An expedient synthesis of pyrrole-2-phosphonates via direct oxidative phosphorylation and γ-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactams from pyrroles

Synthetic Methods for Azaheterocyclic Phosphonates and Their Biological Activity: An Update 2004-2024

The increasing importance of azaheterocyclic phosphonates in the agrochemical, synthetic, and medicinal field has provoked an intense search in the development of synthetic routes for obtaining novel members of this family of compounds. This updated review covers methodologies established since 2004, focusing on the synthesis of azaheterocyclic phosphonates, of which the phosphonate moiety is directly substituted onto to the azaheterocyclic structure. Emphasizing recent advances, this review classifies newly developed synthetic approaches according to the ring size and providing information on biological activities whenever available. Furthermore, this review summarizes information on various methods for the formation of C-P bonds, examining sustainable approaches such as the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction, the Michaelis-Becker reaction, the Pudovik reaction, the Hirao coupling, and the Kabachnik-Fields reaction. After analyzing the biological activities and applications of azaheterocyclic phosphonates investigated in recent years, a predominant focus on the evaluation of these compounds as anticancer agents is evident. Furthermore, emerging applications underline the versatility and potential of these compounds, highlighting the need for continued research on synthetic methods to expand this interesting family.

Exogenous-oxidant-free electrochemical oxidative C-H phosphonylation with hydrogen evolution

We herein report a versatile and environmentally friendly electrochemical oxidative C-H phosphonylation protocol. This protocol features a broad substrate scope; not only C(sp2)-H phosphonylation, but also C(sp3)-H phosphonylation is tolerated well under exogenous-oxidant-free and metal catalyst-free electrochemical oxidation conditions.

Pd-catalyzed Csp 2 −H phosphonation in the meso position of porphyrins

Pd(II)-catalyzed C–H phosphonation with diethyl phosphite in the meso positions of mesityl-substituted porphyrins taken either as free base or Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes has been investigated and the reaction conditions have been optimized. Ni(II) porphyrinates have been found to be advantageous over free porphyrins and their Zn(II) complexes. The possibility of diphosphonation was shown using 5,15-dimesityl porphyrin.

External oxidant-free cross-coupling: electrochemically induced aromatic C–H phosphonation of azoles with dialkyl-H-phosphonates under silver catalysis

A convenient external oxidant-free method of azole derivatives phosphorylation by dialkyl-H-phosphonates through electrochemical catalytic oxidation in the presence of silver salts (1%) is proposed.

The regioselective synthesis of 2-phosphinoylindoles via Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation

A step-economical route for the synthesis of 2-phosphinoylindoles via the Rh(iii)-catalyzed redox-neutral annulation of N-nitrosoanilines with 1-alkynylphosphine oxides was developed.

Barium-catalyzed C–OH/P–H dehydrative cross-coupling for C–P bond construction

A barium-catalyzed C–OH/P–H dehydrative cross-coupling protocol for the construction of C–P bonds was developed in an environmentally benign manner.

Recent progress in the synthesis of phosphorus-containing indole derivatives

Phosphorus-containing indole derivatives represent a special class of phosphorus-containing nitrogen heterocycles. This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis of such compounds, briefly discusses the reaction mechanisms and challenges, and outlines the synthetic opportunities still open.

Brønsted acid-catalysed regiodivergent phosphorylation of 2-indolylmethanols to synthesize benzylic site or C3-phosphorylated indole derivatives

A Brønsted acid catalyzed highly regiodivergent phosphorylation of 2-indolylmethanols with diarylphosphine oxides has been established, which provides an efficient protocol for accessing benzylic site or C3-phosphorylated indole derivatives with structural diversity.

Palladium/silver reagent-promoted aryl phosphorylation: flexible synthesis of substituted-3-benzylidene-2-(2-(diphenylphosphoryl)-aryl)-isoindolin-1-one

A novel Pd(OAc)₂/Ag₂CO₃-catalyzed coupling reaction was investigated. Substituted 3-benzylidene-2-arylisoindolin-1-ones was reacted with diphenylphosphine oxide to afford 3-arylidene-2-(2-(diphenylphosphoryl)aryl)isoindolin-1-ones.

Dehydrogenative coupling involving P(O)–H bonds: a powerful way for the preparation of phosphoryl compounds

This Frontier highlights the recent progress in the preparation of organophosphorus compounds via transition metal-catalysed dehydrogenative couplings of P(O)H compounds with Z–H compounds.

Silver-mediated direct phosphorylation of benzothiazoles and thiazoles with diarylphosphine oxides

A AgNO₃-mediated, efficient phosphorylation of thiazole rings with Ar₂(O)PH was developed, which may produce a convenient route to the synthesis of various novel P,N-ligands.