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Oral I, Abetz V. Improved alkali metal ion capturing utilizing crown ether-based diblock copolymers in a sandwich-type complexation. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:934-937. [PMID: 35044394 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01815a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The compexation behavior of metals with free crown ethers (CE) and diblock copolymer-based CE is investigated. The latter shows at least 10 000 times stronger complexation than free CEs. On this basis, a highly stable CE complex within the polymer for efficient extraction of metal ions from low concentrations, e.g. lithium in seawater, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iklima Oral
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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Beryllium-Ion-Selective PEDOT Solid Contact Electrode Based on 9,10-Dinitrobenzo-9-Crown-3-Ether. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216375. [PMID: 33182260 PMCID: PMC7664937 DOI: 10.3390/s20216375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A beryllium(II)-ion-selective poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) solid contact electrode comprising 9,10-dinitrobenzo-9-crown-3-ether was successfully developed. The all-solid-state contact electrode, with an oxygen-containing cation-sensing membrane combined with an electropolymerized PEDOT layer, exhibited the best response characteristics. The performance of the constructed electrode was evaluated and optimized using potentiometry, conductance measurements, constant-current chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimized conditions, which were found for an ion-selective membrane (ISM) composition of 3% ionophore, 30% polyvinylchloride (PVC), 64% o-nitro phenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), and 3% sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), the fabricated electrode exhibited a good performance over a wide concentration range (10-2.5-10-7.0 M) and a wide pH range of 2.0-9.0, with a Nernstian slope of 29.5 mV/D for the beryllium (II) ion and a detection limit as low as 10-7.0 M. The developed electrode shows good selectivity for the beryllium(II) ion over alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions.
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Al Khalyfeh K, Afaneh AT, Marashdeh A, Almatarneh MH, Al-Mazaideh GM, Mizyed S, Ashram M. Thiacrown Ethers Engaged C 60 through Charge Transfer: Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25049-25058. [PMID: 33043183 PMCID: PMC7542602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UV-Vis spectroscopy is used to study the charge transfer complexes of thiacrown ethers 1-6 with fullerene. The size of TCE1-6 and the nature of the heteroatoms (N, O and S) have been systematically changed to examine the effect of these factors on the HOMO/LUMO energy levels, the optical energy gap and the interactions between TCE's and C60. The negative and positive values of ΔS designate the structural forming method and the randomness of the free solvent molecules, respectively. Thermodynamics and stability data show that the complexes have a 1:1 ratio that has been emphasized by density functional theory calculations. Additionally, they show a synergetic interplay of donor-acceptor, π-π, and n-π interactions, which are the basis for the affinity of our novel receptors toward C60. The proposed system of enzyme model suggests a development concept in the future design of enzyme model organic photovoltaic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al Khalyfeh
- Department
of Chemistry, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an 71111, Jordan
| | - Akef T. Afaneh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa
Applied University, P.O. Box 19117, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Ali Marashdeh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa
Applied University, P.O. Box 19117, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Mansour H. Almatarneh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department
of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Ghassab M. Al-Mazaideh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Tafila Technical University, P.O. Box 179, Tafila 66110, Jordan
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 11800 Penang , Malaysia
| | - Shehadeh Mizyed
- Department
of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Ashram
- Department
of Chemistry, Mutah University, Al Karak 61710, Jordan
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Liquid–liquid extraction of Eu(lll) using synergic mixture of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-trifluoroacetyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one and crown ethers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Heo J. Computational study of selectivity of dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether dimer for alkaline-earth divalent cations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liang J, Xu K, Wu M, Hunt BM, Wang WH, Cho K, Fullerton-Shirey SK. Molecularly Thin Electrolyte for All Solid-State Nonvolatile Two-Dimensional Crystal Memory. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8911-8919. [PMID: 31661286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly thin electrolyte is developed to demonstrate a nonvolatile, solid-state, one-transistor (1T) memory based on an electric-double-layer (EDL) gated WSe2 field-effect transistor (FET). The custom-designed monolayer electrolyte consists of cobalt crown ether phthalocyanine and lithium ions, which are positioned by field-effect at either the surface of the WSe2 channel or an h-BN capping layer to achieve "1" or "0", respectively. Bistability in the monolayer electrolyte memory is significantly improved by the h-BN cap with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showing enhanced trapping of Li+ near h-BN due to a ∼1.34 eV increase in the absolute value of the adsorption energy compared to vacuum. The threshold voltage shift between the two states corresponds to a change in charge density of ∼2.5 × 1012 cm-2, and an On/Off ratio exceeding 104 at a back gate voltage of 0 V. The On/Off ratio remains stable after 1000 cycles and the retention time for each state exceeds 6 h (max measured). When the write time approaches 1 ms, the On/Off ratio remains >102, showing that the monolayer electrolyte-gated FET can respond on time scales similar to existing flash memory. The data suggest that faster switching times and lower switching voltages could be feasible by top gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Liang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Maokun Wu
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P.R. China
| | - Benjamin M Hunt
- Department of Physics , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P.R. China
| | - Kyeongjae Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Susan K Fullerton-Shirey
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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Sappidi P, Mir SH, Singh JK. Effect of polystyrene length for the extraction of Gd3+ and UO22+ ions using dicyclohexano crown ether (DCH18C6) with octanol and nitrobenzene: A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sahu P, Ali SM, Shenoy KT, Mohan S. Structure, Dynamics, and Adsorption of Charged Guest within the Nanocavity of Polymer-Functionalized Neutral Macrocyclic Host. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20968-20982. [PMID: 29847905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest encapsulation has been widely applied for purification and seizing of the metal ions. Macrocyclic crown ethers are one of the most popular hosts in the field of host-guest chemistry, which on functionalization with polymers are employed as an effective adsorbent. In spite of their vast applications, the microscopic information about their sensing mechanism toward cations/molecules is very scarce. Therefore, the present study is focused on the molecular insights of ion-exchange mechanism within the cavity of crown ether-functionalized polymers using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This present study investigates the molecular-level events of chloromethylated polystyrene (CMPS) bearing dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) in the aqueous and acidic environment, which has been found to be particularly successful in sensing of various alkali and alkali earth metal ions. A strategy has been envisaged to design a crown ether-based functionalized polymeric resin, which exhibits good match of properties with the in-house-synthesized resin. The MD studies well capture the experimentally observed Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms of Li+ ions on crown ether-grafted polymer resins. The presence of acid reduces the adsorption of Li+ ions due to the competition with H3O+ ions. In addition, the results revealed that the "adsorption in crown cavity" follows a dual residence time function. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the adsorption isotherm of functionalized crown ether using MD simulations. The structure and dynamics of binding sites were explored using radial distribution functions and diffusion coefficients. All of these effects have been studied for different Li+-ion concentrations, acid concentrations, and counterions as well as different lengths of polymer chains and degrees of polymerization. Overall, the present study provides insights into and quantitative information about adsorption on the CMPS-DB18C6 resin, which might be useful in myriads of host-guest-based adsorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sahu
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , Maharashtra , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400094 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Sk Musharaf Ali
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , Maharashtra , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400094 , Maharashtra , India
| | | | - Sadhana Mohan
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , Maharashtra , India
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Xu K, Lu H, Kinder EW, Seabaugh A, Fullerton-Shirey SK. Monolayer Solid-State Electrolyte for Electric Double Layer Gating of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5453-5464. [PMID: 28511001 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatic gating of graphene field-effect transistors is demonstrated using a monolayer electrolyte. The electrolyte, cobalt crown ether phthalocyanine (CoCrPc) and LiClO4, is deposited as a monolayer on the graphene channel, essentially creating an additional two-dimensional layer on top of graphene. The crown ethers on the CoCrPc solvate lithium ions and the ion location is modulated by a backgate without requiring liquid solvent. Ions dope the channel by inducing image charges; the doping level (i.e., induced charge density) can be modulated by the backgate bias with the extent of the surface potential change being controlled by the magnitude and polarity of the backgate bias. With a crown ether to Li+ ratio of 5:1, programming tests for which the backgate is held at -VBG shift the Dirac point by ∼15 V, corresponding to a sheet carrier density on the order of 1012 cm-2. This charge carrier density agrees with the packing density of monolayer CoCrPc on graphene that would be expected with one Li+ for every five crown ethers (at the maximum possible Li+ concentration, 1013 cm-2 is predicted). The crown ethers provide two stable states for the Li+: one near the graphene channel (low-resistance state) and one ∼5 Å away from the channel (high-resistance state). Initial state retention measurements indicate that the two states can be maintained for at least 30 min (maximum time monitored), which is 106 times longer than polymer-based electrolytes at room temperature, with at least a 250 Ω μm difference between the channel resistance in the high- and low-resistance states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Erich W Kinder
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Alan Seabaugh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Susan K Fullerton-Shirey
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Krishnakumar R, Swathi RS. Tunable Azacrown-Embedded Graphene Nanomeshes for Ion Sensing and Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:999-1010. [PMID: 27997113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable selectivity with which crown ethers served as macrocyclic hosts for various guest species has led to numerous investigations on structure-specific interactions. Successful fabrication of graphene nanomeshes has opened up a plethora of avenues for sensing and separation applications. Embedding crown ether backbones in graphene frameworks can therefore be an interesting strategy for exploring the advantages offered by crown ether backbones, yet having the properties of graphene-based materials. Motivated by the recent success in fabrication of crown ether-based graphene nanopores, herein we investigate their performance toward ion sensing and separation using electronic structure methods. The effect of topology and electronic properties of the nanopore are probed by considering a series of oxygen-based and nitrogen-based graphene crown ethers (crown-n; n = 1-6). Our computations have revealed the excellent alkali ion binding properties of azacrown-based graphene nanomeshes over conventional oxygen crown-based graphene nanomeshes and normal crown ethers. Selectivity in ion transmission through the nanomeshes is demonstrated by employing graphene crown ethers [crown-n (n = 4-6)]. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first report on azacrown-based graphene nanomeshes and their possible applications in ion sensing and separation, an aspect that we hope will be demonstrated in experiments soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Krishnakumar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
| | - Rotti Srinivasamurthy Swathi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
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DFT-B3LYP study of interactions between host biphenyl-1-aza-18-crown-6 ether derivatives and guest Cd(2+): NBO, NEDA, and QTAIM analyses. J Mol Model 2016; 22:149. [PMID: 27271162 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report present the results of natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA), natural bond orbital (NBO), and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations of three derivatives of biphenyl-1-aza-18-crown-6 ether and their 1:1 complexes with Cd(2+). All calculations used the B3LYP density functional theory in combination with the 6-311G and WTBS basis sets for ligands and Cd(2+) ion, respectively. Ligands 1 and 3 have a single 1-aza-18-crown-6, substituent; ligand 2 has two such substituents. The results show that, in the optimized geometries of the complexes, the distance between N and Cd(2+) is greater than the distance between O and Cd(2+). NBO and QTAIM data confirm these results. There was no stabilization energy or bond critical point for N · · · Cd(2+) in NBO or QTAIM, respectively. Data show that the O · · · Cd(2+) interaction is a kind of closed shell interaction. The trend of the calculated stabilization energy was similar to the experimental data. Different contributions of interaction energies for complex formation were analyzed by NEDA, and the results show that the main component of the interactions is accounted for by polarization.
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Skelton AA, Khedkar VM, Fried JR. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of an artificial sodium channel in a lipid bilayer: the effect of water solvation/desolvation of the sodium ion. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:529-39. [PMID: 26046587 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1044473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All-atom molecular dynamics is used to investigate the transport of Na(+) across a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine lipid bilayer facilitated by a diazacrown hydraphile. Specifically, the free energy of Na(+) passing through the bilayer is calculated using the adaptive biasing force method to study the free energy associated with the increase in Na(+) transport in the presence of the hydraphile molecule. The results show that water interaction greatly influences Na(+) transport through the lipid bilayer as water is pulled through the bilayer with Na(+) forming a water channel. The hydraphile causes a reduction in the free energy barrier for the transport of Na(+) through the head group part of the lipid bilayer since it complexes the Na(+) reducing the necessity for water to be complexed and, therefore, dragged through with Na(+), an energetically unfavorable process. The free energy associated with Na(+) being desolvated within the bilayer is significantly decreased in the presence of the hydraphile molecule; the hydraphile increases the number of solvation states of Na(+) that can be adopted, and this increase in the number of available configurations provides an entropic explanation for the success of the hydraphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Skelton
- a School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu Natal , Westville Campus, Durban , South Africa
| | - V M Khedkar
- a School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu Natal , Westville Campus, Durban , South Africa
| | - J R Fried
- b Chemical Engineering , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
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14
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Density functional theoretical analysis of structure, bonding, interaction and thermodynamic selectivity of hexavalent uranium (UO2 2+) and tetravalent plutonium (Pu4+) ion complexes of tetramethyl diglycolamide (TMDGA). Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Yu HR, Hu JQ, Lu XH, Ju XJ, Liu Z, Xie R, Wang W, Chu LY. Insights into the Effects of 2:1 “Sandwich-Type” Crown-Ether/Metal-Ion Complexes in Responsive Host–Guest Systems. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1696-705. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5079423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rong Yu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jia-Qi Hu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Lu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Rui Xie
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Southern 1 Section, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Skelton AA, Agrawal N, Fried JR. Quantum mechanical calculations of the interactions between diazacrowns and the sodium cation: an insight into Na+ complexation in diazacrown-based synthetic ion channels. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum mechanical calculations were performed to study the conformational behavior and complexation between a sodium cation and a diazacrown (diaza-18-crown-6) using density functional theory (DFT), Møller–Plesset (MP2) and molecular mechanics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Skelton
- School of Health Sciences
- Discipline of Pharmacy
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- South Africa
| | - N. Agrawal
- School of Health Sciences
- Discipline of Pharmacy
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- South Africa
| | - J. R. Fried
- Chemical Engineering
- University of Louisville
- Louisville, USA
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Deb AKS, Ali SM, Shenoy KT. Unanticipated favoured adsorption affinity of Th(iv) ions towards bidentate carboxylate functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT–COOH) over tridentate diglycolamic acid functionalized CNT: density functional theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CNT–COOH has higher adsorption affinity for Th4+ in aqueous solution compared to CNT–DGA, whereas pristine CNT has nil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Singha Deb
- Chemical Engineering Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India – 40085
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - Sk. M. Ali
- Chemical Engineering Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India – 40085
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - K. T. Shenoy
- Chemical Engineering Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India – 40085
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18
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Behjatmanesh-Ardakani R. NBO–NEDA, NPA, and QTAIM studies on the interactions between aza-, diaza-, and triaza-12-crown-4 (An-12-crown-4, n=1, 2, 3) and Li+, Na+, and K+ ions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Shahangi F, Chermahini AN, Farrokhpour H, Teimouri A. Selective complexation of alkaline earth metal ions with nanotubular cyclopeptides: DFT theoretical study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of alkaline earth metal cations including Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ with cyclic peptides containing 3 or 4 (S) alanine molecules (CyAla3 and CyAla4) was investigated by density functional theory (DFT-CAM-B3LYP and DFT-B3LYP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Shahangi
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
| | | | - Hossein Farrokhpour
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
| | - Abbas Teimouri
- Chemistry Department
- Payame Noor University
- 19395-4697 Tehran
- Iran
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Inokuchi Y, Ebata T, Ikeda T, Haino T, Kimura T, Guo H, Furutani Y. New insights into metal ion–crown ether complexes revealed by SEIRA spectroscopy. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01787d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the SEIRA spectroscopy of crown ether complexes for examining the relationship between the guest selectivity, structure, and solvent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Hiroshima 739-8526
| | | | - Hao Guo
- Institute for Molecular Science
- Myodaiji
- Japan
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Chiniforoshan H, Tabrizi L, Hadizade M, Sabzalian MR, Chermahini AN, Rezapour M. Anti-inflammatory drugs interacting with Zn (II) metal ion based on thiocyanate and azide ligands: synthesis, spectroscopic studies, DFT calculations and antibacterial assays. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 128:183-190. [PMID: 24667423 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) naproxen (nap) and ibuprofen (ibu) were synthesized in the presence of nitrogen donor ligands (thiocyanate or azide). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1)H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopes. The binding modes of the ligands in complexes were established by means of molecular modeling of the complexes, and calculation of their IR, NMR and absorption spectra at DFT (TDDFT)/B3LYP level were studied. The experimental and calculated data verified monodentate binding through the carboxylic oxygen atoms of anti-inflammatory drugs in the zinc complexes. The calculated (1)H, FT-IR and UV-Vis data are in better agreement with the experimental results, and confirm the predicted tetrahedral structures for the Zn (II) complexes. In addition to DFT calculations of complexes, natural bond orbital (NBO) was performed at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Biological studies showed the antibacterial activity of zinc complexes against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Chiniforoshan
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Leila Tabrizi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Morteza Hadizade
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezapour
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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22
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Mihelj T, Tomašić V, Biliškov N. 18-crown-6-sodium cholate complex: thermochemistry, structure, and stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6274-6285. [PMID: 24805271 DOI: 10.1021/la501155s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
18-Crown-6, one of the most relevant crown ethers, and sodium cholate, a steroidal surfactant classified as a natural bile salt, are components of a novel, synthesized coordination complex: 18-crown-6-sodium cholate (18C6·NaCh). Like crown ethers, bile salts act as building blocks in supramolecular chemistry to design new functionalized materials with a desired structure and properties. In order to obtain thermal behavior of this 1:1 coordination complex, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis were used, as well as microscopic observations and differential scanning calorimetry. Temperature dependent infrared (IR) spectroscopy gave a detailed view into phase transitions. The structures during thermal treatment were observed with powder X-ray diffraction, and molecular models of the phases were made. Hard, glassy, colorless compound 18C6·NaCh goes through crystalline-crystalline polymorphic phase transitions at higher temperatures. The room temperature phase is indexed to a triclinic lattice, while in the high temperature phases molecules take randomly one of the two different configurations in the unit cell, resulting in the 2-fold symmetry. The formation of cholesteric liquid crystalline phase occurs simultaneously with partial decomposition, followed by the isotropization with simultaneous and complete decomposition at much higher temperature, as obtained by IR. The results provide valuable information about the relationship between molecular structure, thermal properties, and stability of the complex, indicating the importance of an appropriate choice of cation, amphiphilic, and crown ether unit in order to synthesize compounds with desired behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Mihelj
- Department of Physical Chemistry and ‡Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Mihelj T, Tomašić V, Biliškov N, Liu F. Temperature-dependent IR spectroscopic and structural study of 18-crown-6 chelating ligand in the complexation with sodium surfactant salts and potassium picrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 124:12-20. [PMID: 24457933 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
18-crown-6 ether (18C6) complexes with the following anionic surfactants: sodium n-dodecylsulfate (18C6-NaDS), sodium 4-(1-pentylheptyl)benzenesulfonate (18C6-NaDBS); and potassium picrate (18C6-KP) were synthesized and studied in terms of their thermal and structural properties. Physico-chemical properties of new solid 1:1 coordination complexes were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and microscopic observations. The strength of coordination between Na(+) and oxygen atoms of 18C6 ligand does not depend on anionic part of the surfactant, as established by thermodynamical parameters obtained by temperature-dependent IR spectroscopy. Each of these complexes exhibit different kinds of endothermic transitions in heating scan. Diffraction maxima obtained by SAXS and WAXS, refer the behavior of the compounds 18C6-NaDS and 18C6-NaDBS as smectic liquid crystalline. Distortion of 18C6-NaDS and 18C6-KP complexes occurs in two steps. Temperature of the decomplexation of solid crystal complex 18C6-KP is considerably higher than of mesophase complexes, 18C6-NaDS, and 18C6-NaDBS. The structural and liquid crystalline properties of novel 18-crown-ether complexes are function of anionic molecule geometry, type of chosen cation (Na(+), K(+)), as well as architecture of self-organized aggregates. A good combination of crown ether unit and amphiphile may provide a possibility for preparing new functionalized materials, opening the research field of ion complexation and of host-guest type behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Mihelj
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vlasta Tomašić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Biliškov
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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24
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Design and screening of suitable ligand/diluents systems for removal of Sr2+ ion from nuclear waste: Density functional theoretical modelling. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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DFT-B3LYP and SMD study on the interactions between aza-, diaza-, and triaza-12-crown-4 (A n -12-crown-4, n = 1, 2, 3) with Na+ in the gas phase and acetonitrile solution. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Density functional theoretical study on the preferential selectivity of macrocyclic dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 for Sr+2 ion over Th+4 ion during extraction from an aqueous phase to organic phases with different dielectric constants. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5277-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Selective complexation of alkali metal ions and nanotubular cyclopeptides: a DFT study. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-013-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Boda A, Ali SM. From microhydration to bulk hydration of Rb+ metal ion: DFT, MP2 and AIMD simulation study. J Mol Liq 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Yarmolenko OV, Khatmullina KG, Tulibaeva GZ, Bogdanova LM, Shestakov AF. Towards the mechanism of Li+ ion transfer in the net solid polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene glycol diacrylate–LiClO4. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Ab initio and density functional theoretical design and screening of model crown ether based ligand (host) for extraction of lithium metal ion (guest): effect of donor and electronic induction. J Mol Model 2012; 18:3507-22. [PMID: 22318713 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The structures, energetic and thermodynamic parameters of model crown ethers with different donor, cavity and electron donating/ withdrawing functional group have been determined with ab initio MP2 and density functional theory in gas and solvent phase. The calculated values of binding energy/ enthalpy for lithium ion complexation are marginally higher for hard donor based aza and oxa crown compared to soft donor based thia and phospha crown. The calculated values of binding enthalpy for lithium metal ion with 12C4 at MP2 level of theory is in good agreement with the available experimental result. The binding energy is altered due to the inductive effect imparted by the electron donating/ withdrawing group in crown ether, which is well correlated with the values of electron transfer. The role of entropy for extraction of hydrated lithium metal ion by different donor and functional group based ligand has been demonstrated. The HOMO-LUMO gap is decreased and dipole moment of the ligand is increased from gas phase to organic phase because of the dielectric constant of the solvent. The gas phase binding energy is reduced in solvent phase as the solvent molecules weaken the metal-ligand binding. The theoretical values of extraction energy for LiCl salt from aqueous solution in different organic solvent is validated by the experimental trend. The study presented here should contribute to the design of model host ligand and screening of solvent for metal ion recognition and thus can contribute in planning the experiments.
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31
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Peng RP, Chen B, Ji HF, Wu LZ, Tung CH. Highly sensitive and selective detection of beryllium ions using a microcantilever modified with benzo-9-crown-3 doped hydrogel. Analyst 2012; 137:1220-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15950c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Luo B, Xia Y. Density functional theory study of the bis-3-benzo-crown ethers and their complexes with alkali metal cations Na+
, K+
, Rb+
and Cs+. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 PR China
| | - Xueye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 PR China
| | - Benhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 PR China
| | - Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 PR China
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Cooper TE, Carl DR, Oomens J, Steill JD, Armentrout PB. Infrared Spectroscopy of Divalent Zinc and Cadmium Crown Ether Systems. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5408-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp202646y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jos Oomens
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonban 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, Edisonban 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Irandoust M, Daraei H, Rostamian R. Proton NMR probing of stoichiometry and thermodynamic data for the complexation of Na+ and Li+ ions with 15-Crown-5 in acetonitrile–nitrobenzene mixtures. Polyhedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Valente M, Sousa SF, Magalhães AL, Freire C. Complexation of alkali metal cations by crown-ether type podands with applications in solvent extraction: insights from quantum chemical calculations. J Mol Model 2011; 17:3275-88. [PMID: 21369936 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The complexation behavior of nine polyether type podands with a varying number of oxygen donor atoms (4-10) towards the alkali metal cations Li(+), Na(+) and K(+) was studied by quantum chemical methods at the DFT-B3LYP level of theory using the all-electron split-valence 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized structures of the complexes show a regular increase in the mean cation-oxygen distance with the coordination number. OC-CO dihedral angles of the podand arms were also found to increase with the coordination number and with the size of the cation. Maximum values for the number of strong cation-oxygen interactions (effective coordination numbers) were found for each cation (six for Li(+), seven for Na(+) and eight for K(+)). The calculated values for thermodynamic parameters relative to the binding of free and solvated cations to the podands allowed the assessment of binding constants in vacuum, in water and in dichloromethane. The estimated cation extraction constants mimic the experimental extraction trends, but their values are much larger than experimental values. Scale factors were determined to correct the values effectively. For each podand the ratios between the calculated extraction constants of Li(+) (or Na(+)) and the corresponding ones for K(+) (seen as extraction selectivities) compare acceptably with the corresponding experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Valente
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Requimte, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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36
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Boda A, Ali SM, Shenoi MRK, Rao H, Ghosh SK. DFT modeling on the suitable crown ether architecture for complexation with Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ metal ions. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1091-108. [PMID: 20676707 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Crown ether architectures were explored for the inclusion of Cs(+) and Sr(2+) ions within nano-cavity of macrocyclic crown ethers using density functional theory (DFT) modeling. The modeling was undertaken to gain insight into the mechanism of the complexation of Cs(+) and Sr(2+) ion with this ligand experimentally. The selectivity of Cs(+) and Sr(2+) ions for a particular size of crown ether has been explained based on the fitting and binding interaction of the guest ions in the narrow cavity of crown ethers. Although, Di-Benzo-18-Crown-6 (DB18C6) and Di-Benzo-21-Crown-7 (DB21C7) provide suitable host architecture for Sr(2+) and Cs(+) ions respectively as the ion size match with the cavity of the host, but consideration of binding interaction along with the cavity matching both DB18C6 and DB21C7 prefers Sr(2+) ion. The calculated values of binding enthalpy of Cs metal ion with the crown ethers were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The gas phase binding enthalpy for Sr(2+) ion with crown ether was higher than Cs metal ion. The ion exchange reaction between Sr and Cs always favors the selection of Sr metal ion both in the gas and in micro-solvated systems. The gas phase selectivity remains unchanged in micro-solvated phase. We have demonstrated the effect of micro-solvation on the binding interaction between the metal ions (Cs(+) and Sr(2+)) and the macrocyclic crown ethers by considering micro-solvated metal ions up to eight water molecules directly attached to the metal ion and also by considering two water molecules attached to metal-ion-crown ether complexes. A metal ion exchange reaction involving the replacement of strontium ion in metal ion-crown ether complexes with cesium ion contained within a metal ion-water cluster serves as the basis for modeling binding preferences in solution. The calculated O-H stretching frequency of H(2)O molecule in micro-solvated metal ion-crown complexes is more red-shifted in comparison to hydrated metal ions. The calculated IR spectra can be compared with an experimental spectrum to determine the presence of micro-solvated metal ion-crown ether complexes in extractant phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Boda
- Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research center, Mumbai 400085, India
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Martínez-Haya B, Hurtado P, Hortal AR, Hamad S, Steill JD, Oomens J. Emergence of Symmetry and Chirality in Crown Ether Complexes with Alkali Metal Cations. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7048-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp103389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martínez-Haya
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Hurtado
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana R. Hortal
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Said Hamad
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, NL-3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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