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Pasch L, Stefanovski D, Dobbie T, Lewis G, Turner RM. Factors affecting pregnancy rates in mares bred with cryopreserved semen. J Equine Vet Sci 2024:105167. [PMID: 39151810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Historically, 8 × 0.5 ml straws, containing approximately 800 million sperm and 250 million progressively motile sperm were provided as a single 'breeding dose' of cryopreserved stallion semen. With the use of deep horn artificial insemination, there is a trend to reduce the number of 0.5 ml straws sold as a breeding dose, sometimes down to as little as one straw. Our aims were to determine if the number of straws provided as a breeding dose, as well as other mare, stallion and management factors, have an impact on pregnancy outcome in mares inseminated with cryopreserved semen. Unexpectedly, we identified no effect of the number of 0.5 ml straws on pregnancy outcome. We also identified no difference in pregnancy outcome for those mares inseminated once post-ovulation compared to mares inseminated once pre- and once post- ovulation. Additionally, for mares inseminated once post-ovulation, we identified no benefit of breeding 0-3 hours post-ovulation vs. breeding 0-6 hours post-ovulation. Other factors not associated with pregnancy outcome included: whether an endometrial sample was obtained for bacteriologic culture, whether the endometrial sample produced bacterial growth, whether a mare developed fluid after breeding, whether a mare was treated for bacterial endometritis and/or uterine fluid, and post-thaw progressive sperm motility. These results suggest the existence of an effective industry self-selection process in which only semen from the most fertile stallions is marketed in these 'ultra-low' doses and that breeding mares within 3 hours post- ovulation provides no benefit to pregnancy outcome compared to breeding mares within 6 hours post-ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pasch
- Rhinebeck Equine, 26 Losee Lane, Rhinebeck, NY 12572
| | - D Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 W. Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - T Dobbie
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 W. Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - G Lewis
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 W. Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - R M Turner
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 W. Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348.
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El-Shalofy A, Gautier C, Khan Y, Aurich J, Aurich C. Shipping duration and temperature influence the characteristics of cryopreserved horse semen stored in different shipping devices for up to 14 days. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 256:107307. [PMID: 37499284 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of storing horse semen either in a dry shipper (≤ -150 °C) or on dry ice (≤ -78 °C) for up to 14 days. A total of 264 frozen semen straws from male horses (n = 8) stored in liquid nitrogen were transferred on day 0 (d0) to a dry shipper or a dry ice styrofoam box. On d1, d3, d7, d10, and d14, straws from the dry shipper and dry ice were returned to the liquid nitrogen container. Semen was evaluated by CASA for total (TMot), progressive motility (PMot) and sperm velocity parameters, by fluorescence microscopy for percentage of membrane-intact sperm (SYBR14/PI), high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP; JC1) and DNA fragmentation. Temperature inside the containers was monitored continuously. Until d7, no changes were observed in TMot, PMot, and membrane-intact spermatozoa. Thereafter, all three parameters decreased in semen stored on dry ice but not in a dry shipper (time p < 0.001, time x shipping device p < 0.001). The HMMP decreased continuously over time in both containers with a more pronounced decrease on dry ice compared to the dry shipper (shipping device p < 0.01, time p < 0.001, time x device p < 0.001). The DNA fragmentation increased on d10-14 on dry ice and d14 in the dry shipper (time p < 0.001, time x device p < 0.01). In conclusion, frozen horse semen can be safely stored for up to 7 days on dry ice. Sperm DNA integrity and HMMP, however, were adversely affected after 14 days in both shipping devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Shalofy
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Younis Khan
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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3
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van Heule M, Verstraete M, Blockx Z, De Blende P, Dini P, Daels P. Slow cooling is beneficial for storage of frozen-thawed equine spermatozoa. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104132. [PMID: 36182047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cooled storage of semen after thawing can expand the use of frozen semen, providing the possibility of thawing and evaluating the semen at the storage site and subsequently shipping the semen. Our objectives were (1) to examine the motility and viability of frozen-thawed semen after cooled storage and (2) to compare two cooled-storage protocols for frozen-thawed semen. The samples (n=31) were either placed immediately in a passive cooling box for 8 or 24h (CB) or placed in a refrigerator at 4°C for 30 minutes and then transferred to a passive cooling box (REF). Total and progressive motility were similar at T0 and T8-REF and at T0.5 and T8.5-REF. However, a significant reduction was observed in total motility (-8.12%) between T0 and T8-CB, and in total (-9.96%) and progressive motility (-8.52%) between T0.5 and T8.5-CB (p<0.05). A significant reduction was also observed in total and progressive motility between T0 and T24, and between T0.5 and T24.5 for both storage protocols (CB and REF). Viability was lower in T8.5-CB (-11.87%), in T8.5-REF (-9.65%), in T24.5-CB (-13.52%), and in T24.5-REF (-12.32%) compared to T0.5 (p<0.05). Our results demonstrate that sperm motility and viability decrease during cooled storage. However, storing the samples at 4°C for 30 minutes before placing the semen in a passive cooling box could mitigate the adverse effect of cooling during short-term storage (8hr). Additionally, we observed individual variation between samples indicating that this protocol might not be suitable for all stallions. Our data shows that slow cooling and storage of frozen-thawed semen is a valid alternative that allows the expansion of frozen semen in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld van Heule
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopaedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Margo Verstraete
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopaedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Zoé Blockx
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (URVI), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Peter De Blende
- Equine Reproduction Center De Morette, Edingsesteenweg 239, B-1730 Asse, Belgium
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Peter Daels
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopaedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Cazales N, Estradé MJ, Pereyra F, Fiala-Rechsteiner SM, Mattos RC. Sperm transport and endometrial inflammatory response in mares after artificial insemination with cryopreserved spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2020; 158:180-187. [PMID: 32961353 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the insemination site and dose with cryopreserved sperm of reproductively normal mares affect the sperm population in uterine tubes and the intensity of endometrial inflammatory response. Experimental subjects were estrous mares inseminated, in the mid-uterine body (Body) or the tip of the uterine horn (Tip), ipsilateral to the dominant follicle, with one 0.5 mL straw with 50 × 106 sperm (50) or with eight straws with 50 × 106 sperm/straw (400). Mares were slaughtered 2 h, 4 h and 12 h after artificial insemination (AI) and randomly assigned to following groups: Body 50 (n = 19) (2 h, 4 h or 12 h); Tip 50 (n = 29) (2 h, 4 h, or 12 h); Body 400 (n = 24) (2 h, 4 h, or 12 h); Tip 400 (n = 21) (2 h, 4 h, or 12 h). A Control group (n = 16) was not inseminated. After slaughter, uterine tubes were separated from uterus, and uteri and tubes flushed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After flushing, an endometrial sample was collected from ipsilateral and contralateral horns and mid-uterus body for further histopathological examination. A sample of each uterine tube flushing was examined for sperm count, and a sample of each uterine flushing was used for polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) count. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM from SASv9.4. Insemination time, site, sperm dose, and their interactions were considered independent variables and sperm and PMNs numbers dependent variables. Deep horn insemination increased ipsilateral uterine tube sperm number without an increase in the inflammatory reaction compared with the uterine body insemination. The higher the insemination dose, the higher the uterine tubes' sperm number and inflammatory reaction, with a quicker resolution. In conclusion, the insemination site and dose affected sperm in the uterine tubes, while post-insemination time and dose influenced the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cazales
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay; Reprolab, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Bolsista CAPES/UDELAR, Brazil
| | - María José Estradé
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Prell MJ, McCue PM, Moffett PD, Graham JK. Motility and Fertility Evaluation of Thawed Frozen Stallion Semen After 24 Hours of Cooled Storage. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:102983. [PMID: 32534766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Breeding mares with cryopreserved semen requires specialized equipment for storage and thawing and more intensive mare management. The objectives of this study were (1) evaluate the longevity of frozen stallion semen once it had been thawed, extended, and maintained at 5°C for 48 hours in a passive cooling container, and (2) determine fertility potential of frozen semen that had been thawed, extended, and used to inseminate mares after 24 hours of cooled storage. Eight ejaculates were collected and aliquots were cooled in either INRA96 and CryoMax LE minus cryoprotectant at a concentration of 50 million total sperm/mL. The remainder of the ejaculate was frozen in CryoMax LE extender at a concentration of 200 million total sperm/mL. Semen was thawed using 1 of 3 thawing protocols, and diluted to a concentration of 50 million total sperm/mL in either INRA96 or CryoMax LE minus cryoprotectant and cooled to 5°C. Sperm motility was evaluated at 24 and 48 hours. Eight mares were inseminated over two estrous cycles using frozen semen that had been thawed, extended in INRA96, and cooled for 24 hours. There was no difference in progressive motility at 24 or 48 hours of cooled-storage post-thaw between the 3 thawing protocols. An overall per cycle pregnancy rate of 56% (9/16 cycles) was achieved using frozen-thawed semen that had been extended and cooled for 24 hours. In summary, frozen stallion sperm was thawed, extended, and cooled to 5°C for 24 hours and still maintained adequate (>30%) sperm motility and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Prell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Patrick M McCue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| | - Paula D Moffett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - James K Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Immonen I, Cuervo-Arango J. Effect of Timing of Postovulatory Insemination Relative to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Buserelin Treatment With 1 Straw of Frozen-Thawed Semen on Mare Fertility. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 87:102900. [PMID: 32172904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive management of mares for frozen semen artificial insemination (AI) can be costly and labor intensive. Predicting the exact time of ovulation can be challenging even when ovulation-inducing drugs are used. The main objective of this retrospective study was to determine whether there was an effect of interval between examinations to detect ovulation on likelihood of pregnancy and early embryonic loss in mares after postovulatory breeding with a single straw of frozen/thawed semen. The second objective was to determine the efficacy of two different drugs (human chorionic gonadotropin vs. buserelin) for timely induction of ovulation. The length of the interval from penultimate check to ovulation had no significant effect on pregnancy or embryo loss rates (4 hours: 34.1% and 13.3% vs. 8 hours: 26.1% and 0% and 16 hours: 34.5% and 10%, respectively) nor did the ovulation-inducing drug used, number of the cycle, or the stallion. In conclusion, there appears to be no advantage of checking mares for ovulation during the late evening and night hours when using a postovulatory AI protocol and ovulation-inducing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Immonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Production Animal Medicine, Equine Reproduction, Helsinki University, Finland
| | - Juan Cuervo-Arango
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cantero de Letur S.L., Letur, Spain.
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7
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Maziero RRD, Guaitolini CRDF, Guasti PN, Monteiro GA, Martin I, Silva JPMD, Crespilho AM, Papa FO. Effect of Using Two Cryopreservation Methods on Viability and Fertility of Frozen Stallion Sperm. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:37-40. [PMID: 30929781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies involving different methods and techniques of cryopreservation and its interactions with the conception rates in artificial insemination (AI) programs are reported in the literature. This study evaluated the sperm kinetics, plasma membrane integrity, and fertility rates of mares inseminated with cryopreserved stallion semen subjected to different freezing methods. For this, four ejaculates from five stallions were collected and frozen in conventional (Styrofoam box) or automated system in Mini-Digitcool ZH 400. Seminal samples were evaluated after thawing for sperm motion parameters by CASA and plasma membrane integrity by epifluorescence microscopy. For the fertility trial, a cross-over model was performed using 100 cycles of 50 mares, which were inseminated by one the two freezing methods. No differences were observed for sperm motion parameters and plasma membrane integrity between groups (P > .05). The pregnancy rate using the conventional method was 56% (28/50) and did not differ (P = .5406) from the pregnancy rate (64%, 32/50) obtained using the automatized method. The use of semen from fertile stallions may not illustrate small differences in the two freezing methods evaluated. Conventional and automated freezing systems did not differ in the quality and viability of fertile stallion semen and conception rates, indicating that the two methodologies can be safely used in AI programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Renato de Freitas Guaitolini
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Nascimento Guasti
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Augusto Monteiro
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Minas Gerais Federal University, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ian Martin
- Department of Animal Science, Uberaba University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Frederico Ozanam Papa
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Seifi-Jamadi A, Kohram H, Zareh-Shahne A, Dehghanizadeh P, Ahmad E. Effect of various concentrations of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on freezing capacity of Turkman stallion sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 170:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Oliveira JVD, Oliveira PVDLF, Melo e Oña CM, Guasti PN, Monteiro GA, Sancler da Silva YFR, Papa PDM, Alvarenga MA, Dell’Aqua Junior JA, Papa FO. Strategies to improve the fertility of fresh and frozen donkey semen. Theriogenology 2016; 85:1267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Stawicki R, McDonnell S, Giguère S, Turner R. Pregnancy outcomes using stallion epididymal sperm stored at 5 °C for 24 or 48 hours before harvest. Theriogenology 2016; 85:698-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Avanzi BR, Ramos RDS, Araujo GHM, Fioratti EG, Trinca LA, Dell'Aqua JA, Melo e Oña CM, Zahn FS, Martin I, Alvarenga MA, Papa FO. Fixed-time insemination with frozen semen in mares: is it suitable for poorly fertile stallions? Theriogenology 2015; 83:1389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Govaere JLJ, Hoogewijs MK, De Schauwer C, De Vliegher S, Van Soom A, Duchateau L, de Kruif A. Effect of Artificial Insemination Protocol and Dose of Frozen/Thawed Stallion Semen on Pregnancy Results in Mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:487-91. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JLJ Govaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - MK Hoogewijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - C De Schauwer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Physiology and Biometry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - A de Kruif
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Alipour H, Sharbatoghli M, Yazdi PE, Shahverdi A, Daneshzadeh MT, Afshani M, Mirian SJ, Hamidi H, Mohammadi AR, Valojerdi MR. Pregnancy in the Caspian Miniature Horse Using Frozen Semen Cryopreserved with the EquiPRO CryoGuard Freeze Medium and Customized Freezing Protocols. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Magee C, Bruemmer J, Nett T, Squires E, Clay C. Kisspeptide in the estrous mare: Is it an appropriate ovulation-inducing agent? Theriogenology 2012; 78:1987-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Friedman R. Reproduction in ambulatory practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012; 28:175-87. [PMID: 22640586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of providing equine reproductive services in ambulatory setting is well established. Ambulatory practice has been, and will most likely continue to be, the primary provider of equine reproductive veterinary services. The limitations for performing various reproductive procedures in an ambulatory setting are those imposed by the amount of equipment and supplies that must be brought to the patient, as well as those imposed when procedures require additional assistance. This is analogous to human medical care: the ambulance cannot substitute for a hospital but it can certainly provide significant assistance. Similarly, although excellent reproductive service can be provided in ambulatory practice, a fair number of advanced techniques and procedures requiring laboratory conditions, equipment, and personnel are difficult to provide from the back of a vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Friedman
- The Oregon Equine Reproduction Center/Friedman Veterinary Service, Lake Oswego, OR 97034, USA.
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16
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Morillo Rodriguez A, Balao da Silva C, Macías-García B, Gallardo Bolaños JM, Tapia JA, Aparicio IM, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Peña FJ. Dimethylformamide Improves the In vitro Characteristics of Thawed Stallion Spermatozoa Reducing Sublethal Damage. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Pojprasath T, Lohachit C, Techakumphu M, Stout T, Tharasanit T. Improved cryopreservability of stallion sperm using a sorbitol-based freezing extender. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1742-9. [PMID: 21458054 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of stallion semen is often associated with poor post-thaw sperm quality. Sugars are among the important components of a freezing extender and act as non-permeating cryoprotectants. This study aimed to compare the quality of stallion sperm frozen with glucose, fructose or sorbitol-containing freezing extenders. Semen was collected from six stallions of proven fertility and cryopreserved using a freezing extender containing different types of monosaccharide sugars (glucose, fructose or sorbitol). After thawing, the semen was examined for sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane functionality and sperm longevity. The fertility of semen frozen in the presence of sorbitol was also tested by artificial insemination. Sperm quality was significantly decreased following freezing and thawing (P < 0.05). Fructose was inferior for protecting sperm during cryopreservation when compared to sorbitol and glucose (P < 0.05). Although the viability, motility and acrosome integrity of sperm cryopreserved with a glucose-containing extender did not significantly differ from sperm frozen in the sorbitol-based extender when examined at 2 and 4 h post-thaw, all of these parameters plus plasma membrane functionality were improved for sperm frozen in the sorbitol extender than in the glucose extender when examined 10 min post-thaw. Two of four mares (50%) inseminated with semen frozen with a sorbitol-containing freezing extender became pregnant. It is concluded that different sugars have different abilities to protect against cryoinjury during freezing and thawing of stallion sperm. This study demonstrated that an extender containing sorbitol as primary sugar can be used to successfully cryopreserve equine sperm; moreover, the quality of frozen-thawed sperm appeared to be better than when glucose or fructose was the principle sugar in the freezing extender.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pojprasath
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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18
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Spizziri B, Fox M, Bruemmer J, Squires E, Graham J. Cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrins and fertility potential of stallions spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 118:255-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Squires E. Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry? J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Effect of Follicle Size and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Ovulation Induction and Embryo Recovery in the Mare. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Commercial semen freezing: Individual male variation in cryosurvival and the response of stallion sperm to customized freezing protocols. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 105:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Saragusty J, Gacitua H, Pettit MT, Arav A. Directional Freezing of Equine Semen in Large Volumes. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 42:610-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bedford-Guaus SJ. Transported Stallion Semen and Breeding Mares with Cooled or Frozen-Thawed Semen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
In order to optimize the efficient use of cryopreserved stallion semen, recent research has focused on the minimum insemination dose of frozen-thawed spermatozoa required for maximum fertility rate. The results appear to be highly stallion-dependent. Factors such as the timing of AI with respect to ovulation, as well as the site of insemination within the mare's reproductive tract, also affect success in breeding with frozen-thawed semen. Since acceptable pregnancy rates can be achieved from insemination of mares with very low numbers of spermatozoa, increasing the number of insemination doses processed from a single ejaculate may prove more cost-effective to stallion owners.
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Abstract
This manuscript presents a brief historical review of investigations related to equine artificial insemination. The origin of recommended insemination doses for use fresh, cooled and frozen semen will be reviewed. Over 30 years ago, an insemination dose of 500 x 10(6) progressively motile sperm (PMS) was recommended to maximize pregnancy rates when mares were bred with fresh semen under less than ideal conditions. Since that time, 500 x 10(6) progressively motile sperm has been almost universally accepted as a standard insemination dose, regardless of a stallion's fertility or the refinements that have been made in mare management and semen extenders. Insemination doses for cooled-transported and frozen-thawed semen have also been extrapolated from this dose. Data from a number of studies will be presented which demonstrate the feasibility and rationale of reducing sperm numbers used to breed mares with fresh, cooled and frozen-thawed semen, including the use of deep-horn insemination techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Brinsko
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA.
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