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Reddyrajula R, Perveen S, Negi A, Etikyala U, Manga V, Sharma R, Dalimba UK. N-Acyl phenothiazines as mycobacterial ATP synthase inhibitors: Rational design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation against drug sensitive, RR and MDR-TB. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107702. [PMID: 39142196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The mycobacterial F-ATP synthase is responsible for the optimal growth, metabolism and viability of Mycobacteria, establishing it as a validated target for the development of anti-TB therapeutics. Herein, we report the discovery of an N-acyl phenothiazine derivative, termed PT6, targeting the mycobacterial F-ATP synthase. PT6 is bactericidal and active against the drug sensitive, Rifampicin-resistant as well as Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains. Compound PT6 showed noteworthy inhibition of F-ATP synthesis, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.788 µM in M. smegmatis IMVs and was observed that it could deplete intracellular ATP levels, exhibiting an IC50 of 30 µM. PT6 displayed a high selectivity towards mycobacterial ATP synthase compared to mitochondrial ATP synthase. Compound PT6 showed a minor synergistic effect in combination with Rifampicin and Isoniazid. PT6 demonstrated null cytotoxicity as confirmed by assessing its toxicity against VERO cell lines. Further, the binding mechanism and the activity profile of PT6 were validated by employing in silico techniques such as molecular docking, Prime MM/GBSA, DFT and ADMET analysis. These results suggest that PT6 presents an attractive lead for the discovery of a novel class of mycobacterial F-ATP synthase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Reddyrajula
- Central Research Facility, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Umadevi Etikyala
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Vijjulatha Manga
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
| | - Udaya Kumar Dalimba
- Organic and Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, India.
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Takeda K, Watanabe T, Smith JR, Vesey D, Tiberghien N, Lewis S, Powney B, Schapira AHV, Hoshikawa T, Takle AK. Identification of novel glucocerebrosidase chaperones by unexpected skeletal rearrangement reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129531. [PMID: 37866711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Compound 5 was identified from a high-throughput screening campaign as a small molecule pharmacological chaperone of glucocerebrocidase (GCase), a lysosomal hydrolase encoded by the GBA1 gene, variants of which are associated with Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. Further investigations revealed that compound 5 was slowly transformed into a regio-isomeric compound (6) in PBS buffer, plausibly via a ring-opening at hemiaminal moiety accompanied by subsequent intramolecular CC bond formation. Utilising this unexpected skeletal rearrangement reaction, a series of compound 6 analogues was synthesized which yielded multiple potent GCase pharmacological chaperones with sub-micromolar EC50 values as exemplified by compound 38 (EC50 = 0.14 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunitoshi Takeda
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., Hatfield AL10 9SN, United Kingdom
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., Hatfield AL10 9SN, United Kingdom
| | - James R Smith
- Charles River Laboratories, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - David Vesey
- Charles River Laboratories, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Tiberghien
- Charles River Laboratories, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Lewis
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., Hatfield AL10 9SN, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Powney
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., Hatfield AL10 9SN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamaki Hoshikawa
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., Hatfield AL10 9SN, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew K Takle
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd., Hatfield AL10 9SN, United Kingdom
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Tiwari G, Khanna A, Mishra VK, Sagar R. Recent developments on microwave-assisted organic synthesis of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing preferred heterocyclic scaffolds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32858-32892. [PMID: 37942237 PMCID: PMC10628940 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05986c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the utilization of microwave energy has experienced an extraordinary surge, leading to the introduction of innovative and revolutionary applications across various fields of chemistry such as medicinal chemistry, materials science, organic synthesis and heterocyclic chemistry. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature review on the microwave-assisted organic synthesis of selected heterocycles. We highlight the use of microwave irradiation as an effective method for constructing a diverse range of molecules with high yield and selectivity. We also emphasize the impact of microwave irradiation on the efficient synthesis of N- and O-containing heterocycles that possess bioactive properties, such as anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumor activities. Specific attention is given to the efficient synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidines-, coumarin-, quinoline-, and isatin-based scaffolds, which have been extensively studied for their potential in drug discovery. The article provides valuable insights into the recent synthetic protocols and trends for the development of new drugs using heterocyclic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Vinay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
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Shuvalov VY, Vlasova EY, Zheleznova TY, Fisyuk AS. New one-pot synthesis of 4-arylpyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridin-6-ones based on 5-aminopyrazoles and azlactones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1155-1160. [PMID: 37560137 PMCID: PMC10407779 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective one-pot strategy was developed for the synthesis of 4-arylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-ones from pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-ones, obtained by reacting 5-aminopyrazoles with 4-arylidene-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-ones (azlactones) under solvent-free conditions, through subsequent elimination of a benzamide molecule in a superbasic medium (t-BuOK/DMSO). The fluorescent properties of the synthesized compounds were studied. 4-Arylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-ones luminesce in the region of 409-440 nm with a quantum yield of 0.09-0.23 when irradiated with UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Yu Shuvalov
- Laboratory of New Organic Materials, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Ave., 644050 Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Yu Vlasova
- Department of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Mira Ave., 55a, 644077 Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Yu Zheleznova
- Laboratory of New Organic Materials, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Ave., 644050 Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Fisyuk
- Laboratory of New Organic Materials, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Ave., 644050 Omsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Mira Ave., 55a, 644077 Omsk, Russian Federation
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Kelam LM, Wani MA, Dhaked DK. An update on ATP synthase inhibitors: A unique target for drug development in M. tuberculosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:87-104. [PMID: 37105260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase is a key protein in the oxidative phosphorylation process, as it aids in the effective production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) in all life's of kingdoms. ATP synthases have distinctive properties that contribute to efficient ATP synthesis. The ATP synthase of mycobacterium is of special relevance since it has been identified as a target for potential anti-TB molecules, especially Bedaquiline (BDQ). Better knowledge of how mycobacterial ATP synthase functions and its peculiar characteristics will aid in our understanding of bacterial energy metabolism adaptations. Furthermore, identifying and understanding the important distinctions between human ATP synthase and bacterial ATP synthase may provide insight into the design and development of inhibitors that target specific ATP synthase. In recent years, many potential candidates targeting the ATP synthase of mycobacterium have been developed. In this review, we discuss the druggable targets of the Electron transport chain (ETC) and recently identified potent inhibitors (including clinical molecules) from 2015 to 2022 of diverse classes that target ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mounika Kelam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Devendra K Dhaked
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
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Bouihi F, Schmaltz B, Mathevet F, Kreher D, Faure-Vincent J, Yildirim C, Elhakmaoui A, Bouclé J, Akssira M, Tran-Van F, Abarbri M. D-π-A-Type Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of the Functionalization Position. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7992. [PMID: 36431477 PMCID: PMC9697137 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Donor−acceptor (D−A) small molecules are regarded as promising hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their tunable optoelectronic properties. This paper reports the design, synthesis and characterization of three novel isomeric D-π-A small molecules PY1, PY2 and PY3. The chemical structures of the molecules consist of a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine acceptor core functionalized with one 3,6-bis(4,4′-dimethoxydiphenylamino)carbazole (3,6-CzDMPA) donor moiety via a phenyl π-spacer at the 3, 5 and 7 positions, respectively. The isolated compounds possess suitable energy levels, sufficient thermal stability (Td > 400 °C), molecular glass behavior with Tg values in the range of 127−136 °C slightly higher than that of the reference material Spiro-OMeTAD (126 °C) and acceptable hydrophobicity. Undoped PY1 demonstrates the highest hole mobility (3 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1) compared to PY2 and PY3 (1.3 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1). The whole isomers were incorporated as doped HTMs in planar n-i-p PSCs based on double cation perovskite FA0.85Cs0.15Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3. The non-optimized device fabricated using PY1 exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.41%, similar to that obtained using the reference, Spiro-OMeTAD, which demonstrated a maximum PCE of 12.58% under the same conditions. The PY2 and PY3 materials demonstrated slightly lower performance in device configuration, with relatively moderate PCEs of 10.21% and 10.82%, respectively, and slight hysteresis behavior (−0.01 and 0.02). The preliminary stability testing of PSCs is also described. The PY1-based device exhibited better stability than the device using Spiro-OMeTAD, which could be related to its slightly superior hydrophobic character preventing water diffusion into the perovskite layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Bouihi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (EA 6299), Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Biotechnologies des Biomolécules et des Matériaux (LCP2BM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia 28800, Morocco
| | - Bruno Schmaltz
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (EA 6299), Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Mathevet
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Kreher
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | | | - Ceren Yildirim
- CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Ahmed Elhakmaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Biotechnologies des Biomolécules et des Matériaux (LCP2BM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia 28800, Morocco
| | - Johann Bouclé
- CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Mohamed Akssira
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Biotechnologies des Biomolécules et des Matériaux (LCP2BM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia 28800, Morocco
| | - François Tran-Van
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (EA 6299), Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (EA 6299), Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Dasmahapatra U, Chanda K. Synthetic approaches to potent heterocyclic inhibitors of tuberculosis: A decade review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1021216. [PMID: 36386156 PMCID: PMC9661889 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1021216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant global health concern with about 1.5 million deaths annually. Despite efforts to develop more efficient vaccines, reliable diagnostics, and chemotherapeutics, tuberculosis has become a concern to world health due to HIV, the rapid growth of bacteria that are resistant to treatment, and the recently introduced COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, advances in synthetic organic chemistry have historically enabled the production of important life-saving medications that have had a tremendous impact on patients' lives and health all over the world. Small-molecule research as a novel chemical entity for a specific disease target offers in-depth knowledge and potential therapeutic targets. In this viewpoint, we concentrated on the synthesis of a number of heterocycles reported in the previous decade and the screening of their inhibitory action against diverse strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings offer specific details on the structure-based activity of several heterocyclic scaffolds backed by their in vitro tests as a promising class of antitubercular medicines, which will be further useful to build effective treatments to prevent this terrible illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships for the Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of 3-Phenyl-N-(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidin-7-Amines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091125. [PMID: 36145345 PMCID: PMC9506485 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines have been reported as potent inhibitors of mycobacterial ATP synthase for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). In this work, we report the design and synthesis of approximately 70 novel 3,5-diphenyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines and their comprehensive structure–activity relationship studies. The most effective pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine analogues contained a 3-(4-fluoro)phenyl group, together with a variety of 5-alkyl, 5-aryl and 5-heteroaryl substituents. A range of substituted 7-(2-pyridylmethylamine) derivatives were also active. Some of these compounds exhibited potent in vitro M.tb growth inhibition, low hERG liability and good mouse/human liver microsomal stabilities, highlighting their potential as inhibitors of M.tb.
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McNeil MB, Cheung CY, Waller NJE, Adolph C, Chapman CL, Seeto NEJ, Jowsey W, Li Z, Hameed HMA, Zhang T, Cook GM. Uncovering interactions between mycobacterial respiratory complexes to target drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980844. [PMID: 36093195 PMCID: PMC9461714 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality for which new drug combination therapies are needed. Mycobacterial bioenergetics has emerged as a promising space for the development of novel therapeutics. Further to this, unique combinations of respiratory inhibitors have been shown to have synergistic or synthetic lethal interactions, suggesting that combinations of bioenergetic inhibitors could drastically shorten treatment times. Realizing the full potential of this unique target space requires an understanding of which combinations of respiratory complexes, when inhibited, have the strongest interactions and potential in a clinical setting. In this review, we discuss (i) chemical-interaction, (ii) genetic-interaction and (iii) chemical-genetic interaction studies to explore the consequences of inhibiting multiple mycobacterial respiratory components. We provide potential mechanisms to describe the basis for the strongest interactions. Finally, whilst we place an emphasis on interactions that occur with existing bioenergetic inhibitors, by highlighting interactions that occur with alternative respiratory components we envision that this information will provide a rational to further explore alternative proteins as potential drug targets and as part of unique drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins, Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Matthew B. McNeil, ; Gregory M. Cook,
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Natalie J. E. Waller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cassandra L. Chapman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Noon E. J. Seeto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H. M. Adnan Hameed
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Gregory M. Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins, Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Matthew B. McNeil, ; Gregory M. Cook,
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