1
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Lukoyanov AA, Aksenova SA, Tabolin AA, Sukhorukov AY. 3-Halo-5,6-dihydro-4 H-1,2-oxazine N-oxides as synthetic equivalents of unsaturated nitrile oxides in the [3 + 2]-cycloaddition with arynes: synthesis of substituted 3-vinyl-1,2-benzisoxazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3615-3621. [PMID: 38634451 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of 3-halo-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-oxazine N-oxides with arynes was studied. Arynes were generated from o-silylaryl triflates and underwent consecutive [3 + 2]-cycloaddition/[4 + 2]-cycloreversion with N-oxides leading to substituted 3-vinyl-benzisoxazoles in high yields. In the presented sequence, 1,2-oxazine N-oxides act as surrogates of rarely employed unsaturated nitrile oxides. A broad substrate scope was demonstrated. The influence of the substitution pattern of an aryne on the reaction outcome was determined. In the presence of bulky substituents, polycyclic 4,4a-dihydro-3H-benzofuro[3,2-c][1,2]oxazines were selectively formed. Mechanistic schemes for the observed reaction pathways were proposed. The synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated by their follow-up modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Lukoyanov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Svetlana A Aksenova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 28, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey Yu Sukhorukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
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2
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Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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3
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Umanzor A, Garcia NA, Roberts CC. Ligand-Controlled Regioinduction in a PHOX-Ni Aryne Complex. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:97-101. [PMID: 38344017 PMCID: PMC10853916 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands have been used to control the regio- and enantioselectivity in a wide variety of metal-catalyzed reactions. Despite their widespread use, PHOX ligands have never been studied in metal-aryne complexes. Herein we report the first example of a PHOX-Ni aryne complex. As demonstrated in other systems, the differentiated P versus N donors and different steric environments of the unsymmetric ligand are able to induce regiocontrol. A 81:19 mixture of o-methoxy substituted aryne complexes is observed. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis, UV/vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry are used to gain further insight into the molecular and electronic structure of these complexes. Lastly, a methylation/deuteration sequence shows retention of the PHOX ligand-induced regiocontrol in the difunctionalized products and that the regiospecificity of these difunctionalizations is due to the trans influence of the P donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Umanzor
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Ito M, Takishima Y, Ishikawa R, Kamimura M, Watanabe H, Konishi T, Higuchi K, Sugiyama S. Development of 3-triazenylaryne and its application to iterative aryne reactions via o-triazenylarylboronic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14249-14252. [PMID: 37947053 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel aryne species, 3-triazenylaryne, was developed and its regioselectivity was revealed. Based on the regioselectivity, various alkyne moieties were introduced by iodoalkynylation, and further derivatization to o-triazenylarylboronic acids as 3-alkynylaryne precursors was enabled. Therefore, 3-triazenylaryne was developed as a divergent platform for the generation of various 3-alkynylarynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Ito
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Yuta Takishima
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Rinto Ishikawa
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Mao Kamimura
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Hana Watanabe
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Takehiro Konishi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Higuchi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Sugiyama
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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5
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Taguchi J, Okuyama T, Tomita S, Niwa T, Hosoya T. Synthesis of Multisubstituted Aromatics via 3-Triazenylarynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7030-7034. [PMID: 37712445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for generating 3-triazenylarynes from ortho-iodoaryl triflate-type precursors was developed. The generated arynes reacted with various arynophiles with high regioselectivity because of the triazenyl group. The 3-triazenylaryne precursors functioned as useful intermediates of diverse multisubstituted aromatic compounds through the transformation of the remaining triazenyl group of aryne adducts and triazenyl group-directed ortho-C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Taguchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takumi Okuyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Satomi Tomita
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takashi Niwa
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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6
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Roberts RA, Metze BE, Nilova A, Stuart DR. Synthesis of Arynes via Formal Dehydrogenation of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3306-3311. [PMID: 36728842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arynes offer immense potential for diversification of benzenoid rings, which occur in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals. However, accessing these high-energy intermediates requires synthetic precursors, which involve either harsh conditions or multistep syntheses. The development of alternative methods to access arynes using simpler substrates and milder conditions is necessary for a more streamlined approach. Here, we describe a two-step formal dehydrogenation of simple arenes to generate arynes at a remote position relative to traditionally reactive groups, e.g., halides. This approach is enabled by regioselective installation and ejection of an "onium" leaving group, and we demonstrate the compatibility of simple arenes (20 examples) and arynophiles (8 examples). Moreover, through direct comparison, we show that our formal dehydrogenation method is both more functional group tolerant and efficient in generating arynes than the current state-of-the-art aryne precursors. Finally, we show that aryne intermediates offer opportunities for regioselective C-H amination that are distinct from other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Bryan E Metze
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Aleksandra Nilova
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - David R Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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7
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Huang Y, Zhao X, Chen D, Zheng Y, Luo J, Huang S. Access to Sulfocoumarins via Three‐Component Reaction of β‐Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides, Arynes, and DMF. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Nanjing Forestry University International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing CHINA
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Nanjing Forestry University International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing CHINA
| | - Dengfeng Chen
- Nanjing Forestry University International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing CHINA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Nanjing Forestry University Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing CHINA
| | - Jinyue Luo
- Nanjing Forestry University International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing CHINA
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Nanjing Forestry University College of Chemical Engineering No. 159, Longpan Road 210037 Nanjing CHINA
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8
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Yu X. Support Vector Machine‐Based Prediction of Enantioselectivity in Fluorination of Allylic Alcohols. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Regeneration College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Engineering Xiangtan Hunan 411104 China
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9
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Haas TM, Wiesler S, Dürr‐Mayer T, Ripp A, Fouka P, Qiu D, Jessen HJ. The Aryne Phosphate Reaction**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Tobias Dürr‐Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Alexander Ripp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems” (livMatS) 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Paraskevi Fouka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79102 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems” (livMatS) 79110 Freiburg Germany
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10
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Wang J, Li Z, You G, Xu L, Gao P, Rao B. Regioselective transformation of 3-phosphoryl benzyne intermediates to diverse phosphorus-substituted arenes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-functionalized benzyne precursors 5, 6 and 10 bearing a phosphoryl group were efficiently synthesized via a phospho-Fries rearrangement reaction on gram scales, and directly proceed various transformations to poly-substituted organophosphorus arenes in high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gaoqiang You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Pin Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
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11
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Mohamed Abdelmoniem A, Abdelshafy Abdelhamid I, Butenschön H. Bidirectional Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterization of Polycyclic Quinones Using Benzocyclobutenes and Benzodicyclobutenes as Precursors. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Mohamed Abdelmoniem
- Institut für Organische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Cairo University 12613 Giza A. R. Egypt
| | | | - Holger Butenschön
- Institut für Organische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
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12
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Taguchi J, Kimura K, Igawa K, Tomooka K, Hosoya T. 3-Azidoarynes: Generation and Regioselective Reactions. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Taguchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kota Kimura
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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13
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Haas TM, Wiesler S, Dürr-Mayer T, Ripp A, Fouka P, Qiu D, Jessen HJ. The Aryne Phosphate Reaction*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113231. [PMID: 34727582 PMCID: PMC9299019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Condensed phosphates are a critically important class of molecules in biochemistry. Non‐natural analogues are important for various applications, such as single‐molecule real‐time DNA sequencing. Often, such analogues contain more than three phosphate units in their oligophosphate chain. Consequently, investigations into phosphate reactivity enabling new ways of phosphate functionalization and oligophosphorylation are essential. Here, we scrutinize the potential of phosphates to act as arynophiles, paving the way for follow‐up oligophosphorylation reactions. The aryne phosphate reaction is a powerful tool to—depending on the perspective—(oligo)phosphorylate arenes or arylate (oligo‐cyclo)phosphates. Based on Kobayashi‐type o‐silylaryltriflates, the aryne phosphate reaction enables rapid entry into a broad spectrum of arylated products, like monophosphates, diphosphates, phosphodiesters and polyphosphates. The synthetic potential of these new transformations is demonstrated by efficient syntheses of nucleotide analogues and an unprecedented one‐flask octaphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tobias Dürr-Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Alexander Ripp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence "Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems" (livMatS), 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paraskevi Fouka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79102, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence "Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems" (livMatS), 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Bembenek BM, Petersen MMS, Lilly JA, Haugen AL, Jiter NJ, Johnson AJ, Ripp EE, Winchell SA, Harvat AN, McNulty C, Thein SA, Grieger AM, Lyle BJ, Mraz GL, Stitgen AM, Foss S, Schmid ML, Scanlon JD, Willoughby PH. The Aryne-Abramov Reaction as a 1,2-Benzdiyne Platform for the Generation and Solvent-Dependent Trapping of 3-Phosphonyl Benzynes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10724-10746. [PMID: 34236859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology utilizing two aryne intermediates (i.e., a formal benzdiyne) enables the rapid generation of structurally complex molecules with diverse functionality. This report describes the sequential generation of two ortho-benzyne intermediates for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted aryl phosphonates. Aryl phosphonates have proven useful in medicinal chemistry and materials science, and the reported methodology provides a two-step route to functionally dense variants by way of 3-phosphonyl benzyne intermediates. The process begins with regioselective trapping of a 3-trifloxybenzyne intermediate by an O-silyl phosphite in an Abramov-like reaction to bond the strained Csp carbons with phosphorus and silicon. Standard aryne-generating conditions follow to convert the resulting 2-silylphenyl triflate into a 3-phosphonyl benzyne, which readily reacts with numerous aryne trapping reactants to form a variety of 2,3-difunctionalized aryl phosphonate products. DFT computational studies shed light on important mechanistic details and revealed that 3-phosphonyl benzynes are highly polarizable. Specifically, the distortion in the internal bond angles at each of the Csp atoms was strongly influenced by both the electronegativity of the phosphonate ester groups as well as the dielectric of the computational solvation model. These effects were verified experimentally as the regioselectivity of benzyl azide trapping increased with more electronegative esters and/or increasingly polar solvents. Conversely, replacing the conventional solvent, acetonitrile, with nonpolar alternatives provided attenuated or even inverted selectivities. Overall, these studies showcase new reactivity of benzyne intermediates and extend the aryne relay methodology to include organophosphonates. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the regioselectivity of aryne trapping reactions could be tuned by simply changing the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Bembenek
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Maya M S Petersen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Julia A Lilly
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Amber L Haugen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Naomi J Jiter
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Ethan E Ripp
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Shelby A Winchell
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Alisha N Harvat
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Caitlin McNulty
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Sierra A Thein
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abbigail M Grieger
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Brandon J Lyle
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Gabriella L Mraz
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abigail M Stitgen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Samuel Foss
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Merranda L Schmid
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Joseph D Scanlon
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Patrick H Willoughby
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
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15
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Abstract
Computational methods have emerged as a powerful tool to augment traditional experimental molecular catalyst design by providing useful predictions of catalyst performance and decreasing the time needed for catalyst screening. In this perspective, we discuss three approaches for computational molecular catalyst design: (i) the reaction mechanism-based approach that calculates all relevant elementary steps, finds the rate and selectivity determining steps, and ultimately makes predictions on catalyst performance based on kinetic analysis, (ii) the descriptor-based approach where physical/chemical considerations are used to find molecular properties as predictors of catalyst performance, and (iii) the data-driven approach where statistical analysis as well as machine learning (ML) methods are used to obtain relationships between available data/features and catalyst performance. Following an introduction to these approaches, we cover their strengths and weaknesses and highlight some recent key applications. Furthermore, we present an outlook on how the currently applied approaches may evolve in the near future by addressing how recent developments in building automated computational workflows and implementing advanced ML models hold promise for reducing human workload, eliminating human bias, and speeding up computational catalyst design at the same time. Finally, we provide our viewpoint on how some of the challenges associated with the up-and-coming approaches driven by automation and ML may be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Soyemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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16
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Nilova A, Sibbald PA, Valente EJ, González‐Montiel GA, Richardson HC, Brown KS, Cheong PH, Stuart DR. Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrasubstituted Arenes by Vicinal Functionalization of Arynes Derived from Aryl(Mes)iodonium Salts**. Chemistry 2021; 27:7168-7175. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nilova
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Paul A. Sibbald
- Department of Chemistry Stetson University DeLand Florida 32723 USA
| | - Edward J. Valente
- Department of Chemistry University of Portland Portland Oregon 97203 USA
| | | | | | - Kevin S. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | | | - David R. Stuart
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Lianggui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
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18
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Yoshioka E, Kakigi K, Miyoshi S, Kawasaki Y, Miyabe H. Aryne Precursors for Selective Generation of 3-Haloarynes: Preparation and Application to Synthetic Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13544-13556. [PMID: 32985890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and reaction of new 3-haloaryne precursors 2a-2h were studied. The ortho-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflate precursors 2a-2h were prepared by a simple procedure involving O-trimethylsilylation and migration of a trimethylsilyl group followed by triflation. The remarkable feature of new precursors is the selective generation of 3-haloarynes by suppressing the competitive thia-Fries rearrangement, which is the problem in the reaction using the well-known 3-haloaryne precursors. The advantage of new precursor 2a over a typical precursor 1 was confirmed by the direct comparisons in several reactions. The application of precursors 2a-2h to the syntheses of heterocycles was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eito Yoshioka
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Kengo Kakigi
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Shouta Miyoshi
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kawasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Hideto Miyabe
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
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19
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Nakamura Y, Sakata Y, Hosoya T, Yoshida S. Synthesis of Functionalized Benzopyran/Coumarin-Derived Aryne Precursors and Their Applications. Org Lett 2020; 22:8505-8510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakata
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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20
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Matsuzawa T, Hosoya T, Yoshida S. One-step synthesis of benzo[ b]thiophenes by aryne reaction with alkynyl sulfides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9691-9696. [PMID: 34094234 PMCID: PMC8162113 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An aryne reaction with alkynyl sulfides affording benzo[b]thiophenes is disclosed. A wide range of 3-substituted benzothiophenes were synthesized from easily available o-silylaryl triflates and alkynyl sulfides in a one-step intermolecular manner. The synthesis of diverse multisubstituted benzothiophene derivatives involving a pentacyclic compound was achieved by virtue of the good functional group tolerance and versatile C2 functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Matsuzawa
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
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21
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Lahm ME, Maynard RK, Turney JM, Weinhold F, Schaefer HF. Substituted Ortho-Benzynes: Properties of the Triple Bond. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9905-9914. [PMID: 32614582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-benzyne has been well studied by both experiment and theory. Its substituted variants, however, have been less carefully examined. Benchmark data are computed for unsubstituted ortho-benzyne using several density functional theory functionals and basis sets, up to cc-pVQZ. Optimized geometries for the substituted ortho-benzyne as well as harmonic vibrational frequencies and singlet-triplet splittings are computed using the benchmarked functionals. A proximal (syn)OH substitution causes a mean θ1 distortion of +8.1 ± 1.4° from ortho-benzyne. Substituting in the proximal position with F shifts the singlet-triplet splitting by +4.5 ± 0.4 kcal mol-1 from ortho-benzyne. Natural bond orbital analysis, including natural Coulomb electrostatics, elucidates the presence of three influences from the selected substituents: hyperconjugative, resonance, and electrostatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Lahm
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ryan K Maynard
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Frank Weinhold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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22
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Iwata T, Hyodo M, Fukami T, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Shindo M. Anthranoxides as Highly Reactive Arynophiles for the Synthesis of Triptycenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:8506-8510. [PMID: 32432370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report herein an efficient method to synthesize triptycenes by the reaction of benzynes and anthranoxides, which are electron-rich and readily prepared from the corresponding anthrones. Using this method, 1,9-syn-substituted triptycenes were regioselectively obtained employing 3-methoxybenzynes. This method was also applied to synthesize pentiptycenes. A DFT study revealed that the cycloaddition of lithium anthranoxide and benzyne proceeds stepwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwata
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hyodo
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takuto Fukami
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
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23
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Adolfo Cuesta S, Cordova‐Sintjago T, Ramón Mora J. Sulfonylation of Five‐Membered Aromatic Heterocycles Compounds through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Concerted or Stepwise Mechanism? ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Adolfo Cuesta
- Grupo de Química computacional y teórica (QCT-USFQ) Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad San Francisco de Quito Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica Quito 17-1200-841 Ecuador
| | | | - José Ramón Mora
- Grupo de Química computacional y teórica (QCT-USFQ) Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad San Francisco de Quito Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica Quito 17-1200-841 Ecuador
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24
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Werz DB, Biju AT. Uncovering the Neglected Similarities of Arynes and Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3385-3398. [PMID: 31529661 PMCID: PMC7065169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arynes and donor-acceptor (D-A) cyclopropanes are two classes of strained systems having the potential for numerous applications in organic synthesis. The last two decades have witnessed a renaissance of interest in the chemistry of these species primarily because of the mild and robust methods for their generation or activation. Commonly, arynes as easily polarizable systems result in 1,2-disubstitution, whereas D-A cyclopropanes as polarized systems lead to 1,3-bisfunctionalization thereby showing striking similarities. Transformations with 1,2- and 1,3-dipoles afford cyclic structures. With arynes, emerging four-membered rings as intermediates might react further, whereas the analogous five-membered rings obtained from D-A cyclopropanes are most often the final products. However, there are a few cases where these intermediates behave surprisingly differently. This Minireview highlights the parallels in reactivity between arynes and D-A cyclopropanes thereby shedding light on the neglected similarities of these two reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Werz
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitut für Organische ChemieHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Department of Organic ChemistryIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
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25
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Grimblat N, Sarotti AM. Looking at the big picture in activation strain model/energy decomposition analysis: the case of the ortho-para regioselectivity rule in Diels-Alder reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1104-1111. [PMID: 31950965 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02671a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regioselectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction is predicted by the ortho-para rule which has been explained from FMO theory. Using DFT calculations, the activation-strain model and energy decomposition analysis we studied the reaction of methyl acrylate with four unsymmetrical dienes. We found that if the analysis is carried out considering the TS structures, the selectivity would not be explained by the interaction energy as expected considering the FMO arguments. However, a thorough analysis along the reaction path revealed that the interaction energy is responsible for the regioselectivity. A deeper analysis with the EDA model showed that the decisive term that accounts for the HOMO-LUMO interactions favors the ortho and para paths, as predicted by FMO arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Grimblat
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
| | - Ariel M Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
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26
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Werz DB, Biju AT. Über bislang nicht beachtete Parallelen in der Reaktivität von Arinen und Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclopropanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Werz
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitut für Organische Chemie Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Deutschland
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Department of Organic ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 Indien
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27
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Yoshinaga T, Fujiwara T, Iwata T, Shindo M. Synthesis of Distorted 1,8,13‐Trisilyl‐9‐hydroxytriptycenes by Triple Cycloaddition of Ynolates to 3‐Silylbenzynes. Chemistry 2019; 25:13855-13859. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Yoshinaga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering SciencesKyushu University 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga 816-8580 Japan
| | - Takumi Fujiwara
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering SciencesKyushu University 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga 816-8580 Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwata
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and EngineeringKyushu University 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga 816-8580 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and EngineeringKyushu University 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga 816-8580 Japan
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28
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Takenaga N, Hayashi T, Ueda S, Satake H, Yamada Y, Kodama T, Dohi AT. Synthesis of Uracil-Iodonium(III) Salts for Practical Utilization as Nucleobase Synthetic Modules. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173034. [PMID: 31438596 PMCID: PMC6749211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodonium(III) salts bearing uracil moieties have recently appeared in the literature, but their structural scope and utilization are limited because of their hygroscopic characteristics. In this study, we describe our detailed investigations for synthesizing a series of uracil iodonium(III) salts derived with various structural motifs and counterions. These new compounds have been utilized as attractive synthetic modules in constructing functionalized nucleobase and nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takenaga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Takumi Hayashi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satake
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yamada
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - And Toshifumi Dohi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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29
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Singh P, Cairns AG, Adolfsson DE, Ådén J, Sauer UH, Almqvist F. Synthesis of Densely Functionalized N-Alkenyl 2-Pyridones via Benzyne-Induced Ring Opening of Thiazolino-Fused 2-Pyridones. Org Lett 2019; 21:6946-6950. [PMID: 31419146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of 6-arylthio-substituted-N-alkenyl 2-pyridones by ring opening of bicyclic thiazolino-2-pyridones with arynes. Varied functionalization was used to investigate scope and substituent influences on reactivity. Selected conditions favor thioether ring opening over [4 + 2] cycloaddition and an unusual aryne incorporating ring expansion. Deuterium labeling was used to clarify observed reactivity. Using the knowledge, we produced drug-like molecules with complex substitution patterns and show how thioether ring opening can be used on scaffolds with competing reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Cairns
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dan E Adolfsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Ådén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Uwe H Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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30
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Gaykar RN, Bhattacharjee S, Biju AT. Transition-Metal-Free Thioamination of Arynes Using Sulfenamides. Org Lett 2019; 21:737-740. [PMID: 30648876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of arynes into the S-N σ-bond of sulfenamides allowing the synthesis of o-sulfanylaniline derivatives with reasonable functional group compatibility is presented. The aryne generated from 2-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates using CsF in DME was the key for the success of this transition-metal-free thioamination reaction, which involves new C-N and C-S bond formations in a single step under mild conditions. Moreover, the synthetic potential of this method was demonstrated by the synthesis of the antidepressant drug vortioxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul N Gaykar
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Subrata Bhattacharjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
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31
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Uchida K, Yoshida S, Hosoya T. Synthetic Aryne Chemistry toward Multicomponent Coupling. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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32
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Mirzaei S, Khosravi H. Predicting the regioselectivity of arynes: a simple model based on orbital electronegativity. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple model based on orbital electronegativity to predict the regioselectivity of arynes is reported; the nucleophiles attack the terminus possessing lower OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry
- Marquette University
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Hormoz Khosravi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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33
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Payili N, Rekula SR, Aitha A, Mutha VVSRNAK, Gangu Naidu C, Yennam S. Synthesis of dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptanoids via aryne insertion into 2-arylidene-1,3-indandiones. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9442-9446. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01900f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cascade synthetic strategy for the direct synthesis of dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptanoids and dibenz[a,c]anthracene-9,14-dione derivatives from aryne precursors has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Payili
- Chemistry Services
- GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd
- Hyderabad 500076
- India
- Vignan's Foundation for Science
| | | | - Anjaiah Aitha
- Chemistry Services
- GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd
- Hyderabad 500076
- India
| | | | - Challa Gangu Naidu
- Vignan's Foundation for Science
- Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) (VFSTRU)
- Guntur 522213
- India
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34
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Takenaga N, Ueda S, Hayashi T, Dohi T, Kitagaki S. Vicinal Functionalization of Uracil Heterocycles with Base Activation of Iodonium(III) Salts. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Zhang Y, Xiong W, Cen J, Yan W, Wu Y, Qi C, Wu W, Jiang H. Direct bromocarboxylation of arynes using allyl bromides and carbon dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12304-12307. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented multicomponent reaction involving arynes, allyl bromides, and CO2 has been developed to construct various allyl o-bromobenzoate scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Xiong
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Jinghe Cen
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Wuxin Yan
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Yaodan Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Chaorong Qi
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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37
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Xiong W, Cen J, Wang L, Cheng R, Qi C, Wu W. A Three-Phase Four-Component Coupling Reaction: Selective Synthesis of o-Chloro Benzoates by KCl, Arynes, CO2, and Chloroalkanes. Org Lett 2018; 21:345-349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jinghe Cen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ruixiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chaorong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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38
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Yoshida S. Controlled Reactive Intermediates Enabling Facile Molecular Conjugation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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39
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Picazo E, Anthony SM, Giroud M, Simon A, Miller MA, Houk KN, Garg NK. Arynes and Cyclic Alkynes as Synthetic Building Blocks for Stereodefined Quaternary Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7605-7610. [PMID: 29716194 PMCID: PMC6467087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile method to synthesize stereodefined quaternary centers from reactions of arynes and related strained intermediates using β-ketoester-derived substrates. The conversion of β-ketoesters to chiral enamines is followed by reaction with in situ generated strained arynes or cyclic alkynes. Hydrolytic workup provides the arylated or alkenylated products in enantiomeric excesses as high as 96%. We also describe the one-pot conversion of a β-ketoester substrate to the corresponding enantioenriched α-arylated product. Computations show how chirality is transferred from the N-bound chiral auxiliary to the final products. These are the first theoretical studies of aryne trapping by chiral nucleophiles to set new stereocenters. Our approach provides a solution to the challenging problem of stereoselective β-ketoester arylation/alkenylation, with formation of a quaternary center.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maude Giroud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Adam Simon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Margeaux A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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40
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Wang Y, Yu ZX. Intra- versus Intermolecular Carbon-to-Carbon Proton Transfers in the Reactions of Arynes with Nitrogen Nucleophiles: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5384-5391. [PMID: 29652140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-to-carbon proton transfer (PT) is an elementary reaction in organic chemistry. Herein we report a systematic DFT study on the carbon-to-carbon proton transfers in the reactions of arynes with nitrogen nucleophiles, including tertiary amines, aziridines, imines, and N-heteroarenes. DFT calculations indicated that the Gibbs energies of activation for the 1,4- and 1,5-proton transfers involved are lower than 20 kcal/mol in most cases. We also found that the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle applies to the 1,4-proton transfers, indicating that the more exergonic an intramolecular proton transfer is (the more stable a carbanion is generated), the faster it will be. Previous experimental studies have shown that, in the presence of a carbon nucleophile (NuH; e.g., CHCl3 and MeCN) as the third component (also as the solvent), intermolecular proton abstractions may compete with the intramolecular proton transfers and lead to different products. Our theoretical rationalization of these competitions is that the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group at the acidic site can accelerate the intramolecular proton transfer dramatically (owing to the generation of a more stable carbanion), making it compete with the intermolecular processes. In addition, we have also discussed the competition between intra- and intermolecular proton transfers when NuH is used as the reactant rather than the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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41
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Xu H, He J, Shi J, Tan L, Qiu D, Luo X, Li Y. Domino Aryne Annulation via a Nucleophilic-Ene Process. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3555-3559. [PMID: 29421868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Benzdiyne equivalents possess the unique property that they can react with two arynophiles through iteratively generated 1,2- and 2,3-aryne intermediates. Upon rational modification on the second leaving group of these aryne precursors, a domino aryne annulation approach was developed through a nucleophilic-ene reaction sequence. Various benzo-fused N-heterocyclic frameworks were achievable under transition metal-free conditions with a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Jia He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Liang Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Dachuan Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing 400030 , P. R. China
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42
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Santiago CB, Guo JY, Sigman MS. Predictive and mechanistic multivariate linear regression models for reaction development. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2398-2412. [PMID: 29719711 PMCID: PMC5903422 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR) models utilizing computationally-derived and empirically-derived physical organic molecular descriptors are described in this review. Several reports demonstrating the effectiveness of this methodological approach towards reaction optimization and mechanistic interrogation are discussed. A detailed protocol to access quantitative and predictive MLR models is provided as a guide for model development and parameter analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine B Santiago
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Jing-Yao Guo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
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43
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Cumine F, Zhou S, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. A study of diketopiperazines as electron-donor initiators in transition metal-free haloarene-arene coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:3324-3336. [PMID: 28362016 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00036g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several diketopiperazines have been shown to promote carbon-carbon coupling between benzene and aryl halides in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and without the assistance of a transition metal catalyst. The structure of the diketopiperazine has an influence on its reductive potential and can help to promote the coupling of the more challenging aryl bromides with benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florimond Cumine
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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44
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Meerakrishna RS, Athira M, Shanmugam P. Unusual [3+2] Spiroannulation and Creation of Stereogenic Quaternary Center at C‐3 of Oxindole via Addition of (Het)arynes to Isomerized Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Adduct of Isatin. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohanakumaran Athira
- Organic and Bio Organic Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar Chennai- 600020 INDIA
| | - Ponnusamy Shanmugam
- Organic and Bio Organic Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar Chennai- 600020 INDIA
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45
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Kitamura K, Ando Y, Matsumoto T, Suzuki K. Total Synthesis of Aryl C-Glycoside Natural Products: Strategies and Tactics. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1495-1598. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kitamura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ando
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- School
of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1
Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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46
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Neumann CN, Ritter T. Facile C-F Bond Formation through a Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Mediated by the PhenoFluor Reagent. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2822-2833. [PMID: 29120599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage fluorination reactions aim to reduce the synthetic limitations of conventional organofluorine chemistry with respect to substrate scope and functional group tolerance. C-F bond formation is commonly thermodynamically favorable but almost universally associated with high kinetic barriers. Apart from PhenoFluor chemistry, most modern aromatic fluorination methods reported to date rely on the use of transition metal catalysts, with C-F bonds often formed through reductive elimination. Reductive elimination chemistry to make C-X bonds becomes increasingly challenging when moving to higher atomic numbers in the periodic table from C-C to C-F, in part because of higher metal-X bond dissociation energies. The formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds via reductive elimination has become routine in the 20th century, but it took until the 21st century to develop complexes that could afford general C-F bond formation. The availability of such complexes enabled the substrate scope of modern fluorination chemistry to exceed that of conventional fluorination. PhenoFluor chemistry departs from conventional reaction mechanisms for aromatic fluorination chemistry. Instead, we have revealed a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (CSNAr) for PhenoFluor that proceeds through a single neutral four-membered transition state. Conceptually, PhenoFluor chemistry is therefore distinct from conventional SNAr chemistry, which typically proceeds through a two-barrier process with Meisenheimer complexes as reaction intermediates. As a consequence, PhenoFluor chemistry has a larger substrate scope than conventional SNAr chemistry and can be performed on arenes as electron-rich as anilines. Moreover, PhenoFluor chemistry is tolerant of protic functional groups, which sets it apart from modern metal-mediated processes. Primary and secondary amines, alcohols, thiols, and phenols are often not tolerated under metal-catalyzed late-stage fluorination reactions because C-N and C-O reductive elimination can have lower activation barriers than C-F reductive elimination. The mechanism by which PhenoFluor chemistry forms C-F bonds not only rationalizes the substrate scope and functional group tolerance but also informs the side-product profile. Fluorinated isomers are not observed because the four-membered transition state necessitates ipso substitution. In addition, no reduced product, e.g., H instead of F incorporation, as is often observed with metal-mediated methods, has ever been observed with PhenoFluor. PhenoFluor chemistry can be used to deoxyfluorinate both phenols and alcohols. PhenoFluor is an expensive reagent that must be used stoichiometrically and therefore cannot replace cost-efficient methods to make simple fluorinated molecules on a large scale. However, PhenoFluor is often successful when other fluorination methods fail. The synthesis of 18F-labeled molecules for positron emission tomography (PET) is one application of modern fluorination chemistry for which material throughput is not an issue because of the small quantities of PET tracers used in imaging (typically nanomoles). The high emphasis on functional group tolerance, side-product profiles, and reliability combined with less stringent cost requirements render PhenoFluor-based deoxyfluorination with 18F promising for human PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze N. Neumann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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47
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Yoshimura A, Fuchs JM, Middleton KR, Maskaev AV, Rohde GT, Saito A, Postnikov PS, Yusubov MS, Nemykin VN, Zhdankin VV. Pseudocyclic Arylbenziodoxaboroles: Efficient Benzyne Precursors Triggered by Water at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2017; 23:16738-16742. [PMID: 28981177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimura
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University 634050 Tomsk Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Kyle R. Middleton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Andrey V. Maskaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | | | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2–24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | | | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Viktor V. Zhdankin
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University 634050 Tomsk Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
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48
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Hatakeyama M, Sakamoto Y, Ogata K, Sumida Y, Sumida T, Hosoya T, Nakamura S. A study on an unusual S N2 mechanism in the methylation of benzyne through nickel-complexation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26926-26933. [PMID: 28956039 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04739h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three reaction mechanisms of a benzyne-nickel (Ni) complex ([Ni(C6H4)(dcpe)]) with iodomethane during the methylation process were investigated, namely (a) SN2 reaction of the benzyne-Ni complex with iodomethane, (b) concerted σ-bond metathesis during the bond breaking/forming processes, and (c) oxidative addition of iodomethane to the Ni-center and the subsequent reductive elimination process. DFT calculations revealed that the reaction barrier of the SN2 reaction is slightly lower than those of the other mechanisms. The results of orbital analyses suggest that [Ni(C6H4)(dcpe)] forms a metallacycle structure between benzyne and the NiII (3d8) center instead of the η2-structure with the Ni0 (3d10) center. The metallacycle structures became inappropriate as the intermediates of oxidative addition in the formation of the NiII-Me bond, avoiding further oxidation to the high-valent NiIV. The high free energy along σ-bond metathesis was generated from the steric hindrance, thus invoking methylation and Ni-I bond formation concertedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hatakeyama
- Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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49
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Lin JB, Shah TK, Goetz AE, Garg NK, Houk KN. Conjugated Trimeric Scaffolds Accessible from Indolyne Cyclotrimerizations: Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10447-10455. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice B. Lin
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tejas K. Shah
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Adam E. Goetz
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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50
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Yao T, He D. Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Heck/Aryne Carbopalladation/C–H Functionalization: Synthesis of Heterocycle-Fused 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:842-845. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuanli Yao
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Dan He
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefu Road, Weiyang District, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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