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Bernkop-Schnürch AD, Huber K, Clauser A, Cziferszky M, Leitner D, Talasz H, Hermann M, Hohloch S, Gust R, Kircher B. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel halogenated chlorido[N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]iron(III) complexes as anticancer agents. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024:10.1007/s00775-024-02067-9. [PMID: 39133326 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron(III) complexes based on N,N´-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (salene) scaffolds have demonstrated promising anticancer features like induction of ferroptosis, an iron dependent cell death. Since poor cellular uptake limits their therapeutical potential, this study aimed to enhance the lipophilic character of chlorido[N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]iron(III) complexes by introducing lipophilicity improving ligands such as fluorine (X1), chlorine (X2) and bromine (X3) in 5-position in the salicylidene moieties. After detailed characterization the binding to nucleophiles, logP values and cellular uptake were determined. The complexes were further evaluated regarding their biological activity on MDA-MB 231 mammary carcinoma, the non-tumorous SV-80 fibroblast, HS-5 stroma and MCF-10A mammary gland cell lines. Stability of the complexes in aqueous and biological environments was proven by the lack of interactions with amino acids and glutathione. Cellular uptake was positively correlated with the logP values, indicating that higher lipophilicity enhanced cellular uptake. The complexes induced strong antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects on MDA-MB 231 cells, but were inactive on all non-malignant cells tested. Generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, increase of lipid peroxidation and induction of both ferroptosis and necroptosis were identified as mechanisms of action. In conclusion, halogenation of chlorido[N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]iron(III) complexes raises their lipophilic character resulting in improved cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Dagmar Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Huber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armida Clauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Cziferszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Leitner
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Reynes JF, Isoni V, García F. Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300819. [PMID: 37114517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has steadily showcased examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both the laboratory and the preparative scale. In contrast to solution-based chemistry, mechanochemical processes have not yet been standardized, and thus scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this Minireview is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Isoni
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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3
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Fantozzi N, Volle JN, Porcheddu A, Virieux D, García F, Colacino E. Green metrics in mechanochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6680-6714. [PMID: 37691600 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of new green methodologies and their broader adoption for promoting sustainable development in chemistry laboratories and industry play a significant role in society, due to the economic importance of chemistry and its widespread presence in everyday life. Therefore, a sustainable approach to chemistry contributes to the well-being of the worldwide population and complies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal. The review highlights how batch and continuous mechanochemical methods are an eco-friendly approach for organic synthesis, with a lower environmental footprint in most cases, compared to solution-based procedures. The assessment is objectively based on the use of green metrics (e.g., atom and real atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity, material parameter recovery, Eco-scale, stoichiometric factor, etc.) and indicators (e.g. DOZN tool and life cycle assessment, LCA, studies) applied to organic transformations such as synthesis of the amide bond, carbamates, heterocycles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), porphyrins, porous organic polymers (POPs), metal- or acid-catalysed processes, multicomponent and condensation reactions, rearrangements, etc. The generalized absence of bulk solvents, the precise control over the stoichiometry (i.e., using agents in a stoichiometrically rather than in excess), and the more selective reactions enabling simplified work-up procedures are the distinctive factors, marking the superiority of mechanochemical processes over solution-based chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - David Virieux
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo, 33006, Asturias, Spain.
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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4
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Bashir M, Dar AA, Yousuf I. Syntheses, Structural Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Novel Mn(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Aroyl-Hydrazone Schiff Base Ligand. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3026-3042. [PMID: 36713712 PMCID: PMC9878661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the syntheses, structural characterization, and biological profile of Mn(II)- and Zn(II)-based complexes 1 and 2 derived from the aroyl-hydrazone Schiff base ligand (L1). The synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (s-XRD). Density functional theory (DFT) studies of complexes 1 and 2 were performed to ascertain the structural and electronic properties. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to investigate different intermolecular interactions that define the stability of crystal lattice structures. To ascertain the therapeutic potential of complexes 1 and 2, in vitro interaction studies were carried out with ct-DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using analytical and multispectroscopic techniques, and the results showed more avid binding of complex 2 than complex 1 and L1. The antioxidant potential of complexes 1 and 2 was examined against the 2,2-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, which revealed better antioxidant ability of the Mn(II) complex. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of synthesized complexes 1 and 2 was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in which complex 2 demonstrated more effective bactericidal activity than L1 and complex 1 toward Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of L1 and complexes 1 and 2 was carried out against MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer) and A549 (lung) cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic results revealed that the polymeric Zn(II) complex exhibited better and selective cytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line as was evidenced by its low IC50 value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masrat Bashir
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aijaz A. Dar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Imtiyaz Yousuf
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Leon F, Li C, Reynes JF, Singh VK, Lian X, Ong HC, Hum G, Sun H, García F. Mechanosynthesis and photophysics of colour-tunable photoluminescent group 13 metal complexes with sterically demanding salen and salophen ligands. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:63-78. [PMID: 36218327 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of four photoluminescent Al and In complexes were synthesised using an environmentally-benign mechanosynthesis strategy. Sterically crowded 3,5-di-tert-butyl functionalised salophen and salen ligands and their respective complexes have been synthesised in the solid-state and fully characterised. Subsequent photophysics and electrochemistry studies of the resulting complexes suggest that these new group 13 complexes can be viable alternatives to traditional photoluminescent complexes based on expensive and low abundant noble metals. The herein-reported strategy avoids the use of organic solvents and provides a process with low environmental impact and enhanced energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Leon
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Chenfei Li
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Varun K Singh
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Xiao Lian
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - How Chee Ong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Gavin Hum
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Handong Sun
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain.
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6
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Zuo S, Zheng S, Liu J, Zuo A. Mechanochemical synthesis of unsymmetrical salens for the preparation of Co–salen complexes and their evaluation as catalysts for the synthesis of α-aryloxy alcohols via asymmetric phenolic kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1416-1423. [PMID: 36300012 PMCID: PMC9577384 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the mechanochemical synthesis of unsymmetrical salens using grinding and ball milling technologies, respectively, both of which were afforded in good yield. The chelating effect of the unsymmetrical salens with zinc, copper, and cobalt was studied and the chiral Co–salen complex 2f was obtained in 98% yield. Hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epichlorohydrin with water catalyzed by complex 2f (0.5 mol %) was explored and resulted in 98% ee, suggesting complex 2f could serve as an enantioselective catalyst for the asymmetric ring opening of terminal epoxides by phenols. A library of α-aryloxy alcohols 3 was thereafter synthesized in good yield and high ee using 2f via the phenolic KR of epichlorohydrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuxiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ang Zuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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7
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Siqueira JD, de Pellegrin SF, Fioravanço LP, André Fontana L, Iglesias BA, Chaves OA, Back DF. Self-association synthesis with ortho-vanillin to promote mono- and heptanuclear complexes and their evaluation as antioxidant agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Bento O, Luttringer F, El Dine TM, Pétry N, Bantreil X, Lamaty F. Sustainable Mechanosynthesis of Biologically Active Molecules. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Bento
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | | | | | - Nicolas Pétry
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry 1919 Rte de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
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9
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Wróblewska A, Lauriol G, Mlostoń G, Bantreil X, Lamaty F. Expedient synthesis of NOxy-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NOHC) ligands and metal complexes using mechanochemistry. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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A family of salamo-type trinuclear Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes: Structural characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis and fluorescent properties. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Design, Sustainable Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Dual α2A/5-HT7 Receptor Antagonist with Antidepressant-Like Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133828. [PMID: 34201675 PMCID: PMC8270334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology of depression, together with the limits of currently available antidepressants, has resulted in the continuous quest for alternative therapeutic strategies. Numerous findings suggest that pharmacological blockade of α2-adrenoceptor might be beneficial for the treatment of depressive symptoms by increasing both norepinephrine and serotonin levels in certain brain areas. Moreover, the antidepressant properties of 5-HT7 receptor antagonists have been widely demonstrated in a large set of animal models. Considering the potential therapeutic advantages in targeting both α2-adrenoceptors and 5-HT7 receptors, we designed a small series of arylsulfonamide derivatives of (dihydrobenzofuranoxy)ethyl piperidines as dually active ligands. Following green chemistry principles, the designed compounds were synthesized entirely using a sustainable mechanochemical approach. The identified compound 8 behaved as a potent α2A/5-HT7 receptor antagonist and displayed moderate-to-high selectivity over α1-adrenoceptor subtypes and selected serotonin and dopaminergic receptors. Finally, compound 8 improved performance of mice in the forced swim test, displaying similar potency to the reference drug mirtazapine.
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes containing symmetrical Tetradentate Schiff base ligand derived from 3,5-diiodosalicylaldehyde: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and antimicrobial activity. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Tedjini R, Viveiros R, Casimiro T, Bonifácio VDB. One-pot three-step mechanically assisted synthesis and catalytic performance of tripodal metallic complexes. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-green matters. Synthesis of the ligand and metal–ligand complexes and a model catalytic oxidation reaction can be sequentially processed under solventless conditions using a planetary ball mill, via fast, high yielding and selective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Tedjini
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32, Alia Bab-Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science & Technology
- FCT NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Raquel Viveiros
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science & Technology
- FCT NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa Casimiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science & Technology
- FCT NOVA, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vasco D. B. Bonifácio
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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