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Sinha SK, Ghosh P, Jain S, Maiti S, Al-Thabati SA, Alshehri AA, Mokhtar M, Maiti D. Transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation as a means of synthesizing complex natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7461-7503. [PMID: 37811747 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the advent of C-H activation has led to a rethink among chemists about the synthetic strategies employed for multi-step transformations. Indeed, deploying innovative and masterful tricks against the numerous classical organic transformations has been the need of the hour. Despite this, the immense importance of C-H activation remains unfulfilled unless the methodology can be deployed for large-scale industrial processes and towards the concise, step-economic synthesis of prodigious natural products and pharmaceutical drugs. Lately, the growing potential of C-H activation methodology has indeed driven the pioneers of synthetic organic chemists into finding more efficient methods to accelerate the synthesis of such complex molecular scaffolds. This review aims to draw a general overview of the various C-H activation procedures that have been adopted for synthesizing these vast majority of structurally complicated natural products. Our objective lies in drawing a complete picture and taking the readers through the synthesis of a series of such complex organic compounds by simplified techniques, making it step-economic on a larger scale and thus instigating the readers to trigger the use of such methodology and uncover new, unique patterns for future synthesis of such natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Shubhanshu Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh - 466114, India
| | - Shaeel A Al-Thabati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Ali Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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2
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Zou D, Wang W, Hu Y, Jia T. Nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as potential amino sources for the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2254-2271. [PMID: 36825326 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-compounds are one of the cheapest and most readily available materials in the chemical industry and are commonly utilized as versatile building blocks. Previously, the synthesis of N-heterocycles was largely based on anilines. The utilization of nitroarenes and nitroalkenes for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds can save at least one step, however, as compared to anilines. Thus, considerable attention has been paid to nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as new potential amino sources. Significant progress has been made in the reductive cyclization of nitroarenes or nitroalkenes to access various N-heterocycles in recent years. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress in the construction of N-heterocycles using nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as potential amino sources. The compatibility of the reaction substrate, its mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations in this field are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qiantang Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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3
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Heravi MM, Amiri Z, Kafshdarzadeh K, Zadsirjan V. Synthesis of indole derivatives as prevalent moieties present in selected alkaloids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33540-33612. [PMID: 35497516 PMCID: PMC9042329 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoles are a significant heterocyclic system in natural products and drugs. They are important types of molecules and natural products and play a main role in cell biology. The application of indole derivatives as biologically active compounds for the treatment of cancer cells, microbes, and different types of disorders in the human body has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Indoles, both natural and synthetic, show various biologically vital properties. Owing to the importance of this significant ring system, the investigation of novel methods of synthesis have attracted the attention of the chemical community. In this review, we aim to highlight the construction of indoles as a moiety in selected alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Zahra Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Kosar Kafshdarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
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4
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Su Z, Liu B, Liao H, Lin HW. Synthesis of N-Heterocycles by Reductive Cyclization of Nitroalkenes Using Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl as Carbon Monoxide Surrogate. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Su
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai China
| | - Bo Liu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai China
| | - Hongze Liao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai China
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5
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Lambson KE, Dacko CA, McNeill JM, Akhmedov NG, Söderberg BCG. Synthesis of the tricyclic indole alkaloids, dilemmaones A and B. Tetrahedron 2019; 75. [PMID: 32863445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dilemmaones A-C are naturally occurring tricyclic indole alkaloids possessing a unique hydroxymethylene or methoxymethylene substituent at the C2 position of the indole core and a C6-C7 fused cyclopentanone. Dilemmaone B has been prepared in 5 steps from 5-methylindan-1-one, and dilemmaone A has been prepared in 3 steps from a common precursor, 6-bromo-5-methyl-7-nitroindan-1-one. In both syntheses, key steps include a Kosugi-Migita-Stille cross coupling and a reductive cyclization using hydrogen gas and a transition metal catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Lambson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, USA
| | - Christopher A Dacko
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, USA
| | - Jeffrey M McNeill
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, USA
| | - Novruz G Akhmedov
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, USA
| | - Björn C G Söderberg
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, USA
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6
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Gao J, Yang N, Lewis FA, Yau P, Collins JJ, Sweedler JV, Newmark PA. A rotifer-derived paralytic compound prevents transmission of schistosomiasis to a mammalian host. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000485. [PMID: 31622335 PMCID: PMC6797223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that infect over 200 million people, causing the neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis. A single drug, praziquantel, is used to treat schistosome infection. Limitations in mass drug administration programs and the emergence of schistosomiasis in nontropical areas indicate the need for new strategies to prevent infection. It has been known for several decades that rotifers colonizing the schistosome's snail intermediate host produce a water-soluble factor that paralyzes cercariae, the life cycle stage infecting humans. In spite of its potential for preventing infection, the nature of this factor has remained obscure. Here, we report the purification and chemical characterization of Schistosome Paralysis Factor (SPF), a novel tetracyclic alkaloid produced by the rotifer Rotaria rotatoria. We show that this compound paralyzes schistosome cercariae and prevents infection and does so more effectively than analogous compounds. This molecule provides new directions for understanding cercariae motility and new strategies for preventing schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Gao
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fred A. Lewis
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Yau
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Newmark
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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7
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Shang Z, Chen Q, Xing L, Zhang Y, Wait L, Du Y. in
situ
Formation of RSCl/ArSeCl and Their Oxidative Coupling with Enaminone Derivatives Under Transition‐metal Free Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Shang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and Technology; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and Technology; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of ChemistryWest Virginia University, Morgantown West Virginia 26506-6045 United States
| | - Laura Wait
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Queensland St Lucia, Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
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8
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Ferretti F, Ramadan DR, Ragaini F. Transition Metal Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization Reactions of Nitroarenes and Nitroalkenes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Doaa R. Ramadan
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
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9
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Yamana K, Nakano H. Synthesis of polycyclic phosphonates via an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 2-benzoylbenzalaldehyde and alkenyl phosphites. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, we present a Lewis-acid-promoted reaction of 2-benzoylbenzaldehyde and trialkenyl phosphites, which resulted in the formation of polycyclic phosphonates. The reaction proceeded via nucleophilic attack of trialkenyl phosphite on the carbonyl carbon of 2-benzoylbenzaldehyde. The subsequent intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction led to the formation of the cyclic phosphonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamana
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Araike 12, Iwasaki, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igaya, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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10
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Guesmi A, Hamadi NB. Remarkable electronic effect on the total stereoselectivity of the cycloaddition reaction of arylnitrile oxides with pyrrol-2-one derivatives. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe regiospecific 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-one and arylnitrile oxides derivatives have been investigated. The asymmetric induction expected by the chiral centre of the 5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-one derivatives was very effective, single diastereoisomers anti-3 was formed. The diastereoselectivity was linked to the destabilization of the syn transition state as a result of the electrostatic repulsion between the hydroxy group of the dihydropyrrol-2-one derivatives and the atom oxygen of the dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guesmi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, IMSIU (Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University), Riyadh 11623, Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Synthesis Heterocyclic and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, UM (University of Monastir), Boulevard of Environment, 5000 Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - N Ben Hamadi
- Laboratory of Synthesis Heterocyclic and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, UM (University of Monastir), Boulevard of Environment, 5000 Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Textile Engineering Laboratory, Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Ksar Hellal, UM (University of Monastir), Tunisia ,Monastir, Tunisia
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11
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Jain S. Zinc Chloride Catalyzed Amino Claisen Rearrangement of 1-N-Allylindolines: An Expedient Protocol for the Synthesis of Functionalized 7-Allylindolines. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2019-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract7-Allylindolines are valuable synthons for designing biologically active molecular libraries. Lewis acid catalyzed amino-Claisen rearrangement provides a one pot synthetic entry to these heteroarenes. In this context, Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)–N,N-dimethylformamide system efficiently catalyzed amino-Claisen rearrangements of 1-N-allylindolines to 7-allylindolines. The rearrangement is influenced by stereoelectronic effects of substituents present in 1-N-allylindolines. The substrates containing electron donating functionalities underwent rearrangement at lower temperature than substrates with electron withdrawing functional groups. The regioselectivity of the process is governed by the substitution pattern on allyl moiety in 1-N-allylindoline as well as ZnCl2 catalyst loading in the reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Jain
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
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12
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A microwave-assisted approach to N-(2-nitrophenyl)benzenesulfonamides that enhanced peroxidase activity in response to excess cadmium. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Khalafy J, Etivand N, Khalillou N. An efficient synthesis of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-7-ium hydroxides by a one-pot, three-component reaction in water. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2018-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An improved synthesis of 2-ethyl-5-(2-hydroxy-4-oxoquinolin-3(4H)-ylidene)-6-aryl-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-7-ium hydroxide derivatives 4a–k via the reaction of aryl glyoxal monohydrates 1a–k, quinoline-2,4-diol 2 and 2-amino-[1,3,4]thiadiazole (3) in the presence of Et3N/sulfamic acid in H2O is described. This green protocol is characterized by the use of the readily available catalyst and reactants, short reaction times, operational simplicity and high yields of products. The structures of all compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral data and microanalyses.
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Ansari NH, Dacko CA, Akhmedov NG, Söderberg BCG. Double Palladium Catalyzed Reductive Cyclizations. Synthesis of 2,2'-, 2,3'-, and 3,3'-Bi-1H-indoles, Indolo[3,2-b]indoles, and Indolo[2,3-b]indoles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9337-9349. [PMID: 27641321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A palladium catalyzed, carbon monoxide mediated, double reductive cyclization of 1,4-, 1,3-, and 2,3-bis(2-nitroaryl)-1,3-butadienes to afford 2,2'-, 2,3'-, and 3,3'-biindoles, respectively, was developed. In contrast, reductive cyclizations of 1,2-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes were nonselective, affording mixtures of monocyclized indoles, indolo[3,2-b]indole, indolo[1,2-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-ones, and 5,11-dihydro-6H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-6-ones. Nonselective product formation was also observed from reductive cyclization of 1,1-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes, producing indolo[2,3-b]indoles and indolo[2,3-c]quinolin-6-ones. Carbon monoxide insertion to give the carbonyl containing products was the major or sole reaction path starting from 1,1- or 1,2-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul H Ansari
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Christopher A Dacko
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Novruz G Akhmedov
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Björn C G Söderberg
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
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15
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Tao P, Chen Z, Jia Y. A concise gram-scale synthesis of ht-13-A via a rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular C–H activation reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11300-11303. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective total synthesis of the 3,4-fused indole alkaloid ht-13-A has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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