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Azomethine Ylides-Versatile Synthons for Pyrrolidinyl-Heterocyclic Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020668. [PMID: 36677727 PMCID: PMC9866015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based three-atom components commonly used in [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions with various unsaturated 2π-electron components. These reactions are highly regio- and stereoselective and have attracted the attention of organic chemists with respect to the construction of diverse heterocycles potentially bearing four new contiguous stereogenic centers. This review article complies the most important [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides with various olefinic, unsaturated 2π-electron components (acyclic, alicyclic, heterocyclic, and exocyclic ones) reported over the past two decades.
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Sudevan ST, Oh JM, Abdelgawad MA, Abourehab MAS, Rangarajan TM, Kumar S, Ahmad I, Patel H, Kim H, Mathew B. Introduction of benzyloxy pharmacophore into aryl/heteroaryl chalcone motifs as a new class of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22404. [PMID: 36575270 PMCID: PMC9794710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory action of fifteen benzyloxy ortho/para-substituted chalcones (B1-B15) was evaluated against human monoamine oxidases (hMAOs). All the molecules inhibited hMAO-B isoform more potently than hMAO-A. Furthermore, the majority of the molecules showed strong inhibitory actions against hMAO-B at 10 μM level with residual activities of less than 50%. Compound B10 has an IC50 value of 0.067 μM, making it the most potent inhibitor of hMAO-B, trailed by compound B15 (IC50 = 0.12 μM). The thiophene substituent (B10) in the A-ring exhibited the strongest hMAO-B inhibition structurally, however, increased residue synthesis did not result in a rise in hMAO-B inhibition. In contrast, the benzyl group at the para position of the B-ring displayed more hMAO-B inhibition than the other positions. Compounds B10 and B15 had relatively high selectivity index (SI) values for hMAO-B (504.791 and 287.600, respectively). Ki values of B10 and B15 were 0.030 ± 0.001 and 0.033 ± 0.001 μM, respectively. The reversibility study showed that B10 and B15 were reversible inhibitors of hMAO-B. PAMPA assay manifested that the benzyloxy chalcones (B10 and B15) had a significant permeability and CNS bioavailability with Pe value higher than 4.0 × 10-6 cm/s. Both compounds were stabilized in protein-ligand complexes by the π-π stacking, which enabled them to bind to the hMAO-B enzyme's active site incredibly effectively. The hMAO-B was stabilized by B10- and B15-hMAO-B complexes, with binding energies of - 74.57 and - 87.72 kcal/mol, respectively. Using a genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression, the QSAR model was created. Based on the best 2D and 3D descriptor-based QSAR model, the following statistics were displayed: R2 = 0.9125, Q2loo = 0.8347. These findings imply that B10 and B15 are effective, selective, and reversible hMAO-B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- grid.411370.00000 0000 9081 2061Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041 India
| | - Jong Min Oh
- grid.412871.90000 0000 8543 5345Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- grid.440748.b0000 0004 1756 6705Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341 Saudi Arabia ,grid.411662.60000 0004 0412 4932Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514 Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - T. M. Rangarajan
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Chemistry, Sri Venketeswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- grid.411370.00000 0000 9081 2061Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041 India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy, Gondur, Dhule, 424002 Maharashtra India
| | - Harun Patel
- grid.412233.50000 0001 0641 8393Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405 Maharashtra India
| | - Hoon Kim
- grid.412871.90000 0000 8543 5345Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- grid.411370.00000 0000 9081 2061Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041 India
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Akhavan M, Bekhradnia A. Stereoselective synthesis of spirocyclic pyrrolidines/pyrrolizidines/pyrrolothiazolidines using l-proline functionalized manganese ferrite nanorods as a novel heterogeneous catalyst. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14755-14768. [PMID: 35423973 PMCID: PMC8698206 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00841b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient, green, one-pot, and three-component protocol has been reported for the stereoselective synthesis of a new class of spiro thiazolidines. A series of spiro-heterocycle derivatives were produced stereoselectively in high yields by the reaction of 5-arylidene thiazolidine-2,4-diones, isatin, and secondary amino acids in the presence of MnCoCuFe2O4@l-proline (MCCFe2O4@l-proline) magnetic nanorods as a novel nanocatalyst. The synthesized catalyst was fully characterized for thermal stability, magnetic properties, and other physicochemical properties via numerous techniques. It was applied as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of endo-isomers of spirocyclic pyrrolidine/pyrrolizidine/pyrrolothiazolidine derivatives in high yield. The regioselectivity and stereochemistry of these heterocyclic spiro-compounds were established by 1H, 13C, HMBC, HSQC, and COSY NMR spectroscopy techniques. The main attractive characteristics of the presented protocol are high yield, high level of diastereoselectivity, and easy recovery of catalyst without significant loss of its catalytic activity. An efficient, green, one-pot, and three-component protocol has been reported for the stereoselective synthesis of a new class of spiro thiazolidines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Akhavan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Bekhradnia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 103CBB, Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
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4
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Satheeshkumar R, Montecinos R, Vera A, Prasad KJR, Kaminsky W, Salas C. Experimental and theoretical physicochemical study of a new dispirocompound: 4′-(4-fluorophenyl)-2′,7-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3H-dispiro[cyclopent[b]indol-2,5′-[1,2]oxazinan-6′,3′-indolin]-2′,3‑dione. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Escalante CH, Martínez-Mora EI, Espinoza-Hicks C, Camacho-Dávila AA, Ramos-Morales FR, Delgado F, Tamariz J. Highly selective Diels-Alder and Heck arylation reactions in a divergent synthesis of isoindolo- and pyrrolo-fused polycyclic indoles from 2-formylpyrrole. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1320-1334. [PMID: 32595780 PMCID: PMC7308616 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly regio-, chemo- and stereoselective divergent synthesis of isoindolo- and pyrrolo-fused polycyclic indoles is herein described, starting from 2-formylpyrrole and employing Diels-Alder and Heck arylation reactions. 3-(N-Benzyl-2-pyrrolyl)acrylates and 4-(pyrrol-2-yl)butenones underwent a highly endo-Diels-Alder cycloaddition with maleimides to furnish octahydropyrrolo[3,4-e]indoles, which served as precursors in the regioselective synthesis of aza-polycyclic skeletons via an intramolecular Heck arylation reaction. Through the latter reaction, the 3-(N-benzyl-2-pyrrolyl)acrylates give rise to 3-(pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol-3-yl)acrylates. A further oxidative aromatization of the polycyclic intermediates provides the corresponding polycyclic pyrrolo-isoindoles and isoindolo-pyrrolo-indoles. A theoretical study on the stereoselective Diels-Alder reactions, carried out by calculating the endo/exo transition states, revealed the assistance of non-covalent interactions in governing the endo stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Escalante
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eder I Martínez-Mora
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza e Ing. J. Cárdenas S/N, 25280 Saltillo, Coah., Mexico
| | - Carlos Espinoza-Hicks
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, 31125 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Camacho-Dávila
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, 31125 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
| | - Fernando R Ramos-Morales
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, 91190 Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Francisco Delgado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Tamariz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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Murali K, Sparkes HA, Prasad K. Regioselective Synthesis of Carbazole‐Grafted Dispirothiapyrrolizine Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Strategy. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
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Arya KR, Sparkes HA, Pandiyan BV, Rajendra Prasad KJ. A Regioselective Synthesis of Carbazole‐Appended Dispiropyrrolothiazoles/Pyrrolidines: Synthesis, Computational Studies and In Vitro Anticancer Activity. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS United Kingdom
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8
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K NR, U S, B S, B V SR. Ru(ii)-Catalyzed spirocyclization of aryl N-sulfonyl ketimines with aryl isocyanates through an aromatic C-H bond activation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2522-2526. [PMID: 29565426 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03198j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-pot strategy has been developed for the construction of spiro-isoindolinone-benzosultams through a Ru(ii)-catalyzed sequential C-C and C-N bond formation. This method is highly atom-economical and compatible with a wide range of substituents. This is the first report on the spirocyclization of 3-aryl N-sulfonyl ketimines with aryl isocyanates to produce highly rigid and pharmaceutically relevant spirocycles through a C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjuna Reddy K
- Centre for Semiochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Subhadra U
- Centre for Semiochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India.
| | - Sridhar B
- Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - Subba Reddy B V
- Centre for Semiochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India.
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9
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Feng TT, Gong Y, Wei QD, Wang GL, Liu HH, Tian MY, Liu XL, Chen ZY, Zhou Y. Diversity-oriented Construction of Chromanone-fused Polycyclic Pyrrolidinyl-dispirooxindoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Feng
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Qi-Di Wei
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Guan-Lian Wang
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Min-Yi Tian
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guiyang 550025 Guizhou China
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10
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Murali K, Sparkes HA, Rajendra Prasad KJ. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of dispirooxindole-pyrrolocarbazole hybrids via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions: Cytotoxic activity and SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:292-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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New spiro-oxindole constructed with pyrrolidine/thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives: Regioselective synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT, docking and antimicrobial studies. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Synthesis, spectroscopic, in vitro cytotoxicity and crystal structures of novel fluorinated dispiroheterocycles: DFT approach. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Molecular Hybridization-Guided One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Turmerone Motif-Fused 3,3'-Pyrrolidinyl-dispirooxindoles via a 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040645. [PMID: 28420177 PMCID: PMC6154684 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Described herein is the development of a facile and efficient methodology for the synthesis of novel turmerone motif-fused 3,3′-pyrrolidinyl-dispirooxindoles 3–5 via a multicomponent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dienones 2 with azomethine ylides (thermally generated in situfrom isatins and proline or thioproline or sarcosine). Products bearing four or three consecutive stereocenters consist of two oxindole moieties and a pyrrolidinyl core, including vicinal spiroquaternary stereocenters fused in one ring structure were smoothly obtained in high yields (up to 93% yield) with good diastereoselectivity (up to >20:1). Another valuable application of this method was for the design of new hybrid architectures for biological screening through the adequate fusion of these sub-units of turmerone and 3,3′-pyrrolidinyl-dispirooxindole, generating drug-like molecules.
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14
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Satheeshkumar R, Edatt L, Kumar VBS, Prasad KJR. A Facile Regioselective Synthesis of New Class of Cyclopent[b
]indole dispiro heterocycles via1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition protocol and in vitro Cytotoxic studies. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lincy Edatt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Central University of Kerala; Padenakad- 671 314 Kasaragod India
| | - V. B. Sameer Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Central University of Kerala; Padenakad- 671 314 Kasaragod India
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Yang J, Liu XW, Wang DD, Tian MY, Han SN, Feng TT, Liu XL, Mei RQ, Zhou Y. Diversity-oriented one-pot multicomponent synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives and their biological evaluation for anticancer activities. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Liu XL, Feng TT, Jiang WD, Yang C, Tian MY, Jiang Y, Lin B, Zhao Z, Zhou Y. Molecular hybridization-guided 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction enabled pyrimidine-fused spiropyrrolidine oxindoles synthesis as potential anticancer agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Liu XL, Yang C, Zhang WH, Zhou G, Ma XT, Lin B, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Feng TT. Construction of turmerone motif-fused spiropyrrolidine oxindoles and their biological evaluation for anticancer activities. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Rouatbi F, Askri M, Nana F, Kirsch G, Sriram D, Yogeeswari P. Synthesis of new spirooxindole derivatives through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and their antitubercular activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Design of novel dispirooxindolopyrrolidine and dispirooxindolopyrrolothiazole derivatives as potential antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4308-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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