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Loska R, Mąkosza M. Introduction of Carbon Substituents into Nitroarenes via Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen: New Developments. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in nitroarenes has become a powerful synthetic tool for functionalization of these important organic substrates, complementary to other modern methods. In this review we present new developments in the area of introduction of alkyl and functionalized alkyl substituents into nitroarene rings via nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen, followed by application of these processes in the construction of carbo- and heterocyclic rings. Finally, new developments in the investigation of the mechanism of SNArH are summarized.1 Introduction2 Alkylation and Haloalkylation3 Functionalized Carbon Substituents4 Formation of Carbo- and Heterocyclic Rings5 Mechanistic Aspects of SNArH6 Conclusion
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Naclerio GA, Abutaleb NS, Onyedibe KI, Seleem MN, Sintim HO. Potent trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, trifluoromethylthio and pentafluorosulfanyl containing (1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzamides against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. RSC Med Chem 2019; 11:102-110. [PMID: 33479609 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00391f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) affects about 80 000 patients in the US annually and directly causes about 11 000 deaths. Therefore, despite the fact that there are several drugs available for the treatment of MRSA, there is a need for new chemical entities. We previously reported that 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl sulfonamide F6 was bacteriostatic and inhibited MRSA strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg mL-1. Here, we report the discovery of trifluoromethoxy (OCF3), trifluoromethylsulfonyl (SO2CF3), trifluoromethylthio (SCF3) and pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) containing (1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzamides exhibiting potent antibacterial activities against MRSA [MIC values as low as 0.06 μg mL-1 against linezolid-resistant S. aureus (NRS 119)]. Interestingly, whereas the OCF3 and SO2CF3 containing oxadiazoles were bacteriostatic, the SCF3 and SF5 containing oxadiazoles were bactericidal. They exhibited a wide spectrum of activities against an extensive panel of Gram-positive bacterial strains, including MRSA, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) and methicillin-resistant or cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 12 outperformed vancomycin in clearing intracellular MRSA in infected macrophages. Moreover, the tested compounds behaved synergistically or additively with antibiotics used for the treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Naclerio
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology , Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
| | - Kenneth I Onyedibe
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . .,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology , Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . .,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
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Kanishchev OS, Dolbier WR. Synthesis of 6-SF 5-indazoles and an SF 5-analog of gamendazole. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5793-5799. [PMID: 30062352 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01460d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This work describes an efficient synthetic approach for a new type of SF5-substituted heterocyclic system, namely 6-SF5-indazoles. During this study, various derivatives of 6-SF5-indazoles such as bromo, iodo, nitro, N-acetyl and N-benzyl substituted compounds were synthesized and characterized. In addition, the utility of the synthetic methodology was demonstrated via the synthesis of 6-SF5-gamendazole - a fully matched analog of the experimental male contraceptive gamendazole, which has a 6-CF3-substituted indazole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Kanishchev
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 117200, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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