1
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Roh S, Nam Y, Nguyen MTN, Han JH, Lee JS. Dynamic Covalent Bond-Based Polymer Chains Operating Reversibly with Temperature Changes. Molecules 2024; 29:3261. [PMID: 39064840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic bonds can facilitate reversible formation and dissociation of connections in response to external stimuli, endowing materials with shape memory and self-healing capabilities. Temperature is an external stimulus that can be easily controlled through heat. Dynamic covalent bonds in response to temperature can reversibly connect, exchange, and convert chains in the polymer. In this review, we introduce dynamic covalent bonds that operate without catalysts in various temperature ranges. The basic bonding mechanism and the kinetics are examined to understand dynamic covalent chemistry reversibly performed by equilibrium control. Furthermore, a recent synthesis method that implements dynamic covalent coupling based on various polymers is introduced. Dynamic covalent bonds that operate depending on temperature can be applied and expand the use of polymers, providing predictions for the development of future smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Roh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjeong Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - My Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seop Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Das KM, Pal A, Surya T L, Roy L, Thakur A. Cu(II) Promoted C(sp 3 )-H Activation in Unactivated Cycloalkanes: Oxo-Alkylation of Styrenes to Synthesize β-Disubstituted Ketones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303776. [PMID: 38055713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the Cu(II) catalyzed synthesis of β-disubstituted ketones from styrene via oxo-alkylation with unactivated cycloalkanes as the alkylating agent in presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) and 1-methylimidazole as oxidant and base respectively. β-disubstituted ketones are known to be synthesized by using either expensive Ru/Ir complexes, or low-cost metal complexes (e. g., Fe, Mn) with activated species like aldehyde, acid, alcohol, or phthalimide derivatives as the alkylating agent, however, use of unactivated cycloalkanes directly as the alkylating agent remains challenging. A wide range of aliphatic C-H substrates as well as various olefinic arenes and heteroarene (35 substrates including 14 new substrates) are well-tolerated in this method. Hammett analysis shed more light on the substitution effect in the olefinic part on the overall mechanism. Furthermore, the controlled experiments, kinetic isotope effect study, and theoretical calculations (DFT) enable us to gain deeper insight of mechanistic intricacies of this new simple and atom-economic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Adwitiya Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Lakshmi Surya T
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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3
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Xie H, Lv L, Zhang T, Tang S. Reaction kinetics of trioxane synthesis from formaldehyde catalyzed by sulfuric acid/ionic liquid. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-02016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Muldoon JA, Harvey BG. Bio-Based Cycloalkanes: The Missing Link to High-Performance Sustainable Jet Fuels. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5777-5807. [PMID: 32810345 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable energy solutions that reduce global carbon emissions, while maintaining high living standards, is one of the grand challenges of the current century. Transportation fuels are critical to economic development, globalization, and the advancement of society. Although ground vehicles and small aircraft are beginning a slow transition toward electric propulsion with energy sourced from solar radiation or wind, the extreme power requirements of jet aircraft require a more concentrated source of energy that is conveniently provided by liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This Review describes recent efforts to develop efficient routes for the conversion of crude biomass sources (e. g., lignocellulose) to cycloalkanes. These cycloalkanes impart advantageous properties to jet fuels, including increased density, higher volumetric heat of combustion, and enhanced operability. The combination of bio-based cycloalkanes and synthetic paraffinic kerosenes allows for the preparation of 100 % bio-based fuels that can outperform conventional petroleum-based fuels. In this Review methods are described that convert biomass-derived small molecules, including furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, cyclic ketones, phenolics, acyclic ketones, cyclic alcohols, furans, esters, and alkenes to high-density cycloalkanes. In addition to describing the chemical transformations and catalysts that have been developed to efficiently produce various cycloalkanes, this Review includes summaries of key fuel properties, which highlight the ability to generate fuels with customized performance metrics. This work is intended to inspire other researchers to study the conversion of sustainable feedstocks to full-performance aviation fuels. An acceleration of this research is critical to reducing the carbon footprint of commercial and military aviation on a timescale that will help blunt the impacts of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Muldoon
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Branch, China Lake, California, 93555, USA
| | - Benjamin G Harvey
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Branch, China Lake, California, 93555, USA
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5
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Fritz-Langhals E, Werge S, Kneissl S, Piroutek P. Novel Si(II)+ and Ge(II)+ Compounds as Efficient Catalysts in Organosilicon Chemistry: Siloxane Coupling Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Fritz-Langhals
- WACKER Chemie AG, Consortium, Zielstattstraße 20-22, D-81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Werge
- WACKER Chemie AG, Consortium, Zielstattstraße 20-22, D-81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Sotirios Kneissl
- WACKER Chemie AG, Consortium, Zielstattstraße 20-22, D-81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Phillip Piroutek
- WACKER Chemie AG, Consortium, Zielstattstraße 20-22, D-81379 Munich, Germany
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6
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Damilano G, Binnemans K, Dehaen W. Synthesis of Guerbet ionic liquids and extractants as β-branched biosourceable hydrophobes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9778-9791. [PMID: 31701105 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis of β-branched amines and β-branched quaternary ammonium chloride ionic liquids as novel extractants. The synthesis methodology was tailored to facilitate the reaction scale-up and the use of biorenewable starting materials. The developed process is an overall green, easy and straightforward synthesis of β-branched amines, and ammonium salts, starting from linear aldehydes. In order to evaluate the potential of the synthesised materials in applications, the rheology, density, thermal stability, chemical stability, phase transitions, and mutual solubility with water of the novel extractants was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Damilano
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F - P. O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F - P. O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Dehaen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F - P. O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Shorunov SV, Bermeshev MV, Demchuk DV, Nelyubina YV. Synthesis and structure of 2,4,6-tri-cyclo-butyl-1,3,5-trioxane. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1578-1581. [PMID: 31709071 PMCID: PMC6829721 DOI: 10.1107/s205698901900896x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure of 2,4,6,-tri-cyclo-butyl-1,3,5-trioxane, C15H24O3 1, is described. It was formed in 39% yield during the work-up of the Swern oxidation of cyclo-butyl-methanol and may serve as a stable precursor of the cyclo-butane carbaldehyde. The mol-ecule of 1 occupies a special position (3.m) located at the center of its 1,3,5-trioxane ring. The latter is in a chair conformation, with the symmetry-independent O and C atoms deviating by 0.651 (4) Å from the least-squares plane of the other atoms of the trioxane ring. All three cyclo-butane substituents, which have a butterfly conformation with an angle between the two planes of 25.7 (3)°, are in the cis conformation relative to the 1,3,5-trioxane ring. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions between the 1,3,5-trioxane rings consolidate the crystal structure, forming stacks along the c-axis direction. The crystal studied was refined a as a racemic twin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Shorunov
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim V. Bermeshev
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Demchuk
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of, Sciences, 28 Vavilova Str, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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8
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Müller M, Buchner MR. Beryllium-Induced Conversion of Aldehydes. Chemistry 2019; 25:11147-11156. [PMID: 31264745 PMCID: PMC6771974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes play a key role in the human metabolism. Therefore, it is essential to know their reactivity with beryllium compounds in order to assess its effects in the body. The reactivity of simple aldehydes towards beryllium halides (F, Cl, Br, I) was studied through solution and solid‐state techniques and revealed distinctively different reactivities of the beryllium halides, with BeF2 being the least and BeI2 the most reactive. Rearrangement and aldol condensation reactions were observed and monitored by in situ NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structures of various compounds obtained by Be2+‐catalyzed cyclization, rearrangement, and aldol addition reactions or ligation of beryllium halides have been determined, including unprecedented one‐dimensional BeCl2 chains and the first structurally characterized example of an 1‐iodo‐alkoxide. Long‐term studies showed that only aldehydes without a β‐H can form stable beryllium complexes, whereas other aldehydes are oligo‐ and polymerized or decomposed by beryllium halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Berylliumchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Berylliumchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Monsigny L, Thuéry P, Berthet JC, Cantat T. Breaking C–O Bonds with Uranium: Uranyl Complexes as Selective Catalysts in the Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Monsigny
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Claude Berthet
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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10
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Yolsal U, Wang M, Royer JR, Shaver MP. Rheological Characterization of Polymeric Frustrated Lewis Pair Networks. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Utku Yolsal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - John R. Royer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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11
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Huang W, Chen S, Chen Z, Yue M, Li M, Gu Y. Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyrroles from Enolizable Aldehydes and Primary Amines Promoted by Iodine. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5655-5666. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Shaomin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Meie Yue
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042 Qingdao, China
| | - Minghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, 730000 Lanzhou, China
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12
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Tamang SR, Bedi D, Shafiei-Haghighi S, Smith CR, Crawford C, Findlater M. Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Alkenes, Aldehydes, and Ketones. Org Lett 2018; 20:6695-6700. [PMID: 30339397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operationally convenient and general method for hydroboration of alkenes, aldehydes, and ketones employing Co(acac)3 as a precatalyst is reported. The hydroboration of alkenes in the presence of HBpin, PPh3, and NaO tBu affords good to excellent yields with high Markovnikov selectivity with up to 97:3 branched/linear selectivity. Moreover, Co(acac)3 could be used effectively to hydroborate aldehydes and ketones in the absence of additives under mild reaction conditions. Inter- and intramolecular chemoselective reduction of the aldehyde group took place over the ketone functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Raj Tamang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Deepika Bedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Sara Shafiei-Haghighi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Cecilia R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Christian Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
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13
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Tamang SR, Singh A, Unruh DK, Findlater M. Nickel-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,4-Hydroboration of N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sem Raj Tamang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Arpita Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Daniel K. Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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14
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Jing Y, Xia Q, Xie J, Liu X, Guo Y, Zou JJ, Wang Y. Robinson Annulation-Directed Synthesis of Jet-Fuel-Ranged Alkylcyclohexanes from Biomass-Derived Chemicals. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Jing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Meilong Road 130#, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qineng Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Meilong Road 130#, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junjian Xie
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Meilong Road 130#, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Meilong Road 130#, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ji-jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Meilong Road 130#, Shanghai 200237, China
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15
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Abreu I, Da Costa NC, van Es A, Kim JA, Parasar U, Poulsen ML. Natural Occurrence of Aldol Condensation Products in Valencia Orange Oil. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2805-2815. [PMID: 29095499 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cold pressed orange oils contain predominantly d-limonene (approximately 95%) and various other lower concentration monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sinensals plus 3 key aliphatic aldehydes: hexanal, octanal. and decanal. The aldol self-condensation products or "dimers" for each aldehyde have been postulated as being present at low concentrations in the oil. However, to date only the hexanal dimer has been previously reported. In this paper, cold pressed Valencia orange oil was fractionally distilled/folded and analyzed by GC and high resolution GC-MS to detect these compounds on 2 different capillary column phases. Subsequently the hexanal, octanal, and decanal self-aldol condensation products, 2-butyl-2-octenal, 2-hexyl-2-decenal, and 2-octyl-2-dodecenal, respectively, were detected in the folded oil. These predominantly trans configuration isomeric compounds were synthesized, to confirm them as being present in nature and evaluated organoleptically by a panel of evaluators. To further confirm the mechanism of their formation, the enriched oil was made into a simple beverage to show the effect on the formation of these aldol compounds under acidic conditions. Finally aliphatic aldehydes from hexanal to undecanal were reacted together in various combinatorial pairs to give an additional 33 self and mixed aldol condensation products, some of which were also detected in the folded oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This paper discloses the structural elucidation and synthesis of 8 novel aldol condensation products found at trace concentrations in citrus and leading to a further 31 mass spectrally determined aldol products. Sensory evaluations and application of some of these components were demonstrated in a model citrus beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Abreu
- Intl. Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, N.J. 07735, U.S.A
| | - Neil C Da Costa
- Intl. Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, N.J. 07735, U.S.A
| | - Alfred van Es
- Intl. Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, N.J. 07735, U.S.A
| | - Jung-A Kim
- Intl. Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, N.J. 07735, U.S.A
| | - Uma Parasar
- Intl. Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, N.J. 07735, U.S.A
| | - Mauricio L Poulsen
- Intl. Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 1515 Highway 36, Union Beach, N.J. 07735, U.S.A
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16
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Arias Ugarte R, Devarajan D, Mushinski RM, Hudnall TW. Antimony(v) cations for the selective catalytic transformation of aldehydes into symmetric ethers, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, and 1,3,5-trioxanes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11150-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1-Diphenylphosphinonaphthyl-8-triphenylstibonium triflate ([2][OTf]) was prepared in excellent yield. This antimony(v) cation was found to selectively catalyze the transformation of aldehydes into symmetric ethers, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, and 1,3,5-trioxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Arias Ugarte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | - Deepa Devarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | - Ryan M. Mushinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
| | - Todd W. Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas State University
- San Marcos
- USA
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