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Cui Y, He W, Wang Z, Yang H, Zheng M, Li Y. Reduced estrogenic risks of a sunscreen additive: Theoretical design and evaluation of functionally improved salicylates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135371. [PMID: 39084014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic esters (SEs), the widely used ultraviolet (UV) absorbers in sunscreen products, have been found to have health risks such as skin sensitization and estrogenic effects. This study aims to design SE substitutes that maintain high UV absorbance while reducing estrogenicity. Using molecular docking and Gaussian09 software for initial assessments and further application of a combination of two-dimensional and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR, respectively) models, we designed 73 substitutes. The best-performing molecules, ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS)-5 and EHS-15, significantly reduced estrogenicity (44.54 % and 17.60 %, respectively) and enhanced UV absorbance (249.56 % and 46.94 %, respectively). Through screening for human health risks, we found that EHS-5 and EHS-15 were free from skin sensitivity and eye irritation and exhibited reduced skin permeability compared with EHS. Furthermore, the photolysis and synthetic pathways of EHS-5 and EHS-15 were deduced, demonstrating their good photodegradability and potential synthesizability. In addition, we analyzed the mechanisms underlying the changes in estrogenic effects and UV absorption properties. We identified covalent hydrogen bond basicity and acidity Propgen value for atomic molecular properties and the highest occupied molecular orbital eigenvalue as the main factors affecting the estrogenic effect and UV absorbance of SEs, respectively. This study focuses on the design and screening of SEs, exhibiting enhanced functionality, reduced health risks, and synthetic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wei He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhonghe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Maosheng Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Hu XB, Fu QQ, Huang XY, Chu XQ, Shen ZL, Miao C, Chen W. Hydroxylation of Aryl Sulfonium Salts for Phenol Synthesis under Mild Reaction Conditions. Molecules 2024; 29:831. [PMID: 38398583 PMCID: PMC10891898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylation of aryl sulfonium salts could be realized by utilizing acetohydroxamic acid and oxime as hydroxylative agents in the presence of cesium carbonate as a base, leading to a variety of structurally diverse hydroxylated arenes in 47-95% yields. In addition, the reaction exhibited broad functionality tolerance, and a range of important functional groups (e.g., cyano, nitro, sulfonyl, formyl, keto, and ester) could be well amenable to the mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Bo Hu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-B.H.); (Q.-Q.F.); (X.-Y.H.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Qian-Qian Fu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-B.H.); (Q.-Q.F.); (X.-Y.H.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Xue-Ying Huang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-B.H.); (Q.-Q.F.); (X.-Y.H.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Xue-Qiang Chu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-B.H.); (Q.-Q.F.); (X.-Y.H.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Zhi-Liang Shen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-B.H.); (Q.-Q.F.); (X.-Y.H.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Chengping Miao
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Soochow College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Hill DR, Huters AD, Towne TB, Reddy RE, Fogle JL, Voight EA, Kym PR. Parkinson's Disease: Advances in Treatment and the Syntheses of Various Classes of Pharmaceutical Drug Substances. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13693-13712. [PMID: 37975808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An overview of Parkinson's disease (PD) prevalence, diagnosis, and currently available treatment options is provided. A comprehensive list of different classes of marketed pharmaceutical drug products and the syntheses of various drug substances are summarized based on published literature.
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Iqbal Z, Joshi A, De SR. Metal nitrate promoted highly regiospecific ortho–nitration of phenols: Application to the synthesis of nitroxynil. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2184270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Asha Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Saroj Ranjan De
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, Srinagar Garhwal, India
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Bastrakov M, Starosotnikov A. Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Drugs and Bioactive Molecules Incorporating Nitro(het)arene Core. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060705. [PMID: 35745627 PMCID: PMC9228974 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic nitro compounds play a unique role in the synthesis of drugs and pharmaceutically oriented molecules. This field of organic chemistry continues to be in demand and relevant. A significant number of papers are published annually on new general methods for the synthesis of nitrodrugs and related biomolecules. This review is an analysis of the literature on methods for the synthesis of both new and already-known aromatic and heteroaromatic nitrodrugs covering the period from 2010 to the present.
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Kitanosono T, Hashidoko A, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi S. 2-Methoxyethyl Nitrite as a Reagent for Chemoselective On-Water Nitration. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200457. [PMID: 35612572 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An on-water approach has been developed that allows a nitration of tyrosines and phenols under mild conditions. We envisioned that the assembly of tyrosine/tyrosyl radical couples with interfacial water molecules would realize a biomimetic stacking hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) transition state to facilitate the electron-transfer process. The optimal organic nitrite, 2-methoxyethyl nitrite, resulted in rapid coupling of the tyrosyl radicals with •NO 2 at the oil-water interface to afford the nitrated phenols. Many characteristics found in our on-water strategy are distinct from other complementary systems that include radical nitration. These enticing roles of water in the reaction process introduce new avenues to explore in the design of synthetic organic chemistry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kitanosono
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Airu Hashidoko
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | | | - Shu Kobayashi
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, JAPAN
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Patra S, Mosiagin I, Katayev D, Giri R. Organic Nitrating Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitro compounds are vital raw chemicals that are widely used in academic laboratories and industries for the preparation of various drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Thus, nitrating reactions are of great importance for chemists and are even taught in schools as one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the discovery of the first nitrating reactions in the 19th century, progress in this field has been constant. Yet, for many years the classical electrophilic nitration approach using a mixture of strong mineral acids dominated the field. However, in recent decades, the attention of researchers has focused on new reactivity and new reagents that can provide access to nitro compounds in a practical and straightforward way under mild reaction conditions. Organic nitrating reagents have played a special role in this field since they have enhanced reactivity. They also allow nitration to be carried out in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. This review examines the development and application of organic nitrating reagents.1 Introduction2 Organic Nitrating Reagents2.1 Alkyl Nitrites2.2 Nitroalkanes2.3 Alkyl Nitrates2.4 N-Nitroamides2.5 N-Nitropyrazole2.6 N-Nitropyridinium Salts3 Organic Nitrating Reagents Generated In Situ3.1 Acyl Nitrates3.2 Trimethylsilyl Nitrate3.3 Nitro Onium Salts4 Organic Nitronium Salts5 Organic Nitrates and Nitrites5.1 Ammonium Nitrates5.2 Heteroarylium Nitrates5.3 Other Organic Nitrates5.4 Organic Nitrites6 Conclusion and Outlook
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Blum SP, Nickel C, Schäffer L, Karakaya T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4936-4940. [PMID: 34583423 PMCID: PMC9298355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic nitration has tremendous importance in organic chemistry as nitroaromatic compounds serve as versatile building blocks. This study represents the electrochemical aromatic nitration with NBu4 NO2 , which serves a dual role as supporting electrolyte and as a safe, readily available, and easy-to-handle nitro source. Stoichiometric amounts of 1,1,1-3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol (HFIP) in MeCN significantly increase the yield by solvent control. The reaction mechanism is based on electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to NO2 , which initiates the nitration reaction in a divided electrolysis cell with inexpensive graphite electrodes. Overall, the reaction is demonstrated for 20 examples with yields of up to 88 %. Scalability is demonstrated by a 13-fold scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P. Blum
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christean Nickel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tarik Karakaya
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Qian YE, Zheng L, Xiang HY, Yang H. Recent progress in the nitration of arenes and alkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4835-4851. [PMID: 34017966 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00384d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitro compounds are a predominant class of synthetic intermediates and building blocks for the preparation of a wide range of nitrogen-containing compounds in the chemical industry. As such, impressive progress has been currently made in the nitration of aromatics and olefins with excellent functional group tolerance and site-selectivity. In this mini review, we intend to highlight the regiospecific nitration of arenes and alkenes in various reaction systems. The involved mechanisms are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-En Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Lan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
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