Highly efficient and eco-friendly synthesis of 2-alkyl and 2-aryl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazoles under mild conditions

Piperidine Derivatives: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Pharmacological Applications

Piperidines are among the most important synthetic fragments for designing drugs and play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Their derivatives are present in more than twenty classes of pharmaceuticals, as well as alkaloids. The current review summarizes recent scientific literature on intra- and intermolecular reactions leading to the formation of various piperidine derivatives: substituted piperidines, spiropiperidines, condensed piperidines, and piperidinones. Moreover, the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic and natural piperidines were covered, as well as the latest scientific advances in the discovery and biological evaluation of potential drugs containing piperidine moiety. This review is designed to help both novice researchers taking their first steps in this field and experienced scientists looking for suitable substrates for the synthesis of biologically active piperidines.

Synthesis of N-containing heterocycles in water

An organic reaction with water as a medium has numerous benefits, like improvement in reactivities and selectivities, simple workup techniques, possibility of recycling the catalyst with milder reaction conditions and eco-friendly synthesis. Further, exploring of water as a reaction medium gives rise to unusual reactivities and selectivities, supplementing the organic chemist’s necessity for reaction media. This review focus on the use of water for the synthesis of Nitrogen-containing heterocycles covering from 2011 to 2021.

Visible light photocatalysis in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant heterocyclic scaffolds

Visible light and photoredox catalysis have emerged as a powerful and long-lasting tool for organic synthesis, demonstrating the importance of a variety of chemical bond formation methods.

Visible light-emitting diode light-driven one-pot four component synthesis of poly-functionalized imidazoles under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions

A visible light-emitting diode light-driven green and sustainable protocol has been demonstrated for the one-pot four component synthesis of poly-functionalized imidazoles under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions.

An efficient and recyclable nanocatalyst for the green and rapid synthesis of biologically active polysubstituted pyrroles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives

An effective process for the green and rapid synthesis of biologically active polysubstituted pyrroles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles derivatives using Cu@imine/Fe₃O₄ MNPs catalyst under solvent-free conditions is explained. This catalyst showed high reactivity for the synthesis of a set of different derivatives of polysubstituted pyrroles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives under appropriate reaction conditions and short times. Moreover, the catalyst was also recycled and reused for six runs with no considerable reduction in reactivity and yields. Compared to the reported procedures, this method consistently demonstrates the advantages of low catalyst loading, short reaction times, easy separation and purification of the products, high yields, and high recoverability and recoverability of the catalyst.

So the use of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–ZrCl₂-MNPs leads to an improved protocol in terms of the compatibility with the environment, yields of the products, reaction times and the amount of the catalyst when compared with other catalysts.

Direct synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from primary alcohols by diruthenium(ii) catalysts under aerobic conditions

A straightforward synthetic approach to 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from readily available primary alcohols using arene diruthenium(ii) catalysts has been described.

An eco-compatible pathway to the synthesis of mono and bis-multisubstituted imidazoles over novel reusable ionic liquids: an efficient and green sonochemical process

Novel and environmentally benign ionic liquids are synthesized and used as robust catalysts for a sonochemical one pot multi-component synthetic route to functionalized annulated imidazoles in water with excellent yields.

Iron nanotube-silica composite (ZVI-S-PCAT modified silica composite) preparation, characterization and application as a recyclable catalytic system for 5-membered ring organic transformations

The ZVI-S-PCAT modified silica composite is a successful catalytic framework for synthesizing 5-membered heterocylic rings and a future sensor material.

ZrO2-β-cyclodextrin catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles under solvent free conditions and evaluation of their antibacterial study

A series of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles catalyzed by ZrO₂-supported-β-cyclodextrin (ZrO₂-β-CD) under solvent free conditions have been synthesized and characterized by spectral methods.

Silica coated magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticle supported phosphomolybdic acid; synthesis, preparation and its application as a heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles under solvent free conditions

A novel heteropolyacid supported on silica coated nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NFS–PMA) was synthesized and used as a green catalyst for one-pot syntheses of tri/tetra-substituted imidazoles. The catalyst could be recycled and reused through application of a magnetic field.

Cobalt(ii) catalyzed C(sp)–H bond functionalization of alkynes with phenyl hydrazines: facile access to diaryl 1,2-diketones

A cobalt acetylacetonate catalyzed oxidative diketonation of alkynes via C(sp)–H bond functionalization has been described. Its application to the synthesis of imidazoles has also been demonstrated.

Organocatalyzed solvent free an efficient novel synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles for α-glucosidase inhibition to treat diabetes

A new and efficient solvent free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles (3a-3j) was achieved by N-acetyl glycine (NAG) catalyzed three components condensation of aldehydes, benzil and ammonium acetate. Our synthetic methodology accommodated a range of various substituted alkyl and aryl aldehydes. Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of these imidazole derivatives revealed that most of them presented good α-glucosidase inhibition at low micro-molar concentrations. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 3c, bearing the ortho-hydroxy phenyl substituent at position 2 displayed the highest inhibitory activity with an IC50 value 74.32±0.59 μM. In silico molecular docking for all compounds and computational studies of the most active compound 3c were also performed.