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Cervinka R, Becker D, Lüdeke S, Albers S, Netscher T, Müller M. Enzymatic Asymmetric Reduction of Unfunctionalized C=C Bonds with Archaeal Geranylgeranyl Reductases. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2693-2696. [PMID: 34296507 PMCID: PMC8457153 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bonds such as enones is well established for non-enzymatic methods as well as in biocatalysis. However, the asymmetric reduction of unfunctionalized C=C bonds is mainly performed with transition metal catalysts whereas biocatalytic approaches are lacking. We have tested two FAD-dependent archaeal geranylgeranyl reductases (GGR) for the asymmetric reduction of isolated C=C bonds. The reduction of up to four double bonds in terpene chains with different chain lengths and head groups was confirmed. Methyl-branched E-alkenes were chemoselectively reduced in the presence of cyclic, terminal or activated alkenes. Using a removable succinate "spacer", farnesol and geraniol could be quantitatively reduced (>99 %). The reduction is strictly (R)-selective (enantiomeric excess >99 %). Hence, GGRs are promising biocatalysts for the asymmetric reduction of unactivated isolated C=C bonds, opening new opportunities for the synthesis of enantiopure branched alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cervinka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Steffen Lüdeke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Sonja‐Verena Albers
- Institute for Biology IIMolecular Biology of ArchaeaFaculty of BiologyAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Thomas Netscher
- Research and DevelopmentDSM Nutritional Products Ltd.P.O. Box 26764002BaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
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Falk ID, Gál B, Bhattacharya A, Wei JH, Welander PV, Boxer SG, Burns NZ. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Archaeal Lipid Parallel GDGT‐0 (Isocaldarchaeol)**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac D. Falk
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Bálint Gál
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Jeremy H. Wei
- Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Paula V. Welander
- Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Steven G. Boxer
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Noah Z. Burns
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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3
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Falk ID, Gál B, Bhattacharya A, Wei JH, Welander PV, Boxer SG, Burns NZ. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Archaeal Lipid Parallel GDGT-0 (Isocaldarchaeol)*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17491-17496. [PMID: 33930240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Archaeal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGT) are some of the most unusual membrane lipids identified in nature. These amphiphiles are the major constituents of the membranes of numerous Archaea, some of which are extremophilic organisms. Due to their unique structures, there has been significant interest in studying both the biophysical properties and the biosynthesis of these molecules. However, these studies have thus far been hampered by limited access to chemically pure samples. Herein, we report a concise and stereoselective synthesis of the archaeal tetraether lipid parallel GDGT-0 and the synthesis and self-assembly of derivatives bearing different polar groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac D Falk
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bálint Gál
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Jeremy H Wei
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paula V Welander
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Noah Z Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Murad AR, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, Abdullah SN, Brza MA, Saeed SR, Abdulwahid RT. Fabrication of Alternating Copolymers Based on Cyclopentadithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Dicarboxylic Imide with Reduced Optical Band Gap: Synthesis, Optical, Electrochemical, Thermal, and Structural Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E63. [PMID: 33375228 PMCID: PMC7795047 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of alternating copolymers containing cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) flanked by thienyl moieties as electron-donor units and benzothiadiazole dicarboxylic imide (BTDI) as electron-acceptor units were designed and synthesized for solar cell applications. Different solubilizing side chains, including 2-ethylhexyl chains and n-octyl chains were attached to CPDT units, whereas 3,7-dimethyloctyl chains and n-octyl chains were anchored to the BTDI moieties. The impact of these substituents on the solubilities, molecular weights, optical and electrochemical properties, and thermal and structural properties of the resulting polymers was investigated. PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, DMO was synthesized via Suzuki polymerization, whereas PCPDTDTBTDI-8, DMO, and PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, 8 were prepared through direct arylation polymerization. PCPDTDTBTDI-8, DMO has the highest number average molecular weight (Mn = 17,400 g mol-1) among all polymers prepared. The PCPDTDTBTDI-8, DMO and PCPDTDTBTDI-8, 8 which have n-octyl substituents on their CPDT units have comparable optical band gaps (Eg ~ 1.3 eV), which are around 0.1 eV lower than PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, DMO analogues that have 2-ethylhexyl substituents on their CPDT units. The polymers have their HOMO levels between -5.10 and -5.22 eV with PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, DMO having the deepest highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the polymers are between -3.4 and -3.5 eV. All polymers exhibit good thermal stability with decomposition temperatures surpassing 350 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have shown that all polymers have the amorphous nature in solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal 46023, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia
| | - Salah R. Saeed
- Charmo Research Center, Charmo University, Chamchamal 46023, Iraq;
| | - Rebar T. Abdulwahid
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
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Murad AR, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, Almeataq MS, Abdullah SN, Brza MA. Characteristics of Low Band Gap Copolymers Containing Anthracene-Benzothiadiazole Dicarboxylic Imide: Synthesis, Optical, Electrochemical, Thermal and Structural Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E62. [PMID: 33375767 PMCID: PMC7795893 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel low band gap donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers, poly[9,10-bis(4-(dodecyloxy)phenyl)-2,6-anthracene-alt-5,5-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole-N-5,6-(3,7-dimethyloctyl)dicarboxylic imide)] (PPADTBTDI-DMO) and poly[9,10-bis(4-(dodecyloxy)phenyl)-2,6-anthracene-alt-5,5-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole-5,6-N-octyl-dicarboxylic imide)] (PPADTBTDI-8) were synthesized in the present work by copolymerising the bis-boronate ester of 9,10-phenylsubstituted anthracene flanked by thienyl groups as electron-donor units with benzothiadiazole dicarboxylic imide (BTDI) as electron-acceptor units. Both polymers were synthesized in good yields via Suzuki polymerisation. Two different solubilizing alkyl chains were anchored to the BTDI units in order to investigate the impact upon their solubilities, molecular weights, optical and electrochemical properties, structural properties and thermal stability of the resulting polymers. Both polymers have comparable molecular weights and have a low optical band gap (Eg) of 1.66 eV. The polymers have low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels of about -5.5 eV as well as the similar lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of -3.56 eV. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of PPADTBTDI-DMO and PPADTBTDI-8 did not prove instability with decomposition temperatures at 354 and 313 °C, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have shown that both polymers have an amorphous nature in the solid state, which could be used as electrolytes in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal 46023, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | | | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
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R. Murad A, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, Hi H, N. Abdullah S, Brza MA, Abdulwahid RT. Influence of Fluorine Substitution on the Optical, Thermal, Electrochemical and Structural Properties of Carbazole-Benzothiadiazole Dicarboxylic Imide Alternate Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2910. [PMID: 33291677 PMCID: PMC7761964 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work four novel donor-acceptor copolymers, PCDTBTDI-DMO, PCDTBTDI-8, P2F-CDTBTDI-DMO and P2F-CDTBTDI-8, were designed and synthesised via Suzuki polymerisation. The first two copolymers consist of 2,7-carbazole flanked by thienyl moieties as the electron donor unit and benzothiadiazole dicarboxylic imide (BTDI) as electron acceptor units. In the structures of P2F-CDTBTDI-DMO and P2F-CDTBTDI-8 copolymers, two fluorine atoms were incorporated at 3,6-positions of 2,7-carbazole to investigate the impact of fluorine upon the optoelectronic, structural and thermal properties of the resulting polymers. P2F-CDTBTDI-8 possesses the highest number average molecular weight (Mn = 24,200 g mol-1) among all the polymers synthesised. PCDTBTDI-DMO and PCDTBTDI-8 show identical optical band gaps of 1.76 eV. However, the optical band gaps of fluorinated copolymers are slightly higher than non-fluorinated counterparts. All polymers have deep-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels. Changing the alkyl chain substituents on BTDI moieties from linear n-octyl to branched 3,7-dimethyloctyl groups as well as substituting the two hydrogen atoms at 3,6-positions of carbazole unit by fluorine atoms has negligible impact on the HOMO levels of the polymers. Similarly, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are almost comparable for all polymers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has shown that all polymers have good thermal stability and also confirmed that the fluorinated copolymers have higher thermal stability relative to those non-fluorinated analogues. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies proved that all polymers have an amorphous nature in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (A.I.); (H.H.)
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
- Department of Civil engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Hunan Hi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (A.I.); (H.H.)
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - M. A. Brza
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
| | - Rebar T. Abdulwahid
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
- Department of Physics, College of Education, Old Campus, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
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Yamagami M, Tsuchikawa H, Cui J, Umegawa Y, Miyazaki Y, Seo S, Shinoda W, Murata M. Average Conformation of Branched Chain Lipid PGP-Me That Accounts for the Thermal Stability and High-Salinity Resistance of Archaeal Membranes. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3869-3879. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamagami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuchikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sangjae Seo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Wataru Shinoda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Tsubogo T, Aoyama S, Takeda R, Uchiro H. Synthesis of 2,2-Dialkyl Chromanes by Intramolecular Ullmann C–O Coupling Reactions toward the Total Synthesis of D-α-Tocopherol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:843-846. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Tsubogo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Division of Fusion of Regenerative Medicine with DDS, Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science
| | - Saki Aoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Rika Takeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hiromi Uchiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Division of Fusion of Regenerative Medicine with DDS, Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science
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NEGISHI EI, XU S. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of chiral organic compounds of ultra-high purity of >99% ee. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:369-93. [PMID: 26460317 PMCID: PMC4729854 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of Zr-catalyzed carboalumination of alkynes in 1978, we sought expansion of the scope of this reaction so as to develop its alkene version for catalytic asymmetric C-C bond formation, namely the ZACA (Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes). However, this seemingly easy task proved to be quite challenging. The ZACA reaction was finally discovered in 1995 by suppressing three competitive side reactions, i.e., (i) cyclic carbometalation, (ii) β-H transfer hydrometalation, and (iii) alkene polymerization. The ZACA reaction has been used to significantly modernize and improve syntheses of various natural products including deoxypolypropionates and isoprenoids. This review focuses on our recent progress on the development of ZACA-lipase-catalyzed acetylation-transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling processes for highly efficient and enantioselective syntheses of a wide range of chiral organic compounds with ultra-high enantiomeric purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei-ichi NEGISHI
- Herbert C. Brown Laboratories of Chemistry, Purdue University, Indiana, U.S.A.
| | - Shiqing XU
- Herbert C. Brown Laboratories of Chemistry, Purdue University, Indiana, U.S.A.
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