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Lin R, Scherschel NF, Zeller M, Hamlin SG, Snyder M, Son S, Ramachandran PV, Piercey DG. Synthesis and Energetic Characterization of Borane-Amines on High-Nitrogen Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14241-14248. [PMID: 38559918 PMCID: PMC10976356 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Borane-amines have garnered attention over the last several decades in a variety of applications, ranging from hydrogen storage materials to hypergolic fuel systems. An investigation into the synthesis of borane-amines with high-nitrogen content heterocycles was undertaken in this work. Borane-amines were formed by the reaction of BH3·Me2S in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the requisite nitrogen-containing heterocycle and isolated by placing the crude reaction mixture in hexanes to precipitate the product. X-ray crystallography, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 11B NMR were utilized for product characterization, while impact and friction sensitivity testing were conducted to identify sensitivity in the synthesized compounds. Most isolated borane-amines, except one, were found to decompose in the atmosphere and were more sensitive to mechanical stimuli than their starting materials; however, all synthesized compounds were found to be hypergolic in the presence of white fuming nitric acid (WFNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Scherschel
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Stephen G. Hamlin
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Madison Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Steven Son
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - P. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- School
of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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Bachir N, Kenouche S, Martínez-Araya JI. The effect of {O,N}=X⋯M={Ti,Zr,Hf} interactions on the sensitivity of CNO 2 trigger bonds in FOX-7: Approach based on the QTAIM/EDA-NOCV analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 126:108645. [PMID: 37812869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The local chemical reactivity of FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-nitroethylene, also known as DADNE from DiAminoDiNitroEthylene) was elucidated through a quantitative study of the electrostatic potential on the molecular surface, topological analysis based on Bader's theory, and the EDA-NOCV method. Unlike (O2N)2CC(NH2)H2N⋯Cp2MCH3+ complexes, which exhibit both σ-donor and π-acceptor features, the situation is different concerning the (H2N)2CC(NO2)(O)NO⋯Cp2MCH3+ complexes, where both charge transfers correspond to the σ-donation. The two charge transfers reinforce each other, resulting in increased stability for (H2N)2CC(NO2)(O)NO⋯Cp2MCH3+. This seems to strengthen the (H2N)2CC(NO2)(O)NO⋯M={Ti,Zr,Hf} bond, which may explain the high stability of (H2N)2CC(NO2)(O)NO⋯Cp2MCH3+ compared to (O2N)2CC(NH2)-H2N⋯Cp2MCH3+. Results from topological analysis revealed that the decreased sensitivity to decomposition of CNO2 bonds depends on the chemical nature of the interacting metal, and the best achievements are obtained for the Hf-based complex. Our results demonstrate that the interaction of M={Ti,Zr,Hf} with CNO2 is more favourable than that with CNH2, this specific action on the trigger bond may support the use of Metallocene Methyl Cations (MMC) as possible neutralisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Bachir
- Group of Modeling of Chemical Systems using Quantum Calculations, Applied Chemistry Laboratory (LCA). University M. Khider of Biskra, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
| | - Samir Kenouche
- Group of Modeling of Chemical Systems using Quantum Calculations, Applied Chemistry Laboratory (LCA). University M. Khider of Biskra, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
| | - Jorge I Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB), Av. República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago, Chile.
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Bachir N, Kenouche S, Martínez-Araya JI. Theoretical investigation of the effect of O⋯M={Ti,Zr,Hf} interactions on the sensitivity of energetic N-nitro compounds. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 118:108341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kretić DS, Veljković IS, Đunović AB, Veljković DŽ. Chelate Coordination Compounds as a New Class of High-Energy Materials: The Case of Nitro-Bis(Acetylacetonato) Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185438. [PMID: 34576908 PMCID: PMC8470082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of areas of strongly positive electrostatic potential in the central regions of the molecular surface of high-energy molecules is a strong indicator that these compounds are very sensitive towards detonation. Development of high-energy compounds with reduced sensitivity towards detonation and high efficiency is hard to achieve since the energetic molecules with high performance are usually very sensitive. Here we used Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study a series of bis(acetylacetonato) and nitro-bis(acetylacetonato) complexes and to elucidate their potential application as energy compounds with moderate sensitivities. We calculated electrostatic potential maps for these molecules and analyzed values of positive potential in the central portions of molecular surfaces in the context of their sensitivity towards detonation. Results of the analysis of the electrostatic potential demonstrated that nitro-bis(acetylacetonato) complexes of Cu and Zn have similar values of electrostatic potential in the central regions (25.25 and 25.06 kcal/mol, respectively) as conventional explosives like TNT (23.76 kcal/mol). Results of analysis of electrostatic potentials and bond dissociation energies for the C-NO2 bond indicate that nitro-bis(acetylacetonato) complexes could be used as potential energetic compounds with satisfactory sensitivity and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela S. Kretić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana S. Veljković
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra B. Đunović
- Innovative Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dušan Ž. Veljković
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
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Kretić DS, Radovanović JI, Veljković DŽ. Can the sensitivity of energetic materials be tuned by using hydrogen bonds? Another look at the role of hydrogen bonding in the design of high energetic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7472-7479. [PMID: 33876107 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strongly positive electrostatic potential in the central areas of molecules of energetic materials is one of the most important factors that determines the sensitivity of these molecules towards detonation. Quantum chemical and density functional theory calculations were used to reveal the influence of hydrogen bonding on the values of electrostatic potential above the central areas of molecules of three conventional explosives: 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Both the case when energetic molecules act as hydrogen atom donors and when they act as hydrogen atom acceptors were considered. Results of the calculations performed using the M06/cc-PVDZ level of theory showed that there are significant differences in the influence of hydrogen bonding on the electrostatic potential of energetic molecules acting as hydrogen atom donors and hydrogen atom acceptors. In the case when energetic molecules act as hydrogen acceptors, an increase of 10% in the strength of positive electrostatic potential was identified. In the case when energetic molecules act as hydrogen atom donors, a significant decrease (20-25%) in the strength of the positive potential on the molecular surface was calculated. These differences give an opportunity for fine-tuning the impact sensitivities of energetic compounds and provide new guidelines for the design of explosives with desirable characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela S Kretić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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Cao Y, Lai W, Yu T, Liu Y, Wang B. Can N-oxidation alleviate the energy-safety contradiction of energetic materials? FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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7
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Đunović AB, Veljković DŽ. Halogen bonds as a tool in the design of high energetic materials: evidence from crystal structures and quantum chemical calculations. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combined crystallographic and quantum chemical study was performed to reveal the influence of halogen bonding on the sensitivity towards detonation of high-energy molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra B. Đunović
- Innovative Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Ž. Veljković
- University of Belgrade – Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Huang Q, Ma Y, Guo Z, Liao L, Hao S, Nie F, Li H. An Unexpected Method to Synthesize Fluorinated Derivative of ANPZ. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy MaterialsSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang, Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Yu Ma
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 China
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- Sichuan Co–Innovation Center for New Energetic MaterialsSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang, Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Longyu Liao
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 China
| | - Shilong Hao
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 China
| | - Fude Nie
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 China
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 China
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Şen N. Characterization and properties of a new energetic co-crystal composed of trinitrotoluene and 2,6-diaminotoluene. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Pagoria P, Zhang M, Zuckerman N, Lee G, Mitchell A, DeHope A, Gash A, Coon C, Gallagher P. Synthetic Studies of 2,6‐Diamino‐3,5‐Dinitropyrazine‐ 1‐Oxide (LLM‐105) from Discovery to Multi‐Kilogram Scale. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Pagoria
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Mao‐Xi Zhang
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Nathaniel Zuckerman
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Gregory Lee
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Mitchell
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alan DeHope
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Gash
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Clifford Coon
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Patrick Gallagher
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
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11
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Synthesis, structure characterizations, and theoretical studies of novel tricyclic multiple(urea) molecules. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Miao Y, Qiu Y, Cai J, Wang Z, Yu X, Dong W. In-situ nano-crystal-to-crystal transformation synthesis of energetic materials based on three 5,5'-azotetrazolate Cr(III) salts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37587. [PMID: 27869221 PMCID: PMC5116643 DOI: 10.1038/srep37587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-situ nano-crystal-to-crystal transformation (SCCT) synthesis provides a powerful approach for tailoring controllable feature shapes and sizes of nano crystals. In this work, three nitrogen-rich energetic nano-crystals based on 5,5'-azotetrazolate(AZT2-) Cr(III) salts were synthesized by means of SCCT methodology. SEM and TEM analyses show that the energetic nano-crystals feature a composition- and structure-dependent together with size-dependent thermal stability. Moreover, nano-scale decomposition products can be obtained above 500 °C, providing a new method for preparing metallic oxide nano materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanxuan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zizhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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Seok WK. Strained-Ring Compounds Containing Nitro Groups as Potential Explosive Materials. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won K. Seok
- Department of Chemistry; Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Politzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
- CleveTheoComp , Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pat Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jane S. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
- CleveTheoComp , Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Politzer P, Murray JS. Impact sensitivity and the maximum heat of detonation. J Mol Model 2015; 21:262. [PMID: 26381911 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a large heat of detonation is undesirable from the standpoint of the impact sensitivity of an explosive and also unnecessary from the standpoints of its detonation velocity and detonation pressure. High values of the latter properties can be achieved even with a moderate heat of detonation, and this in turn enhances the likelihood of relatively low sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Politzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA.
- CleveTheoComp, 1951 W. 26th Street, Suite 409, Cleveland, OH, 44113, USA.
| | - Jane S Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA
- CleveTheoComp, 1951 W. 26th Street, Suite 409, Cleveland, OH, 44113, USA
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Politzer P, Murray JS. Some molecular/crystalline factors that affect the sensitivities of energetic materials: molecular surface electrostatic potentials, lattice free space and maximum heat of detonation per unit volume. J Mol Model 2015; 21:25. [PMID: 25631919 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We discuss three molecular/crystalline properties that we believe to be among the factors that influence the impact/shock sensitivities of energetic materials (i.e., their vulnerabilities to unintended detonation due to impact or shock). These properties are (a) the anomalously strong positive electrostatic potentials in the central regions of their molecular surfaces, (b) the free space per molecule in their crystal lattices, and (c) their maximum heats of detonation per unit volume. Overall, sensitivity tends to become greater as these properties increase; however these are general trends, not correlations. Nitramines are exceptions in that their sensitivities show little or no variation with free space in the lattice and heat of detonation per unit volume. We outline some of the events involved in detonation initiation and show how the three properties are related to different ones of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Politzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA,
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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