1
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Verdhi LK, Fridman N, Szpilman AM. Copper- and Chiral Nitroxide-Catalyzed Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Axially Chiral N-Arylpyrroles. Org Lett 2022; 24:5078-5083. [PMID: 35798692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A readily prepared C2-symmetric, α-hydrogen-substituted chiral hydroxylamine serves as a precatalyst to generate a chiral nitroxide in situ. This chiral nitroxide catalyst in combination with a copper co-catalyst functions as an oxidant for an unprecedented enantioselective oxidative kinetic resolution (OKR) of racemic axially chiral N-arylpyrrole alcohols using atmospheric oxygen as an environmentally friendly terminal oxidant. The OKR process provides the axially chiral N-arylpyrroles in er up to 3.5:96.5 and with s factors up to 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin Kumar Verdhi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200009, Israel
| | - Alex M Szpilman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
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2
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He X, Wang C, Wen Y, Wang Z, Qian S. Recent Advances in Catalytic Atroposelective Construction of Pentatomic Heterobiaryl Scaffolds. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Long He
- School of Food and Bioengineering Xihua University Chengdu 610039 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering Xihua University Chengdu 610039 P. R. China
| | - You‐Wu Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering Xihua University Chengdu 610039 P. R. China
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- School of Science Xihua University Chengdu 610039 P. R. China
| | - Shan Qian
- School of Food and Bioengineering Xihua University Chengdu 610039 P. R. China
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3
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Dong K, Humeidi A, Griffith W, Arman H, Xu X, Doyle MP. Ag
I
‐Catalyzed Reaction of Enol Diazoacetates and Imino Ethers: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyong Dong
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Ahmad Humeidi
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Wendell Griffith
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Michael P. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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4
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Dong K, Humeidi A, Griffith W, Arman H, Xu X, Doyle MP. Ag I -Catalyzed Reaction of Enol Diazoacetates and Imino Ethers: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13394-13400. [PMID: 33831277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented AgI -catalyzed efficient method for the coupling of imino ethers and enol diazoacetates through a [3+2]-cycloaddition/C-O bond cleavage/[1,5]-proton transfer cascade process is reported. The general class of imino ethers that includes oxazolines, benzoxazoles and benzimidates are applicable substrates for these reactions that provide direct access to fully substituted pyrroles with uniformly high chemo- and regioselectivity. High variability in substitution at the pyrrole 2-, 5- and N-positions characterizes this methodology that also presents an entry point for further pyrrole diversification via facile modification of resulting N-functional pyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyong Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Ahmad Humeidi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Wendell Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
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5
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Shao Y, Cheng D. Chiral Phosphoric Acid: A Powerful Organocatalyst for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocycles with Chiral Atropisomerism. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You‐Dong Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Heze University Heze 274015 P. R. China
| | - Dao‐Juan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 P. R. China
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6
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Synthesis and Investigation of Pinane-Based Chiral Tridentate Ligands in the Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A library of pinane-based chiral aminodiols, derived from natural (−)-β-pinene, were prepared and applied as chiral catalysts in the addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes. (−)-β-Pinene was reacted to provide 3-methylenenopinone, followed by a reduction of the carbonyl function to give a key allylic alcohol intermediate. Stereoselective epoxidation of the latter and subsequent ring opening of the resulting oxirane with primary and secondary amines afforded aminodiols. The regioselectivity of the ring closure of the N-substituted secondary aminodiols with formaldehyde was examined and exclusive formation of oxazolidines was observed. Treatment of the allylic alcohol with benzyl bromide provided the corresponding O-benzyl derivative, which was transformed into O-benzyl aminodiols by aminolysis. Ring closure of the N-isopropyl aminodiol derivative with formaldehyde resulted in spirooxazolidine. The obtained potential catalysts were applied in the reaction of both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to diethylzinc providing moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 87% ee). Through the use of molecular modeling at an ab initio level, this phenomenon was interpreted in terms of competing reaction pathways. Molecular modeling at the RHF/LANL2DZ level of theory was successfully applied for interpretation of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions leading to display excellent (R) enantioselectivity in the examined transformation.
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7
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Li Z, Tang M, Hu C, Yu S. Atroposelective Haloamidation of Indoles with Amino Acid Derivatives and Hypohalides. Org Lett 2019; 21:8819-8823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Menghan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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8
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Bai HY, Tan FX, Liu TQ, Zhu GD, Tian JM, Ding TM, Chen ZM, Zhang SY. Highly atroposelective synthesis of nonbiaryl naphthalene-1,2-diamine N-C atropisomers through direct enantioselective C-H amination. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3063. [PMID: 31296850 PMCID: PMC6624262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonbiaryl N-C atropisomer is an important structural scaffold, which is present in natural products, medicines and chiral ligands. However the direct enantioselective C-H amination to access optically pure N-C atropisomer is still difficult and rare. Here we report a π-π interaction and dual H-bond concerted control strategy to develop the chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) catalyzed direct intermolecular enantioselective C-H amination of N-aryl-2-naphthylamines with azodicarboxylates as amino sources for the construction of atroposelective naphthalene-1,2-diamines. This type of N-C atropisomers is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bond and the method features a broad range of substrates, high yields and ee values, providing a strategy to chirality transfer via the modification of N-C atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yuan Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fu-Xin Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tuan-Qing Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin-Miao Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhi-Min Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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9
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Li Z, Zhang H, Yu S. NaClO-Promoted Atroposelective Couplings of 3-Substituted Indoles with Amino Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:4754-4758. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Zhang LL, Zhang JW, Xiang SH, Guo Z, Tan B. Remote Control of Axial Chirality: Synthesis of Spirooxindole–Urazoles via Desymmetrization of ATAD. Org Lett 2018; 20:6022-6026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi 030024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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11
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Le TM, Csámpai A, Fülöp F, Szakonyi Z. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Bicyclic Limonene-Based Chiral Aminodiols and Spirooxazolidines. Chemistry 2018; 24:13607-13615. [PMID: 29924432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A library of monoterpene-based aminodiols was synthesized and applied as chiral catalysts in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The reduction of a bicyclic α-methylene ketone, derived from natural (-)-limonene followed by epoxidation, gave the key epoxy alcohol intermediate. Ring opening of the oxirane ring with primary amines induced by lithium perchlorate afforded the required aminodiols. Substituent-dependent ring closure of the secondary aminodiols with formaldehyde resulted in both spirooxazolidines and a fused 1,3-oxazine. Cyclization reactions of the studied aminodiols, resulting in spirocyclic oxazolidines and an isomeric perhydro-1,3-oxazine-fused compound along with the possible iminium intermediates, were analyzed by a systematic series of comparative DFT models performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Minh Le
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged Eötvös utca 6, Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest-112, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged Eötvös utca 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Science, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged Eötvös utca 6, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H 6720, Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Bonne D, Rodriguez J. A Bird's Eye View of Atropisomers Featuring a Five-Membered Ring. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bonne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; iSm2 Centrale Marseille France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; iSm2 Centrale Marseille France
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13
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Mátravölgyi B, Hergert T, Bálint E, Bagi P, Faigl F. Access to Fluorazones by Intramolecular Dehydrative Cyclization of Aromatic Tertiary Amides: A Synthetic and Mechanistic Study. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2282-2292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Béla Mátravölgyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hergert
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Bálint
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Bagi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Mohebbi M, Salehi P, Bararjanian M, Ebrahimi SN. Noscapine-derived β-amino alcohols as new organocatalysts for enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Ma J, Cheng DJ, Tan B. Highly Atroposelective Synthesis of Arylpyrroles by Catalytic Asymmetric Paal–Knorr Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1714-1717. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dao-Juan Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
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16
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Lee DS, Chang SM, Ho CY, Lu TJ. Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes Catalyzed by ChiralO,N,O-tridentate Phenol Ligands Derived From Camphor. Chirality 2015; 28:65-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Lee
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung-Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Shu-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung-Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun-Ying Ho
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung-Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ta-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung-Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan R.O.C
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17
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Kumarasamy E, Raghunathan R, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Nonbiaryl and Heterobiaryl Atropisomers: Molecular Templates with Promise for Atropselective Chemical Transformations. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11239-300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Ramya Raghunathan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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18
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Ueda Y, Yagishita F, Ishikawa H, Kaji Y, Baba N, Kasashima Y, Mino T, Sakamoto M. A new class of C2 chiral photodimer ligands for catalytic enantioselective diethylzinc addition to arylaldehydes. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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A Helical Polyphenylacetylene Having Amino Alcohol Moieties Without Chiral Side Groups as a Chiral Ligand for the Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Benzaldehyde. Chirality 2015; 27:454-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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