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Grotsch K, Sadybekov AV, Hiller S, Zaidi S, Eremin D, Le A, Liu Y, Smith EC, Illiopoulis-Tsoutsouvas C, Thomas J, Aggarwal S, Pickett JE, Reyes C, Picazo E, Roth BL, Makriyannis A, Katritch V, Fokin VV. Virtual Screening of a Chemically Diverse "Superscaffold" Library Enables Ligand Discovery for a Key GPCR Target. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:866-874. [PMID: 38598723 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The advent of ultra-large libraries of drug-like compounds has significantly broadened the possibilities in structure-based virtual screening, accelerating the discovery and optimization of high-quality lead chemotypes for diverse clinical targets. Compared to traditional high-throughput screening, which is constrained to libraries of approximately one million compounds, the ultra-large virtual screening approach offers substantial advantages in both cost and time efficiency. By expanding the chemical space with compounds synthesized from easily accessible and reproducible reactions and utilizing a large, diverse set of building blocks, we can enhance both the diversity and quality of the discovered lead chemotypes. In this study, we explore new chemical spaces using reactions of sulfur(VI) fluorides to create a combinatorial library consisting of several hundred million compounds. We screened this virtual library for cannabinoid type II receptor (CB2) antagonists using the high-resolution structure in conjunction with a rationally designed antagonist, AM10257. The top-predicted compounds were then synthesized and tested in vitro for CB2 binding and functional antagonism, achieving an experimentally validated hit rate of 55%. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of reliable reactions, such as sulfur fluoride exchange, in diversifying ultra-large chemical spaces and facilitate the discovery of new lead compounds for important biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grotsch
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Anastasiia V Sadybekov
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Sydney Hiller
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Saheem Zaidi
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Eremin
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Austen Le
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
- Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, National Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
| | - Evan Carlton Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christos Illiopoulis-Tsoutsouvas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Joice Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Shubhangi Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Julie E Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
- Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, National Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
| | - Cesar Reyes
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Elias Picazo
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
- Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, National Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Department of Chemistry, the Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, California, United States
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4
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Kearney SE, Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi G, Brimacombe KR, Henderson MJ, Lynch C, Zhao T, Wan K, Itkin Z, Dillon C, Shen M, Cheff D, Lee T, Bougie D, Cheng K, Coussens N, Dorjsuren D, Eastman R, Huang R, Iannotti M, Karavadhi S, Klumpp-Thomas C, Roth J, Sakamuru S, Sun W, Titus S, Yasgar A, Zhang YQ, Zhao J, Andrade R, Brown MK, Burns N, Cha JK, Mevers E, Clardy J, Clement J, Crooks P, Cuny G, Ganor J, Moreno J, Morrill L, Picazo E, Susick R, Garg N, Goess B, Grossman R, Hughes C, Johnston J, Joullie M, Kinghorn AD, Kingston D, Krische M, Kwon O, Maimone T, Majumdar S, Maloney K, Mohamed E, Murphy B, Nagorny P, Olson D, Overman L, Brown L, Snyder J, Porco J, Rivas F, Ross S, Sarpong R, Sharma I, Shaw J, Xu Z, Shen B, Shi W, Stephenson C, Verano A, Tan D, Tang Y, Taylor R, Thomson R, Vosburg D, Wu J, Wuest W, Zakarian A, Zhang Y, Ren T, Zuo Z, Inglese J, Michael S, Simeonov A, Zheng W, Shinn P, Jadhav A, Boxer M, Hall MD, Xia M, Guha R, Rohde JM. Canvass: A Crowd-Sourced, Natural-Product Screening Library for Exploring Biological Space. ACS Cent Sci 2018; 4:1727-1741. [PMID: 30648156 PMCID: PMC6311695 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural products and their derivatives continue to be wellsprings of nascent therapeutic potential. However, many laboratories have limited resources for biological evaluation, leaving their previously isolated or synthesized compounds largely or completely untested. To address this issue, the Canvass library of natural products was assembled, in collaboration with academic and industry researchers, for quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) across a diverse set of cell-based and biochemical assays. Characterization of the library in terms of physicochemical properties, structural diversity, and similarity to compounds in publicly available libraries indicates that the Canvass library contains many structural elements in common with approved drugs. The assay data generated were analyzed using a variety of quality control metrics, and the resultant assay profiles were explored using statistical methods, such as clustering and compound promiscuity analyses. Individual compounds were then sorted by structural class and activity profiles. Differential behavior based on these classifications, as well as noteworthy activities, are outlined herein. One such highlight is the activity of (-)-2(S)-cathafoline, which was found to stabilize calcium levels in the endoplasmic reticulum. The workflow described here illustrates a pilot effort to broadly survey the biological potential of natural products by utilizing the power of automation and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Kearney
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Gergely Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kyle R. Brimacombe
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark J. Henderson
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Tongan Zhao
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kanny
K. Wan
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Zina Itkin
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Christopher Dillon
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Dorian
M. Cheff
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Tobie
D. Lee
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Danielle Bougie
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ken Cheng
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Nathan
P. Coussens
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Dorjbal Dorjsuren
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Richard
T. Eastman
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Michael
J. Iannotti
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Surendra Karavadhi
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jacob
S. Roth
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Steven
A. Titus
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rodrigo
B. Andrade
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Noah
Z. Burns
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jin K. Cha
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Emily
E. Mevers
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason
A. Clement
- Natural
Products Discovery Institute, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Peter
A. Crooks
- University
of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street 522, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Gregory
D. Cuny
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Jake Ganor
- Diamond
Age Corp., 344 East Louisiana
Street, McKinney, Texas 75069, United States
| | - Jesus Moreno
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lucas
A. Morrill
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elias Picazo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert
B. Susick
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil
K. Garg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Brian
C. Goess
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Robert
B. Grossman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chambers
C. Hughes
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey
N. Johnston
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Madeleine
M. Joullie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David
G.I. Kingston
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael
J. Krische
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street STOP A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thomas
J. Maimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for
Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College
of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, 2 Pharmacy Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Katherine
N. Maloney
- Department
of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Enas Mohamed
- University
of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Brian
T. Murphy
- College
of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David
E. Olson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- School of
Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 2102, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center for
Neuroscience, University of California,
Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Larry
E. Overman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lauren
E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John
K. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John
A. Porco
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Samir
A. Ross
- University
of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 841-A Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Indrajeet Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Institute of Natural Products and
Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jared
T. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Campus, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130
Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Campus, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130
Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Corey
R.J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alyssa
L. Verano
- Pharmacology
Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Derek
S. Tan
- Pharmacology
Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Tri-Institutional Research
Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richard
E. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Warren Family Research Center
for Drug Discovery and Development, University
of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney
Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Regan
J. Thomson
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David
A. Vosburg
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - William
M. Wuest
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory Antibiotic
Resistance Center, Emory University School
of Medicine, 201 Dowman
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Santa
Barbara
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tianjing Ren
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - James Inglese
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sam Michael
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew
B. Boxer
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Phone: 301-480-9928. Fax: 301-217-5736.
E-mail:
| | - Menghang Xia
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jason M. Rohde
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Phone: 301-319-9272. Fax: 301-319-9449. E-mail:
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