- TUM School of Life Sciences
- Technical University Munich
- 85354 Freising
- Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- TUM School of Life Sciences
- Technical University Munich
- 85354 Freising
- Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research
- Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
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7
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Park S, Kim SH, Jeong JH, Shin D. Total synthesis of giffonin H by fluoride-catalyzed macrocyclization. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
First total synthesis of giffonin H, a highly strained 15-membered macrocyclic diaryl ether, has been achieved. Key steps include Ullmann cross coupling, (Z)-selective Julia–Kocienski olefination, and fluoride-mediated macrocyclization of TMS-alkyne and aldehyde. The strategy used for macrocyclization is an unprecedented and unique synthetic approach for cyclic diarylheptanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- CHA University
- Pocheon-si
- South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy
- Yonsei University
- Incheon 21983
- South Korea
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy
- Gachon University
- Incheon 21936
- South Korea
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Maurent K, Vanucci-Bacqué C, Baltas M, Nègre-Salvayre A, Augé N, Bedos-Belval F. Synthesis and biological evaluation of diarylheptanoids as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:289-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Jiang B, Zhao M, Li SS, Xu YH, Loh TP. Macrolide Synthesis through Intramolecular Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Shu-Sen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis; Jiangsu National Synergetic, Innovation Center for Advanced Materials; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637616 Singapore
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10
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Jiang B, Zhao M, Li SS, Xu YH, Loh TP. Macrolide Synthesis through Intramolecular Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:555-559. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Shu-Sen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials); University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis; Jiangsu National Synergetic, Innovation Center for Advanced Materials; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637616 Singapore
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Maurent K, Vanucci-Bacqué C, Saffon-Merceron N, Baltas M, Bedos-Belval F. Total Synthesis of Tedarene A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1623-1630. [PMID: 28463511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tedarene A is a macrocyclic diaryl ether heptanoid isolated from the marine sponge Tedania ignis showing an inhibitory effect against nitric oxide production. The first total synthesis of tedarene A was achieved starting from the commercially available 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol in nine steps and 15.3% overall yield. The synthetic sequence featured an E,Z-dienic bond introduction and a macrocyclization under Ullman conditions. During the synthesis, the E,E-isomer of tedarene A was also obtained and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Maurent
- UMR CNRS 5068, LSPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier , 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062 Cedex 9, France
| | - Corinne Vanucci-Bacqué
- UMR CNRS 5068, LSPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier , 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062 Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, ICT FR 2599, Université Paul Sabatier , Toulouse III, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Baltas
- UMR CNRS 5068, LSPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier , 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062 Cedex 9, France
| | - Florence Bedos-Belval
- UMR CNRS 5068, LSPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier , 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062 Cedex 9, France
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12
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Evano G, Wang J, Nitelet A. Metal-mediated C–O bond forming reactions in natural product synthesis. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00671c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metal catalyzed reactions for the formation of C(sp2)–O bonds have had a dramatic impact in natural product synthesis. They have enabled the emergence of new bond disconnections, which notably resulted in remarkably efficient and short synthetic pathways. The use of these reactions for the formation of C–O bonds in natural product synthesis is overviewed in this critical review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Antoine Nitelet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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13
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14
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Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of macrocyclic diarylheptanoid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4070-6. [PMID: 27406794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other problematic bacterial pathogens, continue to pose a significant threat to global public health. As such, new chemotype antibacterial agents are desperately needed to fuel and strengthen the antibacterial drug discovery and development pipeline. As part of our antibacterial research program to develop natural product-inspired new antibacterial agents, here we report synthesis, antibacterial evaluation, and structure-activity relationship studies of an extended chemical library of macrocyclic diarylheptanoids with diverse amine, amide, urea, and sulfonamide functionalities. Results of this study have produced macrocyclic geranylamine and 4-fluorophenethylamine substituted derivatives, exhibiting moderate to good activity against M. tuberculosis and selected Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.
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Driowya M, Saber A, Marzag H, Demange L, Bougrin K, Benhida R. Microwave-Assisted Syntheses of Bioactive Seven-Membered, Macro-Sized Heterocycles and Their Fused Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:E1032. [PMID: 27517892 PMCID: PMC6273266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in the microwave-assisted synthesis of 7-membered and larger heterocyclic compounds. Several types of reaction for the cyclization step are discussed: Ring Closing Metathesis (RCM), Heck and Sonogashira reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, dipolar cycloadditions, multi-component reactions (Ugi, Passerini), etc. Green syntheses and solvent-free procedures have been introduced whenever possible. The syntheses discussed herein have been selected to illustrate the huge potential of microwave in the synthesis of highly functionalized molecules with potential therapeutic applications, in high yields, enhanced reaction rates and increased chemoselectivity, compared to conventional methods. More than 100 references from the recent literature are listed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsine Driowya
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Aziza Saber
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Hamid Marzag
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Luc Demange
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, ICN UMR UNS CNRS 7272, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis-Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
- Département de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire & UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, Paris Fr-75006, France.
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, ICN UMR UNS CNRS 7272, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis-Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Hussain A, Yousuf SK, Mukherjee D. Importance and synthesis of benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic rings (BMRs). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic molecular frameworks, especially the benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic ring (BMR) systems, constitute an integral component of a large number of biologically significant natural or synthetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Hussain
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - S. K. Yousuf
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
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Lin H, Sun D. RECENT SYNTHETIC DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE ULLMANN REACTION. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2013; 45. [PMID: 24223434 DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2013.816208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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18
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Yu X, Sun D. Macrocyclic drugs and synthetic methodologies toward macrocycles. Molecules 2013; 18:6230-68. [PMID: 23708234 PMCID: PMC4374646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. So far, a large number of macrocyclic natural products have been isolated and synthesized. The construction of macrocycles is generally considered as a crucial and challenging step in the synthesis of macrocyclic natural products. Over the last several decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken toward the synthesis of complex naturally occurring macrocycles and great progresses have been made to advance the field of total synthesis. The commonly used synthetic methodologies toward macrocyclization include macrolactonization, macrolactamization, transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling, ring-closing metathesis, and click reaction, among others. Selected recent examples of macrocyclic synthesis of natural products and druglike macrocycles with significant biological relevance are highlighted in each class. The primary goal of this review is to summarize currently used macrocyclic drugs, highlight the therapeutic potential of this underexplored drug class and outline the general synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; E-Mail:
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Shen L, Maddox MM, Adhikari S, Bruhn DF, Kumar M, Lee RE, Hurdle JG, Lee RE, Sun D. Syntheses and evaluation of macrocyclic engelhardione analogs as antitubercular and antibacterial agents. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:319-25. [PMID: 23549356 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The natural product engelhardione is an underexplored chemotype for developing novel treatments for bacterial infections; we therefore explored this natural product scaffold for chemical diversification and structure-activity relationship studies. Macrocyclic engelhardione and structural regioisomers were synthesized using a series of aldol condensations and selective hydrogenations to generate the 1,7-diarylheptan-3-one derivatives, followed by microwave-assisted intramolecular Ullmann coupling to afford a series of macrocyclic diaryl ether analogs. An extended macrocyclic chemical library was then produced by oxime formation, reductive amination and O-alkylation. Antibacterial evaluation revealed that the reductive amination derivatives 7b and 7d showed moderate activities (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 12.5-25 μg ml(-1)) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Gram-positive pathogens, as well as anti-Gram-negative activity against an efflux impaired Escherichia coli strain. These results provide validated leads for further optimization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA
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Sureram S, Kesornpun C, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S, Kittakoop P. Directed biosynthesis through biohalogenation of secondary metabolites of the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus unguis. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra23021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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