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Suresh A, Bagchi D, Kaliappan KP. Thapsigargin: a promising natural product with diverse medicinal potential - a review of synthetic approaches and total syntheses. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39363839 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Thapsigargin, a sesquiterpene lactone, naturally occurring in the roots and fruits of the Mediterranean shrub Thapsia garganica L, is known to the practitioners of traditional medicines since the medieval ages as a cure for rheumatic pain, lung diseases, and female infertility. This naturally occurring guaianolide has shown remarkable activity for Sarco endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase inhibition, which eventually renders it fit as a potential candidate for anti-cancer drugs. Mipsagargin, a prodrug derived from thapsigargin, is under clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma. Recently, thapsigargin has shown promise as an antiviral against SARS-CoV-2. Limited natural availability and challenging synthesis have prompted research into new synthetic pathways. This review discusses significant synthetic approaches and total syntheses of thapsigargin reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Dibyojeet Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Krishna P Kaliappan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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2
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Zahra M, Abrahamse H, George BP. Green nanotech paradigm for enhancing sesquiterpene lactone therapeutics in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116426. [PMID: 38471274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of cancer therapy, sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) derived from diverse Dicoma species demonstrate noteworthy bioactivity. However, the translation of their full therapeutic potential into clinical applications encounters significant challenges, primarily related to solubility, bioavailability, and precise drug targeting. Despite these obstacles, our comprehensive review introduces an innovative paradigm shift that integrates the inherent therapeutic properties of SLs with the principles of green nanotechnology. To overcome issues of solubility, bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery, eco-friendly strategies are proposed for synthesizing nanocarriers. Green nanotechnology has emerged as a focal point in addressing environmental and health concerns linked to conventional treatments. This progressive approach of green nanotechnology holds promise for the development of safe and sustainable nanomaterials, particularly in the field of drug delivery. This groundbreaking methodology signifies a pioneering advancement in the creation of novel and effective anticancer therapeutics. It holds substantial potential for transforming cancer treatment and advancing the landscape of natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Zahra
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 1711, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 1711, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 1711, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Fernandes RA, Moharana S, Khatun GN. Recent advances in the syntheses of guaianolides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6652-6670. [PMID: 37551715 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones, especially guaianolides representing a bigger class of natural products, have served as appealing candidates for total synthesis due to their varied bio- and pharmaceutical activities. This tutorial review delineates the creative efforts of many researchers in the total syntheses of different complex guaianolides recently published in the literature. Many of the syntheses display meticulous interplay between new methods and the ingenuity of strategies achieved through well-planned routes. In some cases, the Chiron approach has come in quite handy, wherein the structural features and stereochemistry of select molecules could map well with naturally available starting materials. A few catalytic methods like diastereoselective aldol reaction, enediyne or dienyne metathesis, or photochemical methods have been efficiently used. This compilation also aims to enhance the diversity space based on these natural products and further interest in the sustainable total synthesis of this class of compounds and related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Sanjita Moharana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Gulenur Nesha Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
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Christensen SB, Simonsen HT, Engedal N, Nissen P, Møller JV, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. From Plant to Patient: Thapsigargin, a Tool for Understanding Natural Product Chemistry, Total Syntheses, Biosynthesis, Taxonomy, ATPases, Cell Death, and Drug Development. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 115:59-114. [PMID: 33797641 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64853-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thapsigargin, the first representative of the hexaoxygenated guaianolides, was isolated 40 years ago in order to understand the skin-irritant principles of the resin of the umbelliferous plant Thapsia garganica. The pronounced cytotoxicity of thapsigargin is caused by highly selective inhibition of the intracellular sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) situated on the membrane of the endo- or sarcoplasmic reticulum. Thapsigargin is selective to the SERCA pump and to a minor extent the secretory pathway Ca2+/Mn2+ ATPase (SPCA) pump. Thapsigargin has become a tool for investigation of the importance of SERCA in intracellular calcium homeostasis. In addition, complex formation of thapsigargin with SERCA has enabled crystallization and structure determination of calcium-free states by X-ray crystallography. These results led to descriptions of the mechanism of action and kinetic properties of SERCA and other ATPases. Inhibition of SERCA depletes Ca2+ from the sarco- and endoplasmic reticulum provoking the unfolded protein response, and thereby has enabled new studies on the mechanism of cell death. Development of protocols for selective transformation of thapsigargin disclosed the chemistry and facilitated total synthesis of the molecule. Conversion of trilobolide into thapsigargin offered an economically feasible sustainable source of thapsigargin, which enables a future drug production. Principles for prodrug development were used by conjugating a payload derived from thapsigargin with a hydrophilic peptide selectively cleaved by proteases in the tumor. Mipsagargin was developed in order to obtain a drug for treatment of cancer diseases characterized by the presence of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in the neovascular tissue of the tumors. Even though mipsagargin showed interesting clinical effects the results did not encourage funding and consequently the attempt to register the drug has been abandoned. In spite of this disappointing fact, the research performed to develop the drug has resulted in important scientific discoveries concerning the chemistry, biosynthesis and biochemistry of sesquiterpene lactones, the mechanism of action of ATPases including SERCA, mechanisms for cell death caused by the unfolded protein response, and the use of prodrugs for cancer-targeting cytotoxins. The presence of toxins in only some species belonging to Thapsia also led to a major revision of the taxonomy of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bld 223, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Vuust Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Bld 1182, Room 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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Thapsigargin-From Traditional Medicine to Anticancer Drug. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010004. [PMID: 33374919 PMCID: PMC7792614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A sesquiterpene lactone, thapsigargin, is a phytochemical found in the roots and fruits of Mediterranean plants from Thapsia L. species that have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat rheumatic pain, lung diseases, and female infertility. More recently thapsigargin was found to be a potent cytotoxin that induces apoptosis by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump, which is necessary for cellular viability. This biological activity encouraged studies on the use of thapsigargin as a novel antineoplastic agent, which were, however, hampered due to high toxicity of this compound to normal cells. In this review, we summarized the recent knowledge on the biological activity and molecular mechanisms of thapsigargin action and advances in the synthesis of less-toxic thapsigargin derivatives that are being developed as novel anticancer drugs.
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Large Scale Conversion of Trilobolide into the Payload of Mipsagargin: 8- O-(12-Aminododecanoyl)-8- O-Debutanoylthapsigargin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121640. [PMID: 33291419 PMCID: PMC7762042 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the impressing cytotoxicity of thapsigargin (Tg), this compound cannot be used as a chemotherapeutic drug because of general toxicity, causing unacceptable side effects. Instead, a prodrug targeted towards tumors, mipsagargin, was brought into clinical trials. What substantially reduces the clinical potential is the limited access to Tg and its derivatives and cost-inefficient syntheses with unacceptably low yields. Laser trilobum, which contains a structurally related sesquiterpene lactone, trilobolide (Tb), is successfully cultivated. Here, we report scalable isolation of Tb from L. trilobum and a transformation of Tb to 8-O-(12-aminododecanoyl)-8-O-debutanoylthapsigargin in seven steps. The use of cultivated L. trilobum offers an unlimited source of the active principle in mipsagargin.
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Applications of Sesquiterpene Lactones: A Review of Some Potential Success Cases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones, a vast range of terpenoids isolated from Asteraceae species, exhibit a broad spectrum of biological effects and several of them are already commercially available, such as artemisinin. Here the most recent and impactful results of in vivo, preclinical and clinical studies involving a selection of ten sesquiterpene lactones (alantolactone, arglabin, costunolide, cynaropicrin, helenalin, inuviscolide, lactucin, parthenolide, thapsigargin and tomentosin) are presented and discussed, along with some of their derivatives. In the authors’ opinion, these compounds have been neglected compared to others, although they could be of great use in developing important new pharmaceutical products. The selected sesquiterpenes show promising anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects, acting on various targets. Moreover, they exhibit antifungal, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antitrypanosomal activities. Several studies discussed here clearly show the potential that some of them have in combination therapy, as sensitizing agents to facilitate and enhance the action of drugs in clinical use. The derivatives show greater pharmacological value since they have better pharmacokinetics, stability, potency, and/or selectivity. All these natural terpenoids and their derivatives exhibit properties that invite further research by the scientific community.
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Peterková L, Kmoníčková E, Ruml T, Rimpelová S. Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase Inhibitors: Beyond Anticancer Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1937-1963. [PMID: 32030976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), which plays a key role in the maintenance of Ca2+ ion homeostasis, is an extensively studied enzyme, the inhibition of which has a considerable impact on cell life and death decision. To date, several SERCA inhibitors have been thoroughly studied and the most notable one, a derivative of the sesquiterpene lactone thapsigargin, is gradually approaching a clinical application. Meanwhile, new compounds with SERCA-inhibiting properties of natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic origin are being discovered and/or developed; some of these might also be suitable for the development of new drugs with improved performance. This review brings an up-to-date comprehensive overview of recently discovered compounds with the potential of SERCA inhibition, discusses their mechanism of action, and highlights their potential clinical applications, such as cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Peterková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Jouanneau M, Bonepally KR, Jeuken A, Tap A, Guillot R, Ardisson J, Férézou JP, Prunet J. Diastereoselective Synthesis of an Advanced Intermediate of Thapsigargin and Other 6,12-Guaianolides Using a RCEYM Strategy. Org Lett 2018; 20:2176-2180. [PMID: 29616815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new and flexible approach toward the synthesis of 6,12-guaianolide anticancer drugs such as trilobolides or thapsigargin has been developed that could be applied to the preparation of analogues with a modified ring system. The synthesis starts from commercial 2-methylcyclopentane-1,3-dione, only relying on diastereoselective reactions for the construction of the stereogenic centers at C1, C3, C6, and C10 and features a high-yielding ring-closing enyne metathesis (RCEYM) step for the formation of the [5,7] bicyclic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Jouanneau
- Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO (CNRS UMR 8182) , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Bâtiment 410 , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Karunakar Reddy Bonepally
- Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO (CNRS UMR 8182) , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Bâtiment 410 , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Alan Jeuken
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
| | - Aurélien Tap
- Faculté de Pharmacie (CNRS UMR 8638) , Université Paris Descartes , 4 avenue de l'Observatoire , F-75270 Paris 06 , France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (CNRS UMR 8182) , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Bâtiment 420 , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Janick Ardisson
- Faculté de Pharmacie (CNRS UMR 8638) , Université Paris Descartes , 4 avenue de l'Observatoire , F-75270 Paris 06 , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Férézou
- Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO (CNRS UMR 8182) , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Bâtiment 410 , F-91405 Orsay , France
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , U.K
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Chen D, Evans PA. A Concise, Efficient and Scalable Total Synthesis of Thapsigargin and Nortrilobolide from (R)-(-)-Carvone. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6046-6049. [PMID: 28422492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A concise, efficient and scalable synthesis of thapsigargin and nortrilobolide from commercially available (R)-(-)-carvone was developed. Our synthetic strategy is inspired by nature's carbon-carbon bond formation sequence, which facilitates the construction of a highly functionalized sesquiterpene lactone skeleton in five steps via an enantioselective ketone alkylation and a diastereoselective pinacol cyclization. We envision that this strategy will permit the construction of other members of the family, structural analogs and provide a practical synthetic route to these important bioactive agents. In addition, we anticipate that the prodrug Mipsagargin, which is currently in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, will also be accessible via this strategy. Hence, the limited availability from natural sources, coupled with an estimated demand of one metric ton per annum for the prodrug, provides a compelling mandate to develop practical total syntheses of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Chu H, Smith JM, Felding J, Baran PS. Scalable Synthesis of (-)-Thapsigargin. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:47-51. [PMID: 28149952 PMCID: PMC5269647 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Total syntheses of the complex, highly oxygenated sesquiterpenes thapsigargin (1) and nortrilobolide (2) are presented. Access to analogues of these promising bioactive natural products has been limited to tedious isolation and semisynthetic efforts. Elegant prior total syntheses demonstrated the feasibility of creating these entitites in 36-42 step processes. The currently reported route proceeds in a scalable and more concise fashion by utilizing two-phase terpene synthesis logic. Salient features of the work include application of the classic photosantonin rearrangement and precisely choreographed installation of the multiple oxygenations present on the guaianolide skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel M. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jakob Felding
- Front
End Innovation, LEO Pharma, A/S Industriparken 55, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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