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Sherwood J, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. N,N-Dimethyl Formamide European Restriction Demands Solvent Substitution in Research and Development. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301639. [PMID: 38200662 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
As of December 2023, the use of common solvent N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) will be restricted in the European Union because of its reproductive health hazard. Industrial facilities must comply with stricter exposure limits, and researchers are recommended to find alternative solvents. Here we explain the restrictions on DMF, which disciplines are affected, and how to substitute DMF to keep research and development commercially relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, UK., YO10 5DD
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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2
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Al Musaimi O, Morse SV, Lombardi L, Serban S, Basso A, Williams DR. Successful synthesis of a glial-specific blood-brain barrier shuttle peptide following a fragment condensation approach on a solid-phase resin. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3448. [PMID: 35997639 PMCID: PMC10078400 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful manual synthesis of the TD2.2 peptide acting as a blood-brain barrier shuttle was achieved. TD2.2 was successfully synthesised by sequential condensation of four protected peptide fragments on solid-phase settings, after several unsuccessful attempts using the stepwise approach. These fragments were chosen to minimise the number of demanding amino acids (in terms of coupling, Fmoc removal) in each fragment that are expected to hamper the overall synthetic process. Thus, the hydrophobic amino acids as well as Arg(Pbf) were strategically spread over multiple fragments rather than having them congested in one fragment. This study shows how a peptide that shows big challenges in the synthesis using the common stepwise elongation methodology can be synthesised with an acceptable purity. It also emphasises that choosing the right fragment with certain amino acid constituents is key for a successful synthesis. It is worth highlighting that lower amounts of reagents were required to synthesise the final peptide with an identical purity to that obtained by the automatic synthesiser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie V Morse
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Daryl R Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Development of a novel, automated, robotic system for rapid, high-throughput, parallel, solid-phase peptide synthesis. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:89-97. [PMID: 36649783 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of peptide-based pharmaceutics is a hot topic in the pharmaceutical industry and in basic research. However, from the research and development perspective there is an unmet need for new, alternative, solid-phase peptide synthesizers that are highly efficient, automated, robust, able to synthetize peptides in parallel, inexpensive (to obtain and operate), have potential to be scaled up, and even comply with the principles of green chemistry. Moreover, a peptide synthesizer of this type could also fill the gap in university research, and therefore speed the advancement of peptide-based pharmaceutical options. This paper presents a Tecan add-on peptide synthesizer (TaPSy), which has operational flexibility (coupling time: 15-30 min), can handle all manual synthesis methods, and is economical (solvent use: 34.5 mL/cycle, while handling 0.49 mmol scale/reactor, even with ≤3 equivalents of activated amino acid derivatives). Moreover, it can carry out parallel synthesis of up to 12 different peptides (0.49 mmol scale in each). TaPSy uses no heating or high pressure, while it is still resistant to external influences (operating conditions: atmospheric pressure, room temperature 20-40 ˚C, including high [>70%] relative humidity). The system's solvent can also be switched from DMF to a green and biorenewable solvent, γ-valerolactone (GVL), without further adjustment. The designed TaPSy system can produce peptides with high purity (>70%), even with the green GVL solvent alternative. In this paper we demonstrate the optimization path of a newly developed peptide synthesizer in the context of coupling reagents, reaction time and reagent equivalents applying for a synthesis of a model peptide. We compare the results by analytical characteristics (purity of raw material, crude yield, yield) and calculated overall cost of the syntheses of one mg of crude peptide using a specified set of reaction conditions.
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4
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Al Musaimi O, Gavva V, Williams DR. Greener Cleavage of Protected Peptide Fragments from Sieber Amide Resin. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200236. [PMID: 36564351 PMCID: PMC9789020 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Following the successful introduction of two benign solvents for cleaving protected acid peptide fragments from 2-chlorotrityl chloride (2-CTC) resin, there is a need to green the cleavage process for obtaining protected peptide amide fragments. In this work, p-xylene and toluene are introduced as greener alternates to dichloromethane (DCM) for preparing protected peptide amide fragments from a Sieber amide resin. The N-dealkylation is a demanding chemical reaction, requiring that the cleavage protocol be optimised to ensure complete cleavage from the resin. After a 30 min reaction time, only 66 % of the final peptide product was retrieved even with the conventional dichloromethane solvent. Therefore, 120 min was considered sufficient to fully cleave the peptide from the Sieber amide resin. This work reaffirms the fact that greening strategies are far from detrimental, with green alternatives often outperforming their replaced counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Varshitha Gavva
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Daryl R. Williams
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
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5
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Lopez J, Beck J, Bucher C, Berthelmann A, Markos S, Eissler S. Missing Link: Enabling Loading of 2-Chlorotrityl Chloride Resin in N-Butylpyrrolidinone as a Green Solvent. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Lopez
- Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Beck
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Eissler
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
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6
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Jordan A, Hall CGJ, Thorp LR, Sneddon HF. Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6749-6794. [PMID: 35201751 PMCID: PMC9098182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common "go-to" solvents are considered to be "less-preferable" for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Callum G J Hall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R Thorp
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Highly dispersed and ultra-small Ni nanoparticles over hydroxyapatite for hydrogenation of levulinic acid. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-02113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Procopio D, Siciliano C, Trombino S, Dumitrescu DE, Suciu F, Di Gioia ML. Green solvents for the formation of amide linkages. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:1137-1149. [PMID: 34821895 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01814k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the amide bond is among the most commonly performed transformations in the pharmaceutical industry and the wider chemical industry. The current methods for its installation in organic compounds frequently rely on the use of large amounts of organic solvents, mainly N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and dichloromethane (DCM), which have been associated with adverse environmental and health concerns over the last decades. This fact led academia and industry to make significant efforts toward the development of synthetic routes with the aim to avoid, reduce or replace the use of hazardous solvents. The present review fits into this framework and discusses the literature existing over the past ten years on strategies for reducing and replacing hazardous solvents, focusing on the use of biobased and neoteric solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (ILs and DESs, respectively), and on the reaction media that proved to be greener alternatives for amide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Procopio
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Denisa Elena Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius, University Constanta, Str. Cpt. Av. Al. Serbanescu, Campus Corp C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Felicia Suciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius, University Constanta, Str. Cpt. Av. Al. Serbanescu, Campus Corp C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Excellence L. 232/2016, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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Al Musaimi O, Wisdom R, Talbiersky P, De La Torre BG, Albericio F. Propylphosphonic Anhydride (T3P®) as Coupling Reagent for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Richard Wisdom
- Euticals GmbH Industriepark Höchst D569 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Peter Talbiersky
- Euticals GmbH Industriepark Höchst D569 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Beatriz G. De La Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) 08034 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
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10
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Mu XY, Wang ZJ, Feng B, Xu L, Gao LX, Satheeshkumar R, Li J, Zhou YB, Wang WL. Synthesis of 2-ethoxycarbonylthieno[2,3- b]quinolines in biomass-derived solvent γ-valerolactone and their biological evaluation against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3216-3220. [PMID: 35424294 PMCID: PMC8694002 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-ethoxycarbonylthieno[2,3-b]quinolines were synthesized in the bio-derived "green" solvent γ-valerolactone (GVL) and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against PTP1B, the representative compound 6a displayed an IC50 value of 8.04 ± 0.71 μM with 4.34-fold preference over TCPTP. These results provided novel lead compounds for the design of inhibitors of PTP1B as well as other PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yang Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhi-Jia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Li-Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Rajendran Satheeshkumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago de Chile 702843 Chile
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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11
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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12
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Kumar A, Alhassan M, Lopez J, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. N-Butylpyrrolidinone for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis is Environmentally Friendlier and Synthetically Better than DMF. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5288-5294. [PMID: 32720474 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the method of choice for the preparation of peptides in both laboratory scale and large production. Although the methodology has been improved during the last decades allowing the achievement of long peptides and challenging sequences in good yields and purities, the process was not revised from an environmental point of view. One of the main problems in this regard is the large amount of solvents used, and therefore the tons of generated waste. Moreover, the solvent of choice for the SPPS is N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), which is considered as reprotoxic; thus, there is an urgent necessity to replace it with safer solvents. The DMF substitution by a green solvent is not a trivial task, because it should solubilize all the reagents and byproducts involved in the process, and, in addition to facilitating the coupling of the different amino acids, it should not favor the formation of side-reactions compared with DMF. Herein, it was demonstrated that the use of the green solvent N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP) as a replacement of DMF was beneficial in two well-documented side reactions in peptide synthesis, racemization and aspartimide formation. The use of NBP rendered a lower or equal level of racemization in the amino acids more prone to this side reaction than DMF, whilst the aspartimide formation was clearly lower when NBP was used as solvent. Our findings demonstrate that the use of a green solvent does not hamper the synthetic process and could even improve it, making it environmentally friendlier and synthetically better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahama Alhassan
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - John Lopez
- Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine & Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
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13
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Přibylka A, Krchňák V, Schütznerová E. Environmentally Friendly SPPS II: Scope of Green Fmoc Removal Protocol Using NaOH and Its Application for Synthesis of Commercial Drug Triptorelin. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8798-8811. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Přibylka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Krchňák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Eva Schütznerová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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