Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles on nafion–graphene support and its application for Suzuki coupling reaction

Prospects and Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles in the Cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl Halides and Related Analogues

Discovering efficient methods for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds is a central ongoing theme in organic synthesis. Cross-coupling reactions catalysed by metal nanoparticles are attractive alternatives to the traditional use of metal counterparts due to the catalytic tunability, selectivity, recyclability and reusability of the nanoparticles. The ongoing search for sustainable processes demands that reusable and environmentally benign catalysts are used. While the advantages of nanoparticles catalysts over bulk catalysts cannot be overemphasised, the problem of sintering, agglomeration and leaching are drawbacks to their full industrial applications. Hence, efforts are being made towards advancing the efficiency of the catalytic nanoparticle systems over the years. This review presents the progress, the challenges and the prospects of palladium nanoparticle with focus on Heck, Suzuki, Hiyama and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions involving (hetero) aryl halides and the analogues.

Application of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions in Organic Synthesis

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Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have gained a continuously growing interest of synthetic organic chemists. The present review gives a brief account of applications of the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in comprehensive synthesis, viz., the Heck, Stille, Suzuki–Miyaura, Negishi, Sonogashira, Buchwald–Hartwig, Ullmann and the Oxidative, decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions, with particular emphasis on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.

Magnetic Lignosulfonate-Supported Pd Complex: Renewable Resource-Derived Catalyst for Aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction

A novel strategy is described to prepare magnetic Pd nanocatalyst by conjugating lignin with Fe3O4 nanoparticles via activation of calcium lignosulfonate, followed by combination with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Tethering 5-amino-1H-tetrazole to calcium lignosulfonate-magnetite hybrid through 3-chloropropyl triethoxysilane enabled coordination of Pd salt with Fe3O4-lignosulfonate@5-amino-1H-tetrazole. The underlying changes of the lignosulfonate are identified, and the structural morphology of attained Fe3O4-lignosulfonate@5-amino-1H-tetrazole-Pd(II) (FLA-Pd) is characterized by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis, energy-dispersive spectrometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The synthesized FLA-Pd displayed high activity for phosphine-free C(sp2)-C(sp2) coupling in water, and the catalyst could be reused for seven successive cycles.

Palladium nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide sheets synthesized using Ficus carica fruit extract: A catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

We present a biogenic method for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticle (PdNP)-modified by reducing graphene oxide sheets (rGO) in a one-pot strategy using Ficus carica fruit juice as the reducing agent. The synthesized material was well characterized by morphological and structural analyses, including, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the PdNP modified GO are spherical in shape and estimated to be a dimension of ~0.16 nm. The PdNP/graphene exhibits a great catalytic activity in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions for the synthesis of biaryl compounds with various substrates under both aqueous and aerobic conditions. The catalyst can be recovered easily and is suitable for repeated use because it retains its original catalytic activity. The PdNP/rGO catalyst synthesized by an eco-friendly protocol was used for the Suzuki coupling reactions. The method offers a mild and effective substitute to the existing methods and may significantly contribute to green chemistry.

Palladium nanoparticles on β-cyclodextrin functionalised graphene nanosheets: a supramolecular based heterogeneous catalyst for C–C coupling reactions under green reaction conditions

Palladium nanoparticles on β-cyclodextrin functionalised graphene based supramolecular heterogeneous catalyst are used for Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck–Mizoroki coupling reactions under green reaction conditions.

Covalent functionalization of graphene with polythiophene through a Suzuki coupling reaction

A promising graphene-based material covalently modified with polythiophene by a C–C bond was synthesized by a Suzuki coupling reaction and characterized by various techniques.

Bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN)-supported palladium(ii) carbene complexes as effective C–C coupling catalysts and solvent effects in organic and aqueous media

Significant solvent effects in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction are described for the case of two new N-heterocyclic carbene-supported palladium(ii) complexes.

Palladium nanoparticles on noncovalently functionalized graphene-based heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck–Mizoroki reactions in water

Palladium nanoparticles supported on noncovalently functionalized graphene based heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck–Mizoroki C–C coupling reactions towards aryl bromides and less reactive aryl chlorides in water.