1
|
Ouyang J, Yang W, Guo Z, Li F, Liu W, Guo P, Zhou Y, Gao D, Zhang L, Tao S. Modular Cascade of Flow Reactors: Continuous Flow Synthesis of Water-Insoluble Diazo Dyes in Aqueous System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400413. [PMID: 38702956 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis is pivotal in dye production to address batch-to-batch variations. However, synthesizing water-insoluble dyes in an aqueous system poses a challenge that can lead to clogging. This study successfully achieved the safe and efficient synthesis of azo dyes by selecting and optimizing flow reactor modules for different reaction types in the two-step reaction and implementing cascade cooperation. Integrating continuous flow microreactor with continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) enabled the continuous flow synthesis of Sudan Yellow 3G without introducing water-soluble functional groups or using organic solvents to enhance solubility. Optimizing conditions (acidity/alkalinity, temperature, residence time) within the initial modular continuous flow reactor resulted in a remarkable 99.5% isolated yield, 98.6 % purity, and a production rate of 2.90 g h-1. Scaling-up based on different reactor module characteristics further increased the production rate to 74.4 g h-1 while maintaining high yield and purity. The construction of this small 3D-printing modular cascaded reactor and process scaling-up provide technical support for continuous flow synthesis of water-insoluble dyes, particularly high-market-share azo dyes. Moreover, this versatile methodology proves applicable to continuous flow processes involving various homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhaoyan Guo
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Fujun Li
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shengyang Tao
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teli P, Soni S, Teli S, Agarwal S. Unlocking Diversity: From Simple to Cutting-Edge Synthetic Methodologies of Bis(indolyl)methanes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:8. [PMID: 38403746 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
From a synthetic perspective, bis(indolyl)methanes have undergone extensive investigation over the past two to three decades owing to their remarkable pharmacological activities, encompassing anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. These highly desirable attributes have spurred significant interest within the scientific community, leading to the development of various synthetic strategies that are not only more efficient but also ecofriendly. This synthesis-based literature review delves into the advancements made in the past 5 years, focusing on the synthesis of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical bis(indolyl)methanes. The review encompasses a wide array of methods, ranging from well-established techniques to more unconventional and innovative approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the exploration of various substrates, encompassing readily available chemicals such as indole, aldehydes/ketones, indolyl methanols, etc. as well as the use of some specific compounds as starting materials to achieve the synthesis of this invaluable molecule. By encapsulating the latest developments in this field, this review provides insights into the expanding horizons of bis(indolyl)methane synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Teli
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunita Teli
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shikha Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kolagkis PX, Galathri EM, Kokotos CG. Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel-Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:379-426. [PMID: 38410780 PMCID: PMC10896228 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, more specifically bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), has been an area of great interest in organic chemistry, since these compounds exhibit a range of interesting biological and pharmacological properties. BIMs are naturally found in cruciferous vegetables and have been shown to be effective antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer agents. Traditionally, the synthesis of BIMs has been achieved upon the acidic condensation of an aldehyde with indole, utilizing a variety of protic or Lewis acids. However, due to the increased environmental awareness of our society, the focus has shifted towards the development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the reaction between aldehydes with indoles, while focusing on the more environmentally friendly methods developed over the years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Periklis X Kolagkis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goel S, Khulbe M, Aggarwal A, Kathuria A. Recent advances in continuous flow synthesis of heterocycles. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2939-2948. [PMID: 34661798 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current scenario, flow chemistry is emerging as a significant technology in the field of organic synthesis. This miniaturized protocol including microreactors facilitates excellent heat transfer, low solvent wastage, lesser reaction time, a safer environment for reagent handling and appreciable yields of desired products. Thus, this "enabling technology" has a great scope in the synthesis and preparation of a variety of heterocycles that require toxic reagents as starting materials. This review discusses the recent advances (2020-2021) in continuous flow strategy for synthesis and derivatization of variety of heterocyclic entities, of different ring size, using different approaches. This also highlights the advantages of different combined techniques like Microwave assisted heating, electrochemical flow cell, LED light source, NMR and FT-IR analysis, etc., that enables utilization of various mechanisms and real-time monitoring of reactions leading to improved results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Goel
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mihir Khulbe
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anshul Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Abha Kathuria
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee JW, Jang YS, Park JM, Park CP. Synthesis of
gem
‐Dichlorocyclopropanes Using Liquid–Liquid Slug Flow. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Seul Jang
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Pil Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sung HK, Kim DH, Kim JS, Park CP. C3
‐Formylation of Indoles in Continuous Flow. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Kyoung Sung
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seok Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Pil Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|