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Kekessie I, Wegner K, Martinez I, Kopach ME, White TD, Tom JK, Kenworthy MN, Gallou F, Lopez J, Koenig SG, Payne PR, Eissler S, Arumugam B, Li C, Mukherjee S, Isidro-Llobet A, Ludemann-Hombourger O, Richardson P, Kittelmann J, Sejer Pedersen D, van den Bos LJ. Process Mass Intensity (PMI): A Holistic Analysis of Current Peptide Manufacturing Processes Informs Sustainability in Peptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4261-4282. [PMID: 38508870 PMCID: PMC11002941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule therapeutics represent the majority of the FDA-approved drugs. Yet, many attractive targets are poorly tractable by small molecules, generating a need for new therapeutic modalities. Due to their biocompatibility profile and structural versatility, peptide-based therapeutics are a possible solution. Additionally, in the past two decades, advances in peptide design, delivery, formulation, and devices have occurred, making therapeutic peptides an attractive modality. However, peptide manufacturing is often limited to solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), liquid phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), and to a lesser extent hybrid SPPS/LPPS, with SPPS emerging as a predominant platform technology for peptide synthesis. SPPS involves the use of excess solvents and reagents which negatively impact the environment, thus highlighting the need for newer technologies to reduce the environmental footprint. Herein, fourteen American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACS GCIPR) member companies with peptide-based therapeutics in their portfolio have compiled Process Mass Intensity (PMI) metrics to help inform the sustainability efforts in peptide synthesis. This includes PMI assessment on 40 synthetic peptide processes at various development stages in pharma, classified according to the development phase. This is the most comprehensive assessment of synthetic peptide environmental metrics to date. The synthetic peptide manufacturing process was divided into stages (synthesis, purification, isolation) to determine their respective PMI. On average, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) (PMI ≈ 13,000) does not compare favorably with other modalities such as small molecules (PMI median 168-308) and biopharmaceuticals (PMI ≈ 8300). Thus, the high PMI for peptide synthesis warrants more environmentally friendly processes in peptide manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Kekessie
- Early Discovery
Biochemistry - Peptide Therapeutics, Genentech,
Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katarzyna Wegner
- Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredient Development, Ipsen Manufacturing
Ireland Ltd., Blanchardstown
Industrial Park, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Isamir Martinez
- Green Chemistry
Institute, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St North West, Washington, District of Columbia, 20036, United
States
| | - Michael E. Kopach
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy D. White
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Drug Substance
Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Martin N. Kenworthy
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Lopez
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan G. Koenig
- Small
Molecule
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc.,
A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philippa R. Payne
- Outsourced
Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Rd NW, Edmonton, T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Stefan Eissler
- Bachem
AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Balasubramanian Arumugam
- Chemical
Macromolecule Division, Asymchem Life Science
(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Chemical
Macromolecule Division, Asymchem Life Science
(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Richardson
- Chemistry, Pfizer, 10578 Science Center Drive (CB6), San Diego, California 09121, United States
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Lee DC, Ma C, Morgan D, Liang H, Kovalenko A, Sandusky‐Beltran LA, Calahatian JI, Kallupurackal M, Hunt JB, Pandey S, Blazier D, Bickford P, Michalski C, Fahnestock M, Pedersen DS, Brauner‐Osborne H, Ulven T, Selenica MB. Leveraging amino acid sensors as therapeutic targets for tauopathies and related dementias. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.043859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging Lexington KY USA
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington KY USA
| | - Chao Ma
- University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging Univ. of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Michigan State University Grand Rapids MI USA
| | - Huimin Liang
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging Univ. of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerry B Hunt
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging Univ. of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maj‐Linda B. Selenica
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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Johansson H, Hussain O, Allison SJ, Robinson TV, Phillips RM, Sejer Pedersen D. Revisiting Bromohexitols as a Novel Class of Microenvironment-Activated Prodrugs for Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:228-235. [PMID: 31769617 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bromohexitols represent a potent class of DNA-alkylating carbohydrate chemotherapeutics that has been largely ignored over the last decades due to safety concerns. The limited structure-activity relationship data available reveals significant changes in cytotoxicity with even subtle changes in stereochemistry. However, no attempts have been made to improve the therapeutic window by rational drug design or by using a prodrug approach to exploit differences between tumour physiology and healthy tissue, such as acidic extracellular pH and hypoxia. Herein, we report the photochemical synthesis of highly substituted endoperoxides as key precursors for dibromohexitol derivatives and investigate their use as microenvironment-activated prodrugs for targeting cancer cells. One endoperoxide was identified to have a marked increased activity under hypoxic and low pH conditions, indicating that endoperoxides may serve as microenvironment-activated prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Omar Hussain
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Simon J Allison
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Tony V Robinson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger M Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gaiser BI, Danielsen M, Marcher-Rørsted E, Røpke Jørgensen K, Wróbel TM, Frykman M, Johansson H, Bräuner-Osborne H, Gloriam DE, Mathiesen JM, Sejer Pedersen D. Probing the Existence of a Metastable Binding Site at the β 2-Adrenergic Receptor with Homobivalent Bitopic Ligands. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7806-7839. [PMID: 31298548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of bitopic ligands aimed at targeting the orthosteric binding site (OBS) and a metastable binding site (MBS) within the same receptor unit. Previous molecular dynamics studies on ligand binding to the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) suggested that ligands pause at transient, less-conserved MBSs. We envisioned that MBSs can be regarded as allosteric binding sites and targeted by homobivalent bitopic ligands linking two identical pharmacophores. Such ligands were designed based on docking of the antagonist (S)-alprenolol into the OBS and an MBS and synthesized. Pharmacological characterization revealed ligands with similar potency and affinity, slightly increased β2/β1AR-selectivity, and/or substantially slower β2AR off-rates compared to (S)-alprenolol. Truncated bitopic ligands suggested the major contribution of the metastable pharmacophore to be a hydrophobic interaction with the β2AR, while the linkers alone decreased the potency of the orthosteric fragment. Altogether, the study underlines the potential of targeting MBSs for improving the pharmacological profiles of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit I Gaiser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mia Danielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Emil Marcher-Rørsted
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kira Røpke Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Tomasz M Wróbel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lublin , 4A Chodźki 20093 Lublin , Poland
| | - Mikael Frykman
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jesper Mosolff Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
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Pedersen MF, Wróbel TM, Märcher-Rørsted E, Pedersen DS, Møller TC, Gabriele F, Pedersen H, Matosiuk D, Foster SR, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Biased agonism of clinically approved μ-opioid receptor agonists and TRV130 is not controlled by binding and signaling kinetics. Neuropharmacology 2019; 166:107718. [PMID: 31351108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binding and signaling kinetics have previously proven important in validation of biased agonism at GPCRs. Here we provide a comprehensive kinetic pharmacological comparison of clinically relevant μ-opioid receptor agonists, including the novel biased agonist oliceridine (TRV130) which is in clinical trial for pain management. We demonstrate that the bias profile observed for the selected agonists is not time-dependent and that agonists with dramatic differences in their binding kinetic properties can display the same degree of bias. Binding kinetics analyses demonstrate that buprenorphine has 18-fold higher receptor residence time than oliceridine. This is thus the largest pharmacodynamic difference between the clinically approved drug buprenorphine and the clinical candidate oliceridine, since their bias profiles are similar. Further, we provide the first pharmacological characterization of (S)-TRV130 demonstrating that it has a similar pharmacological profile as the (R)-form, oliceridine, but displays 90-fold lower potency than the (R)-form. This difference is driven by a significantly slower association rate. Finally, we show that the selected agonists are differentially affected by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and 5 (GRK2 and GRK5) expression. GRK2 and GRK5 overexpression greatly increased μ-opioid receptor internalization induced by morphine, but only had modest effects on buprenorphine and oliceridine-induced internalization. Overall, our data reveal that the clinically available drug buprenorphine displays a similar pharmacological bias profile in vitro compared to the clinical candidate drug oliceridine and that this bias is independent of binding kinetics suggesting a mechanism driven by receptor-conformations. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Fabricius Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomasz Marcin Wróbel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emil Märcher-Rørsted
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Christian Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federica Gabriele
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Simon Richard Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Pedersen DS, Bélanger P, Frykman M, Andreasen K, Goudreault D, Pedersen H, Hindersson P, Breindahl T. Ethylene glycol: Evidence of glucuronidation in vivoshown by analysis of clinical toxicology samples. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1094-1108. [PMID: 30845374 PMCID: PMC6767423 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the search for improved laboratory methods for the diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning, the in vivo formation of a glucuronide metabolite of ethylene glycol was hypothesized. Chemically pure standards of the β‐O‐glucuronide of ethylene glycol (EG‐GLUC) and a deuterated analog (d4‐EG‐GLUC) were synthesized. A high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of EG‐GLUC in serum after ultrafiltration was validated. Inter‐assay precision (%RSD) was 3.9% to 15.1% and inter‐assay %bias was −2.8% to 12.2%. The measuring range was 2–100 μmol/L (0.48–24 mg/L). Specificity testing showed no endogenous amounts in routine clinical samples (n = 40). The method was used to analyze authentic, clinical serum samples (n = 31) from patients intoxicated with ethylene glycol. EG‐GLUC was quantified in 15 of these samples, with a mean concentration of 6.5 μmol/L (1.6 mg/L), ranging from 2.3 to 15.6 μmol/L (0.55 to 3.7 mg/L). In five samples, EG‐GLUC was detected below the limit of quantification (2 μmol/L) and it was below the limit of detection in 11 samples (1 μmol/L). Compared to the millimolar concentrations of ethylene glycol present in blood after intoxications and potentially available for conjugation, the concentrations of EG‐GLUC found in clinical serum samples are very low, but comparable to concentrations of ethyl glucuronide after medium dose ethanol intake. In theory, EG‐GLUC has a potential value as a biomarker for ethylene glycol intake, but the pharmacokinetic properties, in vivo/vitro stability and the biosynthetic pathways of EG‐GLUC must be further studied in a larger number of patients and other biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Patrick Bélanger
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ)Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec Québec Canada
| | - Mikael Frykman
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kirsten Andreasen
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryNorth Denmark Regional Hospital Hjørring Denmark
| | - Danielle Goudreault
- Laboratory of Specialized Biochemistry, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOptilab Montréal CHUM, building CHU Ste‐Justine, Montréal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Peter Hindersson
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryNorth Denmark Regional Hospital Hjørring Denmark
| | - Torben Breindahl
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryNorth Denmark Regional Hospital Hjørring Denmark
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Wu W, Löbmann K, Schnitzkewitz J, Knuhtsen A, Pedersen DS, Rades T, Grohganz H. Dipeptides as co-formers in co-amorphous systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 134:68-76. [PMID: 30468836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug-amino acid co-amorphous systems have become increasingly well-investigated systems to improve dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this study, dipeptides were investigated as co-formers for co-amorphous systems based on the hypothesis that dipeptides might combine the inherent properties of the two included amino acids. Co-amorphization of the model drug mebendazole was investigated with five dipeptides, tryptophan-phenylalanine, phenylalanine-tryptophan, aspartic acid-tyrosine, histidine-glycine and proline-tryptophan. The dipeptides were chosen to investigate whether the side chains (nonpolar, polar, basic and acidic), and the sequence of amino acids (tryptophan-phenylalanine versus phenylalanine-tryptophan) have an influence on the performance of dipeptides as co-formers. All mebendazole-dipeptide systems became amorphous after ball milling for only 30 min, while this generally was not the case for the single amino acids or physical mixtures of the amino acids forming the dipeptides. Dissolution studies showed that the dissolution rate of mebendazole from most co-amorphous systems was increased significantly compared to crystalline and amorphous mebendazole. However, no clear trend for the drug dissolution enhancement was observed within the different co-amorphous drug-dipeptide systems. The stability study revealed that co-amorphous mebendazole-dipeptide systems showed higher physical stability compared to amorphous mebendazole. In conclusion, dipeptides are shown to be promising co-formers for co-amorphous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan Schnitzkewitz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Wu W, Löbmann K, Schnitzkewitz J, Knuhtsen A, Pedersen DS, Grohganz H, Rades T. Aspartame as a co-former in co-amorphous systems. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:380-387. [PMID: 30075253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems are a promising approach to improve the dissolution rate and therefore potentially the oral bioavailability of poorly-water soluble drugs. Several low molecular weight excipients, for instance amino acids, have previously been shown to stabilize the amorphous form and increase the dissolution rate of drugs. In this study, the feasibility of aspartame, a methyl ester of the aspartic acid-phenylalanine dipeptide, as a co-former was investigated and compared with the respective single amino acids, both alone and in combination. The poorly water-soluble compounds mebendazole, tadalafil and piroxicam were chosen as model drugs. In contrast to the single amino acids or the physical mixture of both, all drug-aspartame mixtures became amorphous upon 90 min of ball milling. Only a single glass transition temperature (Tg) was detected by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, which indicates that a homogeneous single-phase co-amorphous system was obtained. Powder dissolution tests showed that the dissolution rates of the drugs from drug-aspartame co-amorphous samples were increased compared to crystalline drugs. Furthermore, supersaturation was observed for the mebendazole-aspartame and tadalafil-aspartame co-amorphous systems. In conclusion, aspartame has been shown to be a promising co-former in co-amorphous systems, superior to the single amino acids or their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Schnitzkewitz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Van der Poorten O, Legrand B, Vezenkov LL, García-Pindado J, Bettache N, Knuhtsen A, Pedersen DS, Sánchez-Navarro M, Martinez J, Teixidó M, Garcia M, Tourwé D, Amblard M, Ballet S. Indoloazepinone-Constrained Oligomers as Cell-Penetrating and Blood-Brain-Barrier-Permeating Compounds. Chembiochem 2018; 19:696-705. [PMID: 29377388 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-cationic and amphipathic indoloazepinone-constrained (Aia) oligomers have been synthesized as new vectors for intracellular delivery. The conformational preferences of the [l-Aia-Xxx]n oligomers were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) and NMR spectroscopy. Whereas Boc-[l-Aia-Gly]2,4 -OBn oligomers 12 and 13 and Boc-[l-Aia-β3 -h-l-Ala]2,4 -OBn oligomers 16 and 17 were totally or partially disordered, Boc-[l-Aia-l-Ala]2 -OBn (14) induced a typical turn stabilized by C5 - and C7 -membered H-bond pseudo-cycles and aromatic interactions. Boc-[l-Aia-l-Ala]4 -OBn (15) exhibited a unique structure with remarkable T-shaped π-stacking interactions involving the indole rings of the four l-Aia residues forming a dense hydrophobic cluster. All of the proposed FITC-6-Ahx-[l-Aia-Xxx]4 -NH2 oligomers 19-23, with the exception of FITC-6-Ahx-[l-Aia-Gly]4 -NH2 (18), were internalized by MDA-MB-231 cells with higher efficiency than the positive references penetratin and Arg8 . In parallel, the compounds of this series were successfully explored in an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation assay. Although no passive diffusion permeability was observed for any of the tested Ac-[l-Aia-Xxx]4 -NH2 oligomers in the PAMPA model, Ac-[l-Aia-l-Arg]4 -NH2 (26) showed significant permeation in the in vitro cell-based human model of the BBB, suggesting an active mechanism of cell penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Legrand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lubomir L Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Júlia García-Pindado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Macarena Sánchez-Navarro
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Garcia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Boyhus LE, Danielsen M, Bengtson NS, Ben Achim Kunze M, Kubiak X, Sminia TJ, Løper JH, Tran PT, Lindorff-Larsen K, Rasmussen SGF, Mathiesen JM, Pedersen DS. Gs protein peptidomimetics as allosteric modulators of the β2-adrenergic receptor. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2219-2228. [PMID: 35542596 PMCID: PMC9077236 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of Gs protein peptidomimetics were designed and synthesised based on the published X-ray crystal structure of the active state β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in complex with the Gs protein (PDB 3SN6). We hypothesised that such peptidomimetics may function as allosteric modulators that target the intracellular Gs protein binding site of the β2AR. Peptidomimetics were designed to mimic the 15 residue C-terminal α-helix of the Gs protein and were pre-organised in a helical conformation by (i, i + 4)-stapling using copper catalysed azide alkyne cycloaddition. Linear and stapled peptidomimetics were analysed by circular dichroism (CD) and characterised in a membrane-based cAMP accumulation assay and in a bimane fluorescence assay on purified β2AR. Several peptidomimetics inhibited agonist isoproterenol (ISO) induced cAMP formation by lowering the ISO maximal efficacy up to 61%. Moreover, some peptidomimetics were found to significantly decrease the potency of ISO up to 39-fold. In the bimane fluorescence assay none of the tested peptidomimetics could stabilise an active-like conformation of β2AR. Overall, the obtained pharmacological data suggest that some of the peptidomimetics may be able to compete with the native Gs protein for the intracellular binding site to block ISO-induced cAMP formation, but are unable to stabilise an active-like receptor conformation. A series of Gs protein peptidomimetics were designed and synthesised based on the published X-ray crystal structure of the active state β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in complex with the Gs protein (PDB 3SN6).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte-Emilie Boyhus
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Mia Danielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Nina Smidt Bengtson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Micha Ben Achim Kunze
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory
- Department of Biology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2200 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Xavier Kubiak
- Department of Neuroscience
- University of Copenhagen
- 2200 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Tjerk J. Sminia
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Jacob Hartvig Løper
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Phuong Thu Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory
- Department of Biology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2200 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | | | | | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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12
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Christensen HB, Gloriam DE, Pedersen DS, Cowland JB, Borregaard N, Bräuner-Osborne H. Applying label-free dynamic mass redistribution assay for studying endogenous FPR1 receptor signalling in human neutrophils. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:72-78. [PMID: 28716665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The label-free dynamic mass redistribution-based assay (DMR) is a powerful method for studying signalling pathways of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Herein we present the label-free DMR assay as a robust readout for pharmacological characterization of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) in human neutrophils. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from fresh human blood and their responses to FPR1 and FPR2 agonists, i.e. compound 43, fMLF and WKYMVm were measured in a label-free DMR assay using Epic Benchtop System from Corning®. Obtained DMR traces were used to calculate agonist potencies. RESULTS The potencies (pEC50) of fMLF, WKYMVm and compound 43, determined on human neutrophils using the label-free DMR assay were 8.63, 7.76 and 5.92, respectively. The DMR response to fMLF, but not WKYMVm and compound 43 could be blocked by the FPR1-specific antagonist cyclosporin H. DISCUSSION We conclude that the DMR assay can be used, and complements more traditional methods, to study the signalling and pharmacology of endogenous FPR receptors in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jack B Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Martin C, Moors SLC, Danielsen M, Betti C, Fabris C, Sejer Pedersen D, Pardon E, Peyressatre M, Fehér K, Martins JC, Mosolff Mathiesen J, Morris MC, Devoogdt N, Caveliers V, De Proft F, Steyaert J, Ballet S. Rational Design of Nanobody80 Loop Peptidomimetics: Towards Biased β 2 Adrenergic Receptor Ligands. Chemistry 2017; 23:9632-9640. [PMID: 28449310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an important role in many cellular responses; as such, their mechanism of action is of utmost interest. To gain insight into the active conformation of GPCRs, the X-ray crystal structures of nanobody (Nb)-stabilized β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 AR) have been reported. Nb80, in particular, is able to bind the intracellular G protein binding site of β2 AR and stabilize the receptor in an active conformation. Within Nb80, the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) is responsible for most of the binding interactions. Hence, we hypothesized that peptidomimetics of the CDR3 loop might be sufficient for binding to the receptor, inhibiting the interaction of β2 AR with intracellular GPCR interacting proteins (e.g., G proteins). Based on previous crystallographic data, a set of peptidomimetics were synthesized that, similar to the Nb80 CDR3 loop, adopt a β-hairpin conformation. Syntheses, conformational analysis, binding and functional in vitro assays, as well as internalization experiments, were performed. We demonstrate that peptidomimetics can structurally mimic the CDR3 loop of a nanobody and its function by inhibiting G protein coupling as measured by partial inhibition of cAMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel L C Moors
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mia Danielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Betti
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Fabris
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marion Peyressatre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM-CNRS-UMR 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Krisztina Fehér
- NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - José C Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jesper Mosolff Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - May C Morris
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM-CNRS-UMR 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vicky Caveliers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Domeyer S, Bjerregaard M, Johansson H, Sejer Pedersen D. Exploring endoperoxides as a new entry for the synthesis of branched azasugars. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:644-647. [PMID: 28487758 PMCID: PMC5389192 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of nitrogen-containing endoperoxides were synthesised by a photochemical [4 + 2]-cycloaddition between a diene and singlet oxygen. The endoperoxides were dihydroxylated and protected to provide a series of endoperoxide building blocks for organic synthesis, with potential use as precursors for the synthesis of branched azasugars. Preliminary exploration of the chemistry of these building blocks provided access to a variety of derivatives including tetrahydrofurans, epoxides and protected amino-tetraols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Domeyer
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Bjerregaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Tran PT, Larsen CØ, Røndbjerg T, De Foresta M, Kunze MBA, Marek A, Løper JH, Boyhus LE, Knuhtsen A, Lindorff-Larsen K, Pedersen DS. Diversity-Oriented Peptide Stapling: A Third Generation Copper-Catalysed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Stapling and Functionalisation Strategy. Chemistry 2017; 23:3490-3495. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thu Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Ørnbøl Larsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tobias Røndbjerg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Martina De Foresta
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Micha B. A. Kunze
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Ole Maaloes Vej 5 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ales Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jacob Hartvig Løper
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lotte-Emilie Boyhus
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Ole Maaloes Vej 5 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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16
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Fronik P, Gaiser BI, Sejer Pedersen D. Bitopic Ligands and Metastable Binding Sites: Opportunities for G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4126-4134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Fronik
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgit I. Gaiser
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Busardò FP, Kyriakou C, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Pedersen DS, Pichini S. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for determination of GHB, precursors and metabolites in different specimens: Application to clinical and forensic cases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:123-131. [PMID: 28110168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) acts as a precursor and metabolite of the inhibitory central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Sodium salt of GHB has been used as a medication for narcolepsy and alcohol withdrawal. Moreover, GHB and its precursor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), are illegal recreational drugs of abuse. A procedure based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated in plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and hair for acute and chronic exposure to GHB and in seized preparations coming from black market. In biological matrices, GHB was investigated together with its glucuronide (GHB-Gluc) as a potential marker of exposure, GABA as endogenous precursor and metabolite and GBL as eventual exogenous precursor. GBL was sought together with GHB in illegal preparations. Chromatographic separation was achieved at ambient temperature using a reverse-phase column and an isocratic elution with two solvents: 0.1% formic acid in water and pure methanol. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used. The method was linear for all analytes under investigation from limit of quantification (LOQ) to 500μgmL-1 plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid, from LOQ to 100ngmg-1 hair and from LOQ to 10mgmL-1 illicit preparations with good correlation coefficients (r2=0.99) for all substances. Recovery of analytes under investigation was always higher than 75% and intra-assay and inter-assay precision and accuracy were always better than 15%. The validated method was then successfully applied to real specimens from either forensic (one post-mortem urine sample taken from a GHB fatal intoxication case) or clinical cases (cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and hair samples collected from narcoleptic patients under sodium oxybate treatment). Finally, illicit preparations, seized by police forces were also checked for GHB amount and eventual presence of prodrug GBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, V. Le Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chrystalla Kyriakou
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, V. Le Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Marchei
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V. le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V. le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Jagtvej 162, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V. le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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18
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Nøhr AC, Shehata MA, Hauser AS, Isberg V, Mokrosinski J, Andersen KB, Farooqi IS, Pedersen DS, Gloriam DE, Bräuner-Osborne H. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR139 is activated by the peptides: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), α-, and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH, and β-MSH), and the conserved core motif HFRW. Neurochem Int 2016; 102:105-113. [PMID: 27916541 PMCID: PMC5218887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
GPR139 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed primarily in the brain. Not much is known regarding the function of GPR139. Recently we have shown that GPR139 is activated by the amino acids l-tryptophan and l-phenylalanine (EC50 values of 220 μM and 320 μM, respectively), as well as di-peptides comprised of aromatic amino acids. This led us to hypothesize that GPR139 may be activated by peptides. Sequence alignment of the binding cavities of all class A GPCRs, revealed that the binding pocket of the melanocortin 4 receptor is similar to that of GPR139. Based on the chemogenomics principle “similar targets bind similar ligands”, we tested three known endogenous melanocortin 4 receptor agonists; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α- and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH and β-MSH) on CHO-k1 cells stably expressing the human GPR139 in a Fluo-4 Ca2+-assay. All three peptides, as well as their conserved core motif HFRW, were found to activate GPR139 in the low micromolar range. Moreover, we found that peptides consisting of nine or ten N-terminal residues of α-MSH activate GPR139 in the submicromolar range. α-MSH1-9 was found to correspond to the product of a predicted cleavage site in the pre-pro-protein pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Our results demonstrate that GPR139 is a peptide receptor, activated by ACTH, α-MSH, β-MSH, the conserved core motif HFRW as well as a potential endogenous peptide α-MSH1-9. Further studies are needed to determine the functional relevance of GPR139 mediated signaling by these peptides. Using GPCRdb we found that the binding cavity of GPR139 is 49% similar to MC4R. ACTH, α-MSH and β-MSH activate GPR139 in the low μM-range. We predicted a novel possible cleavage site in POMC leading to the peptide α-MSH1-9. α-MSH1-9 activates GPR139 in the high nM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cathrine Nøhr
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohamed A Shehata
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vignir Isberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten B Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Van der Poorten O, Knuhtsen A, Sejer Pedersen D, Ballet S, Tourwé D. Side Chain Cyclized Aromatic Amino Acids: Great Tools as Local Constraints in Peptide and Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10865-10890. [PMID: 27690430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraining the conformation of flexible peptides is a proven strategy to increase potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. The focus has mostly been on constraining the backbone dihedral angles; however, the correct orientation of the amino acid side chains (χ-space) that constitute the peptide pharmacophore is equally important. Control of χ-space utilizes conformationally constrained amino acids that favor, disfavor, or exclude the gauche (-), the gauche (+), or the trans conformation. In this review we focus on cyclic aromatic amino acids in which the side chain is connected to the peptide backbone to provide control of χ1- and χ2-space. The manifold applications for cyclized analogues of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His within peptide medicinal chemistry are showcased herein with examples of enzyme inhibitors and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Breindahl T, Kimergård A, Andreasen MF, Pedersen DS. Identification of a new psychoactive substance in seized material: the synthetic opioid N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl]prop-2-enamide (Acrylfentanyl). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:415-422. [PMID: 27476446 PMCID: PMC5396312 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Among the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that have recently emerged on the market, many of the new synthetic opioids have shown to be particularly harmful. A new synthetic analogue of fentanyl, N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl]prop-2-enamide (acrylfentanyl), was identified in powder from a seized capsule found at a forensic psychiatric ward in Denmark. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified a precursor to synthetic fentanyls, N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine; however, the precursor 1-(2-phenethyl)piperidin-4-one, was not detected. Analysis of the electron impact mass spectrum of the main, unknown chromatographic peak (GC) tentatively identified an acryloyl analogue of fentanyl. Further analyses by quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS), matrix-assisted laser ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MALDI-Orbitrap-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and infra-red spectroscopy (IR) confirmed the presence of acrylfentanyl (also known as acryloylfentanyl). Quantitative analysis with liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determined the content of acrylfentanyl in the powder, equal to 88.3 mass-% acrylfentanyl hydrochloride. An impurity observed by NMR was identified as triethylamine hydrochloride. Acrylfentanyl is sold on the Internet as a 'research chemical'. Like other synthetic fentanyls, such as acetylfentanyl, it poses a serious risk of fatal intoxication. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Breindahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North Denmark Regional Hospital (Aalborg University), Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kimergård
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Findal Andreasen
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Knuhtsen A, Legrand B, Van der Poorten O, Amblard M, Martinez J, Ballet S, Kristensen JL, Pedersen DS. Conformationally Constrained Peptidomimetics as Inhibitors of the Protein Arginine Methyl Transferases. Chemistry 2016; 22:14022-14028. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Knuhtsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Baptiste Legrand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM; 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
| | - Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM; 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM; 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Jesper L. Kristensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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22
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Kuhne S, Nøhr AC, Marek A, Elbert T, Klein AB, Bräuner-Osborne H, Wellendorph P, Pedersen DS. Radiosynthesis and characterisation of a potent and selective GPR139 agonist radioligand. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21326f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound 1 is a selective and potent agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR139 (EC50 = 39 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Kuhne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Denmark
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)
| | - Anne Cathrine Nøhr
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Elbert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Anders Bue Klein
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Denmark
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23
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Johansson H, Boesgaard MW, Nørskov-Lauritsen L, Larsen I, Kuhne S, Gloriam DE, Bräuner-Osborne H, Sejer Pedersen D. Selective Allosteric Antagonists for the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPRC6A Based on the 2-Phenylindole Privileged Structure Scaffold. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8938-51. [PMID: 26516782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a biological target class of fundamental importance in drug therapy. The GPRC6A receptor is a newly deorphanized class C GPCR that we recently reported for the first allosteric antagonists based on the 2-arylindole privileged structure scaffold (e.g., 1-3). Herein, we present the first structure-activity relationship study for the 2-arylindole antagonist 3, comprising the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a focused library of 3-substituted 2-arylindoles. In a FRET-based inositol monophosphate (IP1) assay we identified compounds 7, 13e, and 34b as antagonists at the GPRC6A receptor in the low micromolar range and show that 7 and 34b display >9-fold selectivity for the GPRC6A receptor over related GPCRs, making 7 and 34b the most potent and selective antagonists for the GPRC6A receptor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Worch Boesgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lenea Nørskov-Lauritsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inna Larsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastiaan Kuhne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Shehata MA, Belcik Christensen H, Isberg V, Sejer Pedersen D, Bender A, Bräuner-Osborne H, Gloriam DE. Identification of the first surrogate agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR132. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first pharmacological tool agonist for in vitro characterization of the orphan receptor GPR132, preliminary structure–activity relationships based on 32 analogs and a suggested binding mode from docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Shehata
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Hanna Belcik Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Vignir Isberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - David E. Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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25
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Johansson H, Urruticoechea A, Larsen I, Sejer Pedersen D. A Scalable Method for Regioselective 3-Acylation of 2-Substituted Indoles under Basic Conditions. J Org Chem 2014; 80:471-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andoni Urruticoechea
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inna Larsen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Johansson H, Cailly T, Rojas Bie Thomsen A, Bräuner-Osborne H, Sejer Pedersen D. Synthesis of the calcilytic ligand NPS 2143. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1383-7. [PMID: 23946832 PMCID: PMC3740522 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(R)-3 (NPS 2143) is a negative allosteric modulator of the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and as such represents an important pharmacological tool compound for studying the CaSR. Herein, we disclose for the first time a complete experimental description, detailed characterisation and assessment of enantiomeric purity for (R)-3. An efficient, reproducible and scalable synthesis of (R)-3 that requires a minimum of chromatographic purification steps is presented. (R)-3 was obtained in excellent optical purity (er > 99:1) as demonstrated by chiral HPLC and the pharmacological profile for (R)-3 is in full accordance with that reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Petersen IN, Tortzen C, Kristensen JL, Pedersen DS, Breindahl T. Identification of a new metabolite of GHB: gamma-hydroxybutyric acid glucuronide. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:291-7. [PMID: 23612681 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an important analyte in clinical and forensic toxicology with a narrow detection window of 3-6 h. In the search of improved detection methods, the existence in vivo of a glucuronated GHB metabolite (GHB-GLUC) was hypothesized. Chemically pure standards of GHB-GLUC and a deuterated analogue for chromatography were synthesized. Liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used for targeted analysis in anonymous clinical urine samples (n = 50). GHB-GLUC was found in concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 5.0 µg/mL (mean: 1.3 ± 1.2 µg/mL). Thus far, this is the first report of a GHB glucuronide detected in biological samples. Given that glucuronides generally have longer half-life values than their corresponding free drugs, GHB-GLUC should theoretically be a biomarker of GHB intoxication. It is also proposed that the hitherto unexplained reports of elevated GHB concentrations in some biological samples, which has caused the setting of a relatively high cutoff value (10 µg/mL), represent total GHB measurements (sum of free GHB and actively chemically hydrolyzed GHB-GLUC). To address these challenges, the present study must be followed by comprehensive pharmacokinetic and stability studies after the controlled administration of GHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nymann Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Pehere AD, Pietsch M, Gütschow M, Neilsen PM, Pedersen DS, Nguyen S, Zvarec O, Sykes MJ, Callen DF, Abell AD. Synthesis and extended activity of triazole-containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors. Chemistry 2013; 19:7975-81. [PMID: 23606616 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-derived protease inhibitors are an important class of compounds with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a series of triazole-containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors pre-organized into a β-strand conformation and an evaluation of their activity against a panel of proteases. Acyclic azido-alkyne-based aldehydes are also evaluated for comparison. The macrocyclic peptidomimetics showed considerable activity towards calpain II, cathepsin L and S, and the 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity. Some of the first examples of highly potent macrocyclic inhibitors of cathepsin S were identified. These adopt a well-defined β-strand geometry as shown by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, and molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D Pehere
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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29
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Nymann Petersen I, Langgaard Kristensen J, Tortzen C, Breindahl T, Sejer Pedersen D. Synthesis and stability study of a new major metabolite of γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:641-6. [PMID: 23616808 PMCID: PMC3628683 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Hydroxybutanoic acid (GHB) is used as a date-rape drug, which renders the victims unconscious and defenceless. Intoxications are very difficult to detect for forensic scientists due to rapid metabolism to endogenous levels of GHB. We recently discovered a new major metabolite, 2, of GHB (1) that could potentially extend the analytical detection window for GHB intoxications. Herein we disclose synthetic procedures based on a Koenigs-Knorr glucuronidation approach that provides GHB glucuronide 2 and a deuterium-labelled analogue d 4-2 of high purity suitable for analytical chemistry. In addition, we have assessed the stability of GHB glucuronide 2 by mimicking the natural pH range for urine, which is of importance in the development of new analytical methods. Using NMR we show that GHB glucuronide 2 is highly stable towards aqueous hydrolysis within the pH range normally observed for urine even at elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nymann Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Langgaard Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Breindahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vendsyssel Hospital, Bispensgade 37, DK-9800 Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Johansson H, Jørgensen TB, Gloriam DE, Bräuner-Osborne H, Pedersen DS. 3-Substituted 2-phenyl-indoles: privileged structures for medicinal chemistry. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21902f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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31
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Johansson H, Pedersen DS. Azide- and Alkyne-Derivatised α-Amino Acids (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 23/2012). European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201290060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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33
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Zvarec O, Polyak SW, Tieu W, Kuan K, Dai H, Pedersen DS, Morona R, Zhang L, Booker GW, Abell AD. 5-Benzylidenerhodanine and 5-benzylidene-2-4-thiazolidinedione based antibacterials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2720-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Soares da Costa TP, Tieu W, Yap MY, Pendini NR, Polyak SW, Sejer Pedersen D, Morona R, Turnidge JD, Wallace JC, Wilce MCJ, Booker GW, Abell AD. Selective inhibition of biotin protein ligase from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17823-17832. [PMID: 22437830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a well documented need to replenish the antibiotic pipeline with new agents to combat the rise of drug resistant bacteria. One strategy to combat resistance is to discover new chemical classes immune to current resistance mechanisms that inhibit essential metabolic enzymes. Many of the obvious drug targets that have no homologous isozyme in the human host have now been investigated. Bacterial drug targets that have a closely related human homologue represent a new frontier in antibiotic discovery. However, to avoid potential toxicity to the host, these inhibitors must have very high selectivity for the bacterial enzyme over the human homolog. We have demonstrated that the essential enzyme biotin protein ligase (BPL) from the clinically important pathogen Staphylococcus aureus could be selectively inhibited. Linking biotin to adenosine via a 1,2,3 triazole yielded the first BPL inhibitor selective for S. aureus BPL over the human equivalent. The synthesis of new biotin 1,2,3-triazole analogues using click chemistry yielded our most potent structure (K(i) 90 nM) with a >1100-fold selectivity for the S. aureus BPL over the human homologue. X-ray crystallography confirmed the mechanism of inhibitor binding. Importantly, the inhibitor showed cytotoxicity against S. aureus but not cultured mammalian cells. The biotin 1,2,3-triazole provides a novel pharmacophore for future medicinal chemistry programs to develop this new antibiotic class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - William Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Min Y Yap
- School of Biomedical Science, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole R Pendini
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Steven W Polyak
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - John D Turnidge
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - John C Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Matthew C J Wilce
- School of Biomedical Science, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Grant W Booker
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew D Abell
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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35
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Gloriam DE, Wellendorph P, Johansen LD, Thomsen ARB, Phonekeo K, Pedersen DS, Bräuner-Osborne H. Chemogenomic discovery of allosteric antagonists at the GPRC6A receptor. Chem Biol 2011; 18:1489-98. [PMID: 22118683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GPRC6A is a Family C G protein-coupled receptor recently discovered and deorphanized by our group. This study integrates chemogenomic ligand inference, homology modeling, compound synthesis, and pharmacological mechanism-of-action studies to disclose two noticeable results of methodological and pharmacological character: (1) chemogenomic lead identification through the first, to our knowledge, ligand inference between two different GPCR families, Families A and C; and (2) the discovery of the most selective GPRC6A allosteric antagonists discovered to date. The unprecedented inference of pharmacological activity across GPCR families provides proof-of-concept for in silico approaches against Family C targets based on Family A templates, greatly expanding the prospects of successful drug design and discovery. The antagonists were tested against a panel of seven Family A and C G protein-coupled receptors containing the chemogenomic binding sequence motif where some of the identified GPRC6A antagonists showed some activity. However, three compounds with at least ∼3-fold selectivity for GPRC6A were discovered, which present a significant step forward compared with the previously published GPRC6A antagonists, calindol and NPS 2143, which both display ∼30-fold selectivity for the calcium-sensing receptor compared to GPRC6A. The antagonists constitute novel research tools toward investigating the signaling mechanism of the GPRC6A receptor at the cellular level and serve as initial ligands for further optimization of potency and selectivity enabling future ex vivo/in vivo pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gloriam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Buysse K, Farard J, Nikolaou A, Vanderheyden P, Vauquelin G, Pedersen DS, Tourwé D, Ballet S. Amino triazolo diazepines (Ata) as constrained histidine mimics. Org Lett 2011; 13:6468-71. [PMID: 22087642 DOI: 10.1021/ol202767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic routes for the synthesis of amino-triazolodiazepine (Ata) scaffolds are presented. The scope of both of these proceeding through key intra- and intermolecular Huisgen cycloaddition reactions is discussed. The replacement of the His-Pro dipeptide segment in angiotensin IV by the dipeptide mimetic Ata-Gly and subsequent biological evaluation in two inhibitory enzyme assays validated the use of the Ata moiety as a His mimic given the equipotency of both peptidic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Buysse
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Fax: +45‐3533‐6122
| | - Andrew Abell
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide North Terrace, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Robinson TV, Pedersen DS, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. Dihydroxylation of 4-Substituted 1,2-Dioxines: A Concise Route to Branched Erythro Sugars. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5093-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900669u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony V. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Dennis K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
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Pedersen DS, Robinson TV, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. A Concise Route to Branched Erythrono-γ-lactones. Synthesis of the Leaf-Closing Substance Potassium (±)-(2R,3R)-2,3,4-Trihydroxy-2-methylbutanoate. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4400-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900392y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Tony V. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Dennis K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, Texas 78249-0698
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Clarke C, Foussat S, Fox DJ, Pedersen DS, Warren S. Asymmetric synthesis of trans-disubstituted cyclopropanes using phosphine oxides and phosphine boranes. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1323-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b817433d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clarke C, Fox DJ, Pedersen DS, Warren S. The lithiation and acyl transfer reactions of phosphine oxides, sulfides and boranes in the synthesis of cyclopropanes. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1329-36. [DOI: 10.1039/b817436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Avery TD, Greatrex BW, Pedersen DS, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. A Concise Route to β-Cyclopropyl Amino Acids Utilizing 1,2-Dioxines and Stabilized Phosphonate Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2633-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7024256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Avery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Ben W. Greatrex
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Dennis K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
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Fox DJ, Parris S, Pedersen DS, Warren S. (1R,2R)-4-Benzoyl-2-benzo-yloxy-1-phenyl-butyl imidazole-1-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o619. [PMID: 21201953 PMCID: PMC2960783 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808004364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(28)H(24)N(2)O(5), was prepared from (E)-2-cinnamyl-1,3-diphenyl-propane-1,3-dione using standard Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxy-lation conditions, followed by treatment with 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazole. In the crystal structure, the phenyl rings form inter-molecular face-to-face π-π contacts, with an inter-planar angle of 15.5 (2)° and a centroid-centroid distance of 4.73 (1) Å. One phenyl ring also forms a C-H⋯π contact to an adjacent imidazole ring, with an H⋯centroid distance of 3.18 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England
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Fox DJ, Pedersen DS, Warren S. (2 S,4′ R,5′ R)-( E)- tert-Butyl 2-acetyl-2-(2-oxo-5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)-5-phenylpent-4-enoate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o530. [PMID: 21201549 PMCID: PMC2960464 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808002651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
alpha-Diphenylphosphinoyl ketones are selectively and sequentially alkylated at the alpha-position. Double lithiation and selective alkylation occurs at the less stabilised gamma-position. Dephosphinoylation of the alkylation products gives ketones. Mono-alkylation is selective, highly crystalline intermediates are formed and a one-pot strategy is possible. The method is ideally suited for the preparation of acid-sensitive ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fox
- Cambridge University, University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Fox DJ, Pedersen DS, Petersen AB, Warren S. Diphenylphosphinoyl chloride as a chlorinating agent ? the selective double activation of 1,2-diols. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3117-9. [PMID: 16886080 DOI: 10.1039/b606881b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 1,2-diols with diphenylphosphinoyl chloride in pyridine produces beta-chloroethyl phosphinates which react with complete control of stereochemistry to give epoxides and azido-alcohols, useful intermediates in cyclopropane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fox
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Fox DJ, Pedersen DS, Warren S. Asymmetric synthesis of orthogonally protected trans-cyclopropane γ-amino acids via intramolecular ring closure. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3113-6. [PMID: 16886079 DOI: 10.1039/b606879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of enantiomerically-enriched trans-cyclopropane amino- and hydroxy-acids can be achieved by intramolecular ring closure in moderate to good yields. The optically active cyclopropane precursors are easily prepared in a short sequence from inexpensive, commercially available olefins and tert-butyl acetate. Several leaving groups and bases were compared for the cyclopropanation step, showing that the diphenylphosphinate and tosyl leaving groups give the best results when used in combination with either LDA or NaHMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fox
- Cambridge University, University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Fox DJ, Parris S, Pedersen DS, Tyzack CR, Warren S. Asymmetric synthesis of cyclopropanes and dihydrofurans based on phosphine oxide chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3108-12. [PMID: 16886078 DOI: 10.1039/b606874j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of gamma-azido trans-cyclopropyl ketones is accomplished via a short, simple and efficient sequence. The cyclopropanation step is achieved by an intramolecular nucleophilic ring closure, with a diphenylphosphinate leaving group, to give trans-cyclopropane exclusively. beta-Keto-diphenylphosphine oxides cyclise to form optically active dihydrofurans. All possible diastereoisomers of dihydrofurans can be prepared selectively starting from the same olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fox
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UKCB2 1EW.
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Boesen T, Fox DJ, Galloway W, Pedersen DS, Tyzack CR, Warren S. Asymmetric cyclopropane synthesis via phosphine oxide mediated cascade reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:630-7. [PMID: 15703799 DOI: 10.1039/b413500h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A silyloxy-THF has been converted into a cyclopropane containing three stereocentres as mixture of diastereoisomers. The mechanism of the reaction has been established and the source of stereochemical leakage proposed. An alternative stereospecific cascade reaction has been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boesen
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Rosenbohm C, Pedersen DS, Frieden M, Jensen FR, Arent S, Larsen S, Koch T. LNA guanine and 2,6-diaminopurine. Synthesis, characterization and hybridization properties of LNA 2,6-diaminopurine containing oligonucleotides. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2385-96. [PMID: 15080935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LNA guanine and 2,6-diaminopurine (D) phosphoramidites have been synthesized as building blocks for antisense oligonucleotides (ON). The effects of incorporating LNA D into ON were investigated. As expected, LNA D containing ON showed increased affinity towards complementary DNA (Delta Tm +1.6 to +3.0 degrees C) and RNA (Delta Tm +2.6 to +4.6 degrees C) ON. To evaluate if LNA D containing ON have an enhanced mismatch sensitivity compared to their complementary LNA A containing ON thermal denaturation experiments towards singly mismatched DNA and RNA ON were undertaken. Replacing one LNA A residue with LNA D, in fully LNA modified ON, resulted in higher mismatch sensitivity towards DNA ON (Delta Delta Tm -4 to >-17 degrees C). The same trend was observed towards singly mismatched RNA ON (Delta Delta Tm D-a = -8.7 degrees C and D-g = -4.5 degrees C) however, the effect was less clearcut and LNA A showed a better mismatch sensitivity than LNA D towards cytosine (Delta Tm +5.5 degrees C).
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