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Mo XH, Sun YM, Bi YX, Zhao Y, Yu GH, Tan LL, Yang S. Characterization of C 30 carotenoid and identification of its biosynthetic gene cluster in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:527-535. [PMID: 37637201 PMCID: PMC10448405 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylobacterium species, the representative bacteria distributed in phyllosphere region of plants, often synthesize carotenoids to resist harmful UV radiations. Methylobacterium extorquens is known to produce a carotenoid pigment and recent research revealed that this carotenoid has a C30 backbone. However, its exact structure remains unknown. In the present study, the carotenoid produced by M. extorquens AM1 was isolated and its structure was determined as 4-[2-O-11Z-octadecenoyl-β-glucopyranosyl]-4,4'-diapolycopenedioc acid (1), a glycosylated C30 carotenoid. Furthermore, the genes related to the C30 carotenoid synthesis were investigated. Squalene, the precursor of the C30 carotenoid, is synthesized by the co-occurrence of META1p1815, META1p1816 and META1p1817. Further overexpression of the genes related to squalene synthesis improved the titer of carotenoid 1. By using gene deletion and gene complementation experiments, the glycosyltransferase META1p3663 and acyltransferase META1p3664 were firstly confirmed to catalyze the tailoring steps from 4,4'-diapolycopene-4,4'-dioic acid to carotenoid 1. In conclusion, the structure and biosynthetic genes of carotenoid 1 produced by M. extorquens AM1 were firstly characterized in this work, which shed lights on engineering M. extorquens AM1 for producing carotenoid 1 in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Man Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Xing Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Hong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling-ling Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Song Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Gamit HA, Naik H, Chandarana KA, Chandwani S, Amaresan N. Secondary metabolites from methylotrophic bacteria: their role in improving plant growth under a stressed environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28563-28574. [PMID: 36710311 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is considered a natural disaster that causes the ecosystem to fluctuate and increase temperature, as well as the amount of UV radiation (UV-A and UV-B) on the Earth's surface. Consequently, greenhouse gases such as chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrogen oxide, and carbon dioxide have become obstacles to the development of sustainable agriculture. To overcome environmental stress such as phytopathogens, drought, salinity, heavy metals, and high-low temperatures, the utilization of microorganisms is a viable option. The synthesis of secondary metabolites by methylotrophic bacteria improves plant metabolism, enhances tolerance, and facilitates growth. The genus Methylobacterium is a pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs which abundantly colonizes plants, especially young leaves, owing to the availability of methanol. Secondary metabolites such as amino acids, carotenoids, hormones, antimicrobial compounds, and other compounds produced by methylotrophic bacteria enhance plant metabolism under stress conditions. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the role of secondary metabolites produced by methylotrophic bacteria and their role in promoting plant growth under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshida A Gamit
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, 394 350, Gujarat, India
| | - Hetvi Naik
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, 394 350, Gujarat, India
| | - Komal A Chandarana
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, 394 350, Gujarat, India
| | - Sapna Chandwani
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, 394 350, Gujarat, India
| | - Natarajan Amaresan
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, 394 350, Gujarat, India.
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Siziya IN, Hwang CY, Seo MJ. Antioxidant Potential and Capacity of Microorganism-Sourced C 30 Carotenoids-A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101963. [PMID: 36290686 PMCID: PMC9598406 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic tetraterpenoid pigments produced by plants, algae, arthropods, and certain bacteria and fungi. These biologically active compounds are used in the food, feed, and nutraceutical industries for their coloring and the physiological benefits imparted by their antioxidant properties. The current global carotenoid market is dominated by synthetic carotenoids; however, the rising consumer demand for natural products has led to increasing research and development in the mass production of carotenoids from alternative natural sources, including microbial synthesis and plant extraction, which holds a significant market share. To date, microbial research has focused on C40 carotenoids, but studies have shown that C30 carotenoids contain similar—and in some microbial strains, greater—antioxidant activity in both the physical and chemical quenching of reactive oxygen species. The discovery of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in different microorganisms and advances in metabolic engineering are driving the discovery of novel C30 carotenoid compounds. This review highlights the C30 carotenoids from microbial sources, showcasing their antioxidant properties and the technologies emerging for their enhanced production. Industrial applications and tactics, as well as biotechnological strategies for their optimized synthesis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inonge Noni Siziya
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Research Center for Bio Material & Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Chi Young Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Myung-Ji Seo
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Research Center for Bio Material & Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-835-8267
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Genome-scale revealing the central metabolic network of the fast growing methanotroph Methylomonas sp. ZR1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:29. [PMID: 33452942 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-02995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylomonas sp. ZR1 was an isolated new methanotrophs that could utilize methane and methanol growing fast and synthesizing value added compounds such as lycopene. In this study, the genomic study integrated with the comparative transcriptome analysis were taken to understanding the metabolic characteristic of ZR1 grown on methane and methanol at normal and high temperature regime. Complete Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP), Entner-Doudoroff pathway (ED), Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PP) and Tricarboxy Acid Cycle (TCA) were found to be operated in ZR1. In addition, the energy saving ppi-dependent EMP enzyme, coupled with the complete and efficient central carbon metabolic network might be responsible for its fast growing nature. Transcript level analysis of the central carbon metabolism indicated that formaldehyde metabolism was a key nod that may be in charge of the carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) divergent of ZR1 grown on methanol and methane. Flexible nitrogen and carotene metabolism pattern were also investigated in ZR1. Nitrogenase genes in ZR1 were found to be highly expressed with methane even in the presence of sufficient nitrate. It appears that, higher lycopene production in ZR1 grown on methane might be attributed to the higher proportion of transcript level of C40 to C30 metabolic gene. Higher transcript level of exopolysaccharides metabolic gene and stress responding proteins indicated that ZR1 was confronted with severer growth stress with methanol than with methane. Additionally, lower transcript level of the TCA cycle, the dramatic high expression level of the nitric oxide reductase and stress responding protein, revealed the imbalance of the central carbon and nitrogen metabolic status, which would result in the worse growth of ZR1 with methanol at 30 °C.
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Sandmann G. Diversity and Evolution of Carotenoid Biosynthesis from Prokaryotes to Plants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:79-94. [PMID: 33783732 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids exist in pro- and eukaryotic organisms, but not in animals (with one exception). Their biosynthesis evolved from a common ancestor of Archaea and Bacteria and via the latter by endosymbiosis to algae and plants. The formation of carotenoids in fungi can be regarded as a lineage from the archaea. This review highlights the distribution and evolution of carotenogenic pathways in taxonomic groups of prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a special emphasis on the evolutionary aspects of prominent carotenogenic genes in relation to the assigned function of their corresponding enzymes. The latter aspect includes a focus on paralogs of gene families evolving novel functions and unrelated genes encoding enzymes with the same function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Mo XH, Zhang H, Wang TM, Zhang C, Zhang C, Xing XH, Yang S. Establishment of CRISPR interference in Methylorubrum extorquens and application of rapidly mining a new phytoene desaturase involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4515-4532. [PMID: 32215707 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The methylotrophic bacterium Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 holds a great potential of a microbial cell factory in producing high value chemicals with methanol as the sole carbon and energy source. However, many gene functions remain unknown, hampering further rewiring of metabolic networks. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat interference (CRISPRi) has been demonstrated to be a robust tool for gene knockdown in diverse organisms. In this study, we developed an efficient CRISPRi system through optimizing the promoter strength of Streptococcus pyogenes-derived deactivated cas9 (dcas9). When the dcas9 and sgRNA were respectively controlled by medium PR/tetO and strong PmxaF-g promoters, dynamic repression efficacy of cell growth through disturbing a central metabolism gene glyA was achieved from 41.9 to 96.6% dependent on the sgRNA targeting sites. Furthermore, the optimized CRISPRi system was shown to effectively decrease the abundance of exogenous fluorescent protein gene mCherry over 50% and to reduce the expression of phytoene desaturase gene crtI by 97.7%. We then used CRISPRi technology combined with 26 sgRNAs pool to rapidly discover a new phytoene desaturase gene META1_3670 from 2470 recombinant mutants. The gene function was further verified through gene deletion and complementation as well as phylogenetic tree analysis. In addition, we applied CRISPRi to repress the transcriptional level of squalene-hopene cyclase gene shc involved in hopanoid biosynthesis by 64.9%, which resulted in enhancing 1.9-fold higher of carotenoid production without defective cell growth. Thus, the CRISPRi system developed here provides a useful tool in mining functional gene of M. extorquens as well as in biotechnology for producing high-valued chemicals from methanol. KEY POINTS: Developing an efficient CRISPRi to knockdown gene expression in C1-utilizing bacteria CRISPRi combined with sgRNAs pool to rapidly discover a new phytoene desaturase gene Improvement of carotenoid production by repressing a competitive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Min Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Tlusty M, Rhyne A, Szczebak JT, Bourque B, Bowen JL, Burr G, Marx CJ, Feinberg L. A transdisciplinary approach to the initial validation of a single cell protein as an alternative protein source for use in aquafeeds. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3170. [PMID: 28413727 PMCID: PMC5390762 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human population is growing and, globally, we must meet the challenge of increased protein needs required to feed this population. Single cell proteins (SCP), when coupled to aquaculture production, offer a means to ensure future protein needs can be met without direct competition with food for people. To demonstrate a given type of SCP has potential as a protein source for use in aquaculture feed, a number of steps need to be validated including demonstrating that the SCP is accepted by the species in question, leads to equivalent survival and growth, does not result in illness or other maladies, is palatable to the consumer, is cost effective to produce and can easily be incorporated into diets using existing technology. Here we examine white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growth and consumer taste preference, smallmouth grunt (Haemulon chrysargyreum) growth, survival, health and gut microbiota, and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) digestibility when fed diets that substitute the bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens at a level of 30% (grunts), 100% (shrimp), or 55% (salmon) of the fishmeal in a compound feed. In each of these tests, animals performed equivalently when fed diets containing M. extorquens as when fed a standard aquaculture diet. This transdisciplinary approach is a first validation of this bacterium as a potential SCP protein substitute in aquafeeds. Given the ease to produce this SCP through an aerobic fermentation process, the broad applicability for use in aquaculture indicates the promise of M. extorquens in leading toward greater food security in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tlusty
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, United States.,School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Rhyne
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, United States.,School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Arts and Sciences, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States.,Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Joseph T Szczebak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Bradford Bourque
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States
| | | | - Gary Burr
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA ARS, Franklin, ME, United States
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Sonntag F, Kroner C, Lubuta P, Peyraud R, Horst A, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J. Engineering Methylobacterium extorquens for de novo synthesis of the sesquiterpenoid α-humulene from methanol. Metab Eng 2015; 32:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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