1
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Atkins AP, Dean AC, Lennox AJJ. Benzylic C(sp 3)-H fluorination. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1527-1547. [PMID: 39015617 PMCID: PMC11250007 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective fluorination of C(sp3)-H bonds is an attractive target, particularly for pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Consequently, over recent years much attention has been focused on C(sp3)-H fluorination, and several methods that are selective for benzylic C-H bonds have been reported. These protocols operate via several distinct mechanistic pathways and involve a variety of fluorine sources with distinct reactivity profiles. This review aims to give context to these transformations and strategies, highlighting the different tactics to achieve fluorination of benzylic C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice C Dean
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
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2
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Qin H, Wei G, Lou Y, Zheng X, Bao M, Zhang Y, Huang P. K 2S 2O 8-mediated direct C-H heteroarylation/hydroxylation of indolin-2-ones with quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:279-283. [PMID: 38053489 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01792c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a K2S2O8-mediated direct heteroarylation and hydroxylation reaction between quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with a C(sp2)-H bond and indolin-2-ones with a C(sp3)-H bond via an oxidative cross-coupling reaction has been reported. We have successfully established a feasible and concise reaction system that represents the first example of free-radical-promoted heteroarylation and hydroxylation reaction on the C-3 position of oxindole. A series of 3-substituted 3-hydroxyoxindoles are obtained in 0-83% yield using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qin
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guoliang Wei
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
| | - Yutao Lou
- College of pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Meihua Bao
- Academician Workstation, School of Stomatology, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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3
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Ding Y, Wu J, Huang H. Carbonylative Formal Cycloaddition between Alkylarenes and Aldimines Enabled by Palladium-Catalyzed Double C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4982-4988. [PMID: 36821463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Double C-H bond activation can enable an expeditious reaction pathway to cyclic compounds, offering an efficient tool to synthesize valuable molecules. However, cyclization reaction enabled by double C-H bond activation at one carbon atom is nearly unknown. Herein, we report a carbonylative formal cycloaddition of alkylarenes with imines via double benzylic C-H bond activation at one carbon atom, allowing a straightforward synthesis of β-lactams from readily accessible alkylarenes and imines, which paves the way for developing an annulation reaction through double C-H bond activation at one carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
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4
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Hongfei Z, Jingnan Z, Jianing L, Cunfei M, Zongyi Y, Qingwei M. Visible-light-driven g-C3N4-doped Co catalyzed oxidation of benzylic hydroxylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Ji H, Wang Z, Zhan H, Fang Z, Zhang Q, Li D. Copper-catalyzed benzylic C–H amidation of toluene derivatives with N-(8-quinolyl)amides through C(sp3)–H/N–H cross dehydrogenative coupling. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Li J, Wang H, Jin H, Xiang Z, Chen L, Walsh PJ, Liang G. Base-Promoted Tandem Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolones. Org Lett 2022; 24:8125-8129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, P.R. China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, Hangzhou 310015, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, P.R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, Hangzhou 310015, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, P.R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, Hangzhou 310015, P.R. China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, P.R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, P.R. China
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7
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Ji H, Zhan H, Chen S, Fang Z, Zhang Q, Li D. Copper‐catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H/N−H Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Between Toluene Derivatives and Picolinamides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ji
- New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Hongju Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization Jingchu University of Technology Jingmen 448000 China
| | - Shumin Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization Jingchu University of Technology Jingmen 448000 China
| | - Zeguo Fang
- New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Dong Li
- New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization Jingchu University of Technology Jingmen 448000 China
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8
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Yuan C, Chen D, Pan C, Yu JT. Benzylic C-H Heteroarylation of 4-Methylphenols with 2H-Indazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Sreedharan R, Pal PK, Panyam PKR, Priyakumar UD, Gandhi T. Synthesis of α‐aryl ketones by harnessing the non‐innocence of toluene and its derivatives: Enhancing the acidity of methyl arenes by a Brønsted base and their mechanistic aspects. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Sreedharan
- Vellore Institute of Technology: VIT University Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences INDIA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pal
- International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics INDIA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Reddy Panyam
- Vellore Institute of Technology: VIT University Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences INDIA
| | - U Deva Priyakumar
- International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics INDIA
| | - Thirumanavelan Gandhi
- VIT University Materials Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences VIT University 632014 Vellore INDIA
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10
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Naskar G, Jeganmohan M. Ligand‐Enabled [3+2] Annulation of Aromatic Acids with Maleimides by C(sp
3
)−H and C(sp
2
)−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200778. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gouranga Naskar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
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11
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Nair VN, Tambar UK. Synthesis of amines via coupling of imines and alkylarenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Tang S, Guillot R, Grimaud L, Vitale MR, Vincent G. Electrochemical Benzylic C-H Functionalization with Isocyanides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2125-2130. [PMID: 35286094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the challenging direct carbamoylation or cyanation of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with an isocyanide via an electrochemical process giving rise to structures that are encountered in several biologically relevant compounds and drugs. This transformation proceeds under mild conditions without the need for any external oxidant and avoids the necessity to start from a prefunctionalized benzylic substrate or the deployment of the cation pool method. The anodic oxidation of the benzylic position and the subsequent addition of the isocyanide lead to the formation of a C-C bond and to a nitrilium cation that hydrolyzes to yield α-aryl acetamide derivatives, whereas the elimination of a t-butyl cation delivers α-aryl acetonitrile derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Tang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime R Vitale
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
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13
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Martínez-Flores S, Mujica-Martinez CA, Polindara-García LA. Pd(II)‐Catalyzed C(sp2/sp3)‐H Arylation of Aryl‐glycinamide Derivatives Using Picolinamide as Directing Group. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Martínez-Flores
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Química Ciudad Universitaria 04310 Ciudad de Mexico MEXICO
| | | | - Luis Angel Polindara-García
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Chemistry Institute Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de Mexico MEXICO
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14
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Ikeda T, Ochiishi H, Yoshida M, Yazaki R, Ohshima T. Catalytic Dehydrogenative β-Alkylation of Amino Acid Schiff Bases with Hydrocarbon. Org Lett 2022; 24:369-373. [PMID: 34918939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic method for the synthesis of a highly congested α,β-dehydroamino acid through the β-C-H bond activation of an amino acid Schiff base is described. Abundant hydrocarbon feedstock could be used as an alkylating reagent to afford an α,β-dehydroamino acid bearing a quaternary carbon at the γ-position with an exclusively (Z)-geometry. Notably, a tetrasubstituted olefin could be constructed from saturated starting materials. The transformation of the synthesized α,β-dehydroamino acid into unnatural α-amino acid derivatives was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruka Ochiishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mana Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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15
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Gu Y, Zhang Z, Wang YE, Dai Z, Yuan Y, Xiong D, Li J, Walsh PJ, Mao J. Benzylic Aroylation of Toluenes Mediated by a LiN(SiMe 3) 2/Cs + System. J Org Chem 2021; 87:406-418. [PMID: 34958592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective deprotonative functionalization of benzylic C-H bonds is challenging, because the arene ring contains multiple aromatic C(sp2)-H bonds, which can be competitively deprotonated and lead to selectivity issues. Recently it was found that bimetallic [MN(SiMe3)2 M = Li, Na]/Cs+ combinations exhibit excellent benzylic selectivity. Herein, is reported the first deprotonative addition of toluenes to Weinreb amides mediated by LiN(SiMe3)2/CsF for the synthesis of a diverse array of 2-arylacetophenones. Surprisingly, simple methyl benzoates also react with toluenes under similar conditions to form 2-arylacetophenones without double addition to give tertiary alcohol products. This finding greatly increases the practicality and impact of this chemistry. Some challenging substrates with respect to benzylic deprotonations, such as fluoro and methoxy substituted toluenes, are selectively transformed to 2-aryl acetophenones. The value of benzylic deprotonation of 3-fluorotoluene is demonstrated by the synthesis of a key intermediate in the preparation of Polmacoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyun Gu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yan-En Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Ziteng Dai
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Yuan
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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16
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Kato T, Maruoka K. Selective functionalization of benzylic C-H bonds of two different benzylic ethers by bowl-shaped N-hydroxyimide derivatives as efficient organoradical catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1021-1024. [PMID: 34951412 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient, site-selective benzylic C-H bond amination of two different benzylic ether substrates was described by using bowl-shaped N-hydroxyimide organoradical catalysts with diethyl azodicarboxylate. The synthetic utility of this approach is demonstrated by the subsequent transformation of the amination products into the corresponding aldehydes and alkylhydrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Kato
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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17
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Zhong LJ, Xiong ZQ, Ouyang XH, Li Y, Song RJ, Sun Q, Lu X, Li JH. Intermolecular 1,2-Difunctionalization of Alkenes Enabled by Fluoroamide-Directed Remote Benzyl C(sp 3)-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:339-348. [PMID: 34935377 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed remote benzylic C-H functionalization strategy enabling 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes with 2-methylbenzeneamides and nucleophiles, including alcohols, indoles, pyrroles, and the intrinsic amino groups, is reported, which is characterized by its redox-neutral conditions, exquisite site-selectivity, broad substrate scope, and wide utilizations of late-stage modifying bioactive molecules. This reaction proceeds through nitrogen-centered radical generation, hydrogen atom transfer, benzylic radical addition across the alkenes, single-electron oxidation, and carbocation electrophilic course cascades. While using external nucleophiles manipulates three-component alkene alkylalkoxylation and alkyl-heteroarylation with 2-methylbenzeneamides to access dialkyl ethers, 3-alkylindoles, and 3-alkylpyrroles, omitting the external nucleophiles results in two-component alkylamidation ([5+2] annulation) of alkenes with 2-methylbenzeneamides to benzo-[f][1,2]thiazepine 1,1-dioxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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18
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Chan APY, Jakoobi M, Wang C, Tian Y, Halcovitch N, Boulatov R, Sergeev AG. Selective, radical-free activation of benzylic C-H bonds in methylarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7894-7897. [PMID: 34286736 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report rare examples of exclusive benzylic C-H oxidative addition in industrially important methylarenes using simple η4-arene iridium complexes. Mechanistic studies showed that coordinatively unsaturated η2-arene intermediates are responsible for the selective activation of benzylic, not aromatic C-H bonds and formation of stable benzyl complexes after trapping with a phosphine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony P Y Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Martin Jakoobi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Nathan Halcovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Alexey G Sergeev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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19
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Newhouse TR, Zhang P, Cantrell RL. Role of Benzylic Deprotonation in Nickel-Catalyzed Benzylic Dehydrogenation. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlkylarenes are readily functionalized via the corresponding benzylic anions. Benzylic anions have been used for a range of catalytic reactions, including Ni-catalyzed dehydrogenation. Interestingly, the employment of Zn(TMP)2 for slow and incomplete deprotonation of the benzylic position was observed. This manuscript describes a preliminary investigation into the deprotonation of heteroarenes and its relationship to Ni-catalyzed benzylic dehydrogenation.
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20
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Asymmetric C(sp 3)-H functionalization of unactivated alkylarenes such as toluene enabled by chiral Brønsted base catalysts. Commun Chem 2021; 4:36. [PMID: 36697525 PMCID: PMC9814754 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzylic functionalisation of unactivated alkylarenes remains as a significant challenge in asymmetric catalysis due to their less reactive nature. Here, we show development of catalytic asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization of unactivated alkylarenes such as toluene with imines. The reactions proceeded smoothly under proton-transfer conditions using a chiral, strong Brønsted base catalyst system. A chiral Brønsted base prepared from an alkylpotassium and a chiral amine ligand was found to effectively form a promising asymmetric environment around a benzyl anion. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed that the use of the alkaline metal amide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS), as an additive was most effective, and enantioselective and atom economical carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions at the benzylic positions of unactivated alkylarenes was achieved without using any transition-metal catalyst.
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21
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Dai S, Bao Z, Yang Q, Ren Q, Zhang Z. Cooperative Interplay of Brønsted Acid and Lewis Acid Sites in MIL-101(Cr) for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of C-H Bonds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10845-10854. [PMID: 33648335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) is an effective tool for carbon-carbon bond formation in chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a metal-organic framework (MOF) possessing dual Lewis acidic Cr sites and sulfonic acid sites (MIL-101(Cr)-SO3H) as an efficient catalytic material for direct cross-coupling of xanthene and different nucleophiles using O2 as the oxidant. The highly porous structure of MIL-101(Cr)-SO3H enables the free access of reactants to the catalytic active sites inside MOF pores. Kinetic studies indicated that the Cr sites of MOF accelerate the rate-limiting autoxidation reaction of xanthene, which synergistically work with the sulfonic acid group on MOF ligands in promoting the CDC reactions. Besides, the catalytic system shows excellent functional group compatibility, and a variety of valuable xanthene derivatives were synthesized with satisfactory yields. Furthermore, MIL-101(Cr)-SO3H can be reused and its catalytic activity and crystal structure remain after six consecutive runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R.China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R.China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Siyun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zongbi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R.China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R.China
| | - Qilong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R.China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R.China
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22
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He Q, Chatani N. Palladium-Catalyzed Site-Selective [3+2] Annulation via Benzylic and meta C-H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5189-5192. [PMID: 33241656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed [3+2] annulation of aromatic amides with maleimides via the activation of ortho benzylic C-H and meta C-H bonds is reported. Carboxamide and anilide type substrates that contain a 2-methylthiophenyl group both participate in this [3+2] annulation, indicating that the presence of a 2-methylthiophenyl directing group is a key for the success of the reaction. The first C-H bond activation at the benzylic C-H bond is followed by a second C-H bond activation at the meta C-H bond to give five-membered cyclic products. The cleavage of these C-H bonds is irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Kim W, Koo J, Lee HG. Benzylic C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) cross-coupling of indoles enabled by oxidative radical generation and nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4119-4125. [PMID: 34163683 PMCID: PMC8179435 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06666d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistically unique functionalization strategy for a benzylic C(sp3)-H bond has been developed based on the facile oxidation event of indole substrates. This novel pathway was initiated by efficient radical generation at the benzylic position of the substrate, with subsequent transition metal catalysis to complete the overall transformation. Ultimately, an aryl or an acyl group could be effectively delivered from an aryl (pseudo)halide or an acid anhydride coupling partner, respectively. The developed method utilizes mild conditions and exhibits a wide substrate scope for both substituted indoles and C(sp2)-based reaction counterparts. Mechanistic studies have shown that competitive hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes, which are frequently encountered in conventional methods, are not involved in the product formation process of the developed strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Jangwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Seoul 08826 South Korea
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24
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He Q, Chatani N. Palladium‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective [3+2] Annulation via Benzylic and
meta
C−H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan He
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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25
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Tian Y, Jakoobi M, Boulatov R, Sergeev AG. Selective cleavage of unactivated arene ring C-C bonds by iridium: key roles of benzylic C-H activation and metal-metal cooperativity. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3568-3579. [PMID: 34163630 PMCID: PMC8179494 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05900e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage of aromatic C–C bonds is central for conversion of fossil fuels into industrial chemicals and designing novel arene functionalisations through ring opening, expansion and contraction. However, the current progress is hampered by both the lack of experimental examples of selective oxidative addition of aromatic C–C bonds and limited understanding of the factors that favour insertion into the C–C rather than the C–H bonds. Here, we describe the comprehensive mechanism of the only reported chemo- and regioselective insertion of a transition metal into a range of substituted arene rings in simple iridium(i) complexes. The experimental and computational data reveal that this ring cleavage requires both reversible scission of a benzylic C–H bond and cooperativity of two Ir centres sandwiching the arene in the product-determining intermediate. The mechanism explains the chemoselectivity and scope of this unique C–C activation in industrially important methylarenes and provides a general insight into the role of metal–metal cooperativity in the cleavage of unsaturated C–C bonds. The detailed mechanism of iridium-mediated C–C cleavage in unactivated arenes reveals the key factors enabling the process and helps predict the scope of the cleavage reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Martin Jakoobi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Alexey G Sergeev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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26
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Wang Z, Matsumoto A, Maruoka K. Efficient cleavage of tertiary amide bonds via radical-polar crossover using a copper(ii) bromide/Selectfluor hybrid system. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12323-12328. [PMID: 34094440 PMCID: PMC8163011 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel approach for the efficient cleavage of the amide bonds in tertiary amides is reported. Based on the selective radical abstraction of a benzylic hydrogen atom by a CuBr2/Selectfluor hybrid system followed by a selective cleavage of an N-C bond, an acyl fluoride intermediate is formed. This intermediate may then be derivatized in a one-pot fashion. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope with respect to the tertiary amide moiety as well as to nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon nucleophiles for the subsequent derivatization. Mechanistic studies suggest that the present reaction proceeds via a radical-polar crossover process that involves benzylic carbon radicals generated by the selective radical abstraction of a benzylic hydrogen atom by the CuBr2/Selectfluor hybrid system. Furthermore, a synthetic application of this method for the selective cleavage of peptides is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
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27
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Vasilopoulos A, Golden DL, Buss JA, Stahl SS. Copper-Catalyzed C-H Fluorination/Functionalization Sequence Enabling Benzylic C-H Cross Coupling with Diverse Nucleophiles. Org Lett 2020; 22:5753-5757. [PMID: 32790420 PMCID: PMC7446105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective transformation of benzylic C-H bonds into diverse functional groups is achieved via Cu-catalyzed C-H fluorination with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI), followed by substitution of the resulting fluoride with various nucleophiles. The benzyl fluorides generated in these reactions are reactive electrophiles in the presence of hydrogen-bond donors or Lewis acids, allowing them to be used without isolation in C-O, C-N, and C-C coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Vasilopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Joshua A. Buss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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28
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Zhao S, Cai S, Wang M, Rao W, Xu H, Zhang L, Chu X, Shen Z. Selective C(
sp
3
)−H Functionalization of Alkyl Esters with
N
‐/
S
‐/
O
‐Nucleophiles Using Perfluoroalkyl Iodide as Oxidant. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐Wen Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Song‐Zhou Cai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Mao‐Lin Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Rao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue‐Qiang Chu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Liang Shen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
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29
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Chen ZD, Chen Z, Wang QE, Si CM, Wei BG. Stereoselective approach to access 3-tert-Butyl-Dimethylsiloxy-2,6-Substituted piperidines through nucleophilic addition of N,O-acetals with organozinc reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Inoa J, Patel M, Dominici G, Eldabagh R, Patel A, Lee J, Xing Y. Benzylic Hydroperoxidation via Visible-Light-Induced Csp 3-H Activation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6181-6187. [PMID: 32242417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient benzylic hydroperoxidation has been realized through a visible-light-induced Csp3-H activation. We believe that this reaction undergoes a direct HAT mechanism catalyzed by eosin Y. This approach features the use of a metal-free catalyst (eosin Y), an energy-economical light source (blue LED), and a sustainable oxidant (molecular oxygen). Primary, secondary, and tertiary hydroperoxides as well as silyl, benzyl, and acyl peroxides were successfully prepared with good yields and excellent functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Inoa
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Mansi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Grecia Dominici
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Reem Eldabagh
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Anjali Patel
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - John Lee
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Yalan Xing
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
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31
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Xie W, Heo J, Kim D, Chang S. Copper-Catalyzed Direct C-H Alkylation of Polyfluoroarenes by Using Hydrocarbons as an Alkylating Source. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7487-7496. [PMID: 32233362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Construction of carbon-carbon bonds is one of the most important tools in chemical synthesis. In the previously established cross-coupling reactions, prefunctionalized starting materials were usually employed in the form of aryl or alkyl (pseudo)halides or their metalated derivatives. However, the direct use of arenes and alkanes via a 2-fold oxidative C-H bond activation strategy to access chemoselective C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-couplings is highly challenging due to the low reactivity of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds and the difficulty in suppressing side reactions such as homocouplings. Herein, we present the new development of a copper-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of polyfluoroarenes with alkanes under mild conditions. Relatively weak sp3 C-H bonds at the benzylic or allylic positions, and nonactivated hydrocarbons could be alkylated by the newly developed catalyst system. A moderate-to-high site selectivity was observed among various C-H bonds present in hydrocarbon reactants, including gaseous feedstocks and complex molecules. Mechanistic information was obtained by performing combined experimental and computational studies to reveal that the copper catalyst plays a dual role in activating both alkane sp3 C-H bonds and sp2 polyfluoroarene C-H bonds. It was also suggested that the noncovalent π-π interaction and weak hydrogen bonds formed in situ between the optimal ligand and arene substrates are key to facilitating the current coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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