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Fedorka CE, El-Sheikh Ali H, Scoggin KE, Loux SC, Ball BA, Troedsson MHT. Tumor necrosis factor signaling during equine placental infection leads to pro-apoptotic and necroptotic outcomes. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 152:103655. [PMID: 35716439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ascending placentitis is the leading cause of abortion in the horse. The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an upstream regulator of this disease, but little is understood regarding its function in pregnancy maintenance or placental infection. To assess this, RNA sequencing was performed on chorioallantois and endometrium of healthy pregnant mares at various gestational lengths (n = 4/gestational age), in addition to postpartum chorioallantois, and diestrus endometrium to assess expression of TNF, TNFR-1, and TNFR-2. Additionally, ascending placentitis was induced via trans-cervical inoculation of S. equi spp. zooepidemicus in pregnant mares (n = 6 infected / n = 6 control) and tissues and serum were collected to evaluate TNF-related transcripts. IHC was performed to confirm protein localization of TNFR-1 and TNFR-2. In healthy pregnancy, TNFR-1 appears to be the predominant TNF-related receptor. Following induction of disease, TNF concentrations increased in maternal serum, but expression did not alter at the tissue level. While both TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 increased following induction of disease, alterations in downstream pathways indicate that TNFR-1 is the dominant receptor in ascending placentitis, and is primarily activated within the chorioallantois, with minimal signaling occurring within the endometrium. In conclusion, TNF appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of ascending placentitis. An increase in this cytokine during disease progression is believed to activate TNFR-1 within the chorioallantois, leading to various pro-apoptotic and necroptotic outcomes, all of which may signal for fetal demise and impending abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Theriogenology, Mansoura University, Dakahlia, Eqypt
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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2
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Magalhaes HB, Canisso IF. Title. Fetoplacental unit ultrasonography and immunoreactive steroid concentrations in jennies experiencing late-term pregnancy loss. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Derisoud E, Robles M. Pregnancy and placental development in horses: an update. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106692. [PMID: 34823139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Horses have been domesticated by man and historical information mostly associates horses with men. Nowadays, however, horse riding is essentially by women. Women are also very much involved in equine sciences, with a large contribution to the understanding of fetoplacental development. While highlighting the work of female scientists, this review describes the recent advances in equine fetoplacental studies, focusing on data obtained by new generation sequencing and progress on the understanding of the role of placental progesterone metabolites throughout gestation. A second emphasis is made on fetal programming, a currently very active field, where the importance of maternal nutrition, mare management or the use of embryo technologies has been shown to induce long term effects in the offspring that might affect progeny's performance. Finally, new perspectives for the study of equine pregnancy are drawn, that will rely on new methodologies applied to molecular explorations and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - E Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - M Robles
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec H7V1B7, Canada
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4
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Sprayberry KA, Lu KG. Managing Reproduction Emergencies in the Field: Part 1: Injuries in Stallions; Injury of the External Portion of the Reproductive Tract and Gestational Conditions in the Mare. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:339-366. [PMID: 34243877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Selected emergency conditions of male and female reproductive tracts in horses are described, including injuries affecting the external genitalia of male horses and emergent conditions arising during gestation in mares. Conditions affecting male horses are discussed in the context of breeding stallions, but kicks or other mechanisms of trauma in the groin can also affect geldings. Priapism, paraphimosis, trauma to the scrotum and testicles, and penile injury are discussed. In mares, traumatic vestibular injury, placentitis, hydropsic conditions, prepubic tendon and abdominal wall compromise, and uterine torsion are included. Clinical recognition of the problem, diagnostic procedures, and treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Sprayberry
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Kristina G Lu
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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5
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Fedorka CE, Scoggin KE, El-Sheikh Ali H, Loux SC, Dini P, Troedsson MHT, Ball BA. Interleukin-6 pathobiology in equine placental infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13363. [PMID: 33098605 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Ascending placentitis is the leading cause of abortion in the horse. Interleukin (IL)-6 is considered predictive of placental infection in other species, but little is understood regarding its role in the pathophysiology of ascending placentitis. METHOD OF STUDY Sub-acute ascending placentitis was induced via trans-cervical inoculation of S zooepidemicus, and various fluids/serum/tissues collected 8 days later. Concentrations of IL-6 were detected within fetal fluids and serum in inoculated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) mares. RNASeq was performed on the placenta (endometrium and chorioallantois) to assess transcripts relating to IL-6 pathways. IHC was performed for immunolocalization of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) in the placenta. RESULTS IL-6 concentrations increased in allantoic fluid following inoculation, with a trend toward an increase in amniotic fluid. Maternal serum IL-6 was increased in inoculated animals, while no changes were noted in fetal serum. mRNA expression of IL-6-related transcripts within the chorioallantois indicates that IL-6 is activating the classical JAK/STAT pathway, thereby acting as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-survival. The IL-6R was expressed within the chorioallantois, indicating a paracrine signaling pathway of maternal IL-6 to fetal IL-6R. CONCLUSION IL-6 plays a crucial role in the placental response to induction of sub-acute equine ascending placentitis, and this could be noted in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid, and maternal serum. Additionally, IL-6 is acting as anti-inflammatory in this disease, potentially altering disease progression, impeding abortion signals, and assisting with the production of a viable neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Theriogenology, University of Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Fedorka CE, El-Sheikh Ali H, Walker OF, Scoggin KE, Dini P, Loux SC, Troedsson MHT, Ball BA. The imbalance of the Th17/Treg axis following equine ascending placental infection. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 144:103268. [PMID: 33454392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ascending placentitis is a leading cause of abortion in the horse, but adaptive immune response to this disease is unknown. To evaluate this, sub-acute placentitis was experimentally-induced via trans-cervical inoculation of S. zooepidemicus, and endometrium and chorioallantois was collected 8 days later (n = 6 inoculated/n = 6 control). The expression of transcripts relating to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg maturation was assessed via RNASeq. IHC of transcription factors relating to each subtype in the same tissues (Th1: TBX21, Th2: GATA3, Th17: IRF4, Treg: FOXp3). An immunoassay was utilized to assess circulating cytokines (Th1: IFNg, IL-2; Th2: IL-4, IL-5; Th17: IL-17, IL-6; Treg: IL-10, GM-CSF). An increase in Th1 and Th17-related transcripts were noted in the chorioallantois, although no alterations were seen in the endometrium. Th2 and Treg-related transcripts altered in a dysregulated manner, as some transcripts increased in expression while others decreased. Immunolocalization of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was increased in diseased chorioallantois, while no Treg cells were noted in the diseased tissue. Secreted cytokines relating to Th1 (IFNg, IL-2), Th17 (IL-6), Th2 (IL-5), and Treg (IL-10) populations increased in maternal circulation eight days after inoculation. In conclusion, the Th1/Th17 response to ascending placentitis occurs primarily in the chorioallantois, indicating the adaptive immune response to occur in fetal derived placental tissue. Additionally, ascending placentitis leads to an increase in the helper T cell populations (Th1/Th17/Th2) while decreasing the Treg response. This increase in Th17-related responses alongside a diminishing Treg-related response may precede or contribute to fetal demise, abortion, or preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Fedorka
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA
| | - H El-Sheikh Ali
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA; University of Mansoura, Department of Theriogenology, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - O F Walker
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate TN, USA
| | - K E Scoggin
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA
| | - P Dini
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA; University of California, Davis, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S C Loux
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA
| | - M H T Troedsson
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA
| | - B A Ball
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Lexington KY, USA.
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7
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El-Sheikh Ali H, Dini P, Scoggin K, Loux S, Fedorka C, Boakari Y, Norris J, Esteller-Vico A, Kalbfleisch T, Ball B. Transcriptomic analysis of equine placenta reveals key regulators and pathways involved in ascending placentitis†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:638-656. [PMID: 33345276 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ascending equine placentitis holds the potential for the development of new diagnostic tools and therapies to forestall placentitis-induced preterm labor. The current study characterized the equine placental transcriptome (chorioallantois [CA] and endometrium [EN]) during placentitis (placentitis group, n = 6) in comparison to gestationally-matched controls (control group, n = 6). Transcriptome analysis identified 2953 and 805 differentially expressed genes in CA and EN during placentitis, respectively. Upstream regulator analysis revealed the central role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in triggering the inflammatory signaling, and consequent immune-cell chemotaxis. Placentitis was associated with the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9) and apoptosis-related genes such as caspases (CASP3, CASP4, and CASP7) in CA. Also, placentitis was associated with downregulation of transcripts coding for proteins essential for placental steroidogenesis (SRD5A1 and AKR1C1), progestin signaling (PGRMC1 and PXR) angiogenesis (VEGFA, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3), and nutrient transport (GLUT12 and SLC1A4), as well as upregulation of hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A and EGLN3), which could explain placental insufficiency during placentitis. Placentitis was also associated with aberrant expression of several placenta-regulatory genes, such as PLAC8, PAPPA, LGALS1, ABCG2, GCM1, and TEPP, which could negatively affect placental functions. In conclusion, our findings revealed for the first time the key regulators and mechanisms underlying placental inflammation, separation, and insufficiency during equine placentitis, which might lead to the development of efficacious therapies or diagnostic aids by targeting the key molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Pouya Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shavahn Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carleigh Fedorka
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yatta Boakari
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jamie Norris
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alejandro Esteller-Vico
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, USA
| | - Theodore Kalbfleisch
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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8
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Loux SC, Fernandes CB, Dini P, Wang K, Wu X, Baxter D, Scoggin KE, Troedsson MHT, Squires EL, Ball BA. Small RNA (sRNA) expression in the chorioallantois, endometrium and serum of mares following experimental induction of placentitis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1144-1156. [PMID: 30947806 DOI: 10.1071/rd18400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection and inflammation remain a major cause of preterm labour in women and mares, with little known about small RNA (sRNA) expression in tissue or circulation. To better characterise placental inflammation (placentitis), we examined sRNA expression in the endometrium, chorioallantois and serum of mares with and without placentitis. Disease was induced in 10 mares via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, either with moderate or high levels of inoculum; three uninoculated gestationally matched mares were used as controls. Matched chorioallantois and endometrium were sampled in two locations: Region 1, gross inflammation near cervical star with placental separation and Region 2, gross inflammation without placental separation. In Region 1, 26 sRNAs were altered in chorioallantois, while 20 were altered in endometrium. Within Region 2, changes were more subdued in both chorioallantois (10 sRNAs) and endometrium (two sRNAs). Within serum, we identified nine significantly altered sRNAs. In summary, we have characterised the expression of sRNA in the chorioallantois, the endometrium and the serum of mares with experimentally induced placentitis using next-generation sequencing, identifying significant changes within each tissue examined. These data should provide valuable information about the physiology of placental inflammation to clinicians and researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Claudia B Fernandes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Baxter
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Edward L Squires
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; and Corresponding author.
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9
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Canisso IF, Loux SC, Lima FS. Biomarkers for placental disease in mares. Theriogenology 2020; 150:302-307. [PMID: 32088026 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Placentitis is an important cause of abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal death in horses. The diagnosis of placentitis is based on occurrence of clinical signs (premature mammary gland development and vulvar discharge) and ultrasonography of the caudal placental pole. However, early and subtle cases can be missed. In the last few years, several studies have provided objective means of diagnosing placentitis in mares with single or serial measurements of blood markers. Among the markers evaluated the steroids produced by the fetoplacental unit have been shown to change in association with placentitis. Mares with chronic placentitis have an increase in peripheral progestogens; however, mares acutely infected will display a reduction in peripheral concentrations of progestogens. Estradiol-17β (free- and conjugated form) concentrations are drastically reduced in plasma of mares with placentitis. Acute-phase proteins, particularly serum amyloid A, are increased in plasma of mares suffering from placentitis, and this increase is due to endometrial and chorioallantoic secretions, and minimally from the fetus. Alpha-fetoprotein, a protein expressed in the fetoplacental unit, was shown to be increased in plasma of mares suffering from placentitis. A plephora of microRNA have been identified in plasma and tissues of mares undergoing experimentally induced placentitis, but have not been tested in spontaneous cases. Unique proteomic signatures were found in the fetal fluids of mares undergoing experimentally induced ascending placentitis, making the fetal fluids potentially useful to diagnose placentitis in mares. However, currently the lack of use of transabdominal fetal fluid sampling prevents wide use of the fetal fluids as diagnostic techniques. This manuscript aimed to discuss recent discoveries regarding biomarkers for placentitis in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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10
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Fedorka CE, Ball BA, Scoggin KE, Loux SC, Troedsson MHT, Adams AA. The feto-maternal immune response to equine placentitis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13179. [PMID: 31373743 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Ascending placentitis is one of the leading causes of abortion in the horse. Minimal work has focused on its effect on fetal fluids or the antenatal immune response of the fetus. METHODOLOGY Placentitis was induced via transcervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp Zooepidemicus, and fluids/serum/tissues were collected 4-6 days later following euthanasia. Cytokine concentrations were detected using a multiplex immunoassay within fetal fluids (amniotic and allantoic) and serum (maternal and fetal) in inoculated and control mares. In addition, tissues from fetal (spleen, liver, lung, umbilicus, amnioallantois) and maternal (spleen, liver, lung, chorioallantois, endometrium) origin were analyzed in inoculated and control mares utilizing qPCR for expression of cytokines. RESULTS No difference in cytokine concentrations in maternal or fetal serum was noted between inoculated and control mares. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and GRO were upregulated in the amniotic fluid following inoculation, with a trend toward higher IL-6 concentration in allantoic fluid. The amnioallantoic tissue separating the two fluids had higher expression of IL-1β and IL-6 following inoculation, while chorioallantois and endometrium upregulated IL-1β and IL-8 expression. IL-1β was upregulated in the maternal spleen following inoculation. Fetal spleens were upregulated in expression of IL-1β, GRO, and IL-6, while IL-6 was higher in fetal liver after inoculation than in controls. CONCLUSION The maternal response to placentitis is primarily pro-inflammatory while the fetus appears to play a regulatory role in this inflammation. Additionally, amniotic fluid sampling may be more diagnostic of ascending placentitis than circulating cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda A Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Koziol J, Moore G. Transrectal ultrasound of the combined thickness of the uterus and interplacentome region in healthy pregnant Holstein cows. Vet J 2019; 249:80-81. [PMID: 31239170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) has been used for many years to assess fetal well-being and placental health in the mare and most recently the combined thickness of the uterus and interplacentome region (CTUIR) in water buffalo. The aim of this study was to develop normal reference ranges in regards to the CTUIR in 25 Holstein cows throughout pregnancy. The CTUIR was measured every 30 days from 60 days of gestation until 270 days of gestation. Measurements were obtained by transrectal ultrasonography with the position of the ultrasound probe being placed cranial and lateral to the cervix. CTUIR measurements increased every month beginning with an average of 4.6mm at 60 days and culminating with an average thickness of 11.7mm at 270 days of gestation. The greatest increases in CTUIR thickness occurred during the first and second trimesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Koziol
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - George Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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12
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Wynn MAA, Ball BA, May J, Esteller-Vico A, Canisso I, Squires E, Troedsson M. Changes in maternal pregnane concentrations in mares with experimentally-induced, ascending placentitis. Theriogenology 2018; 122:130-136. [PMID: 30265893 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) progesterone (P4), 5α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP), allopregnanolone, 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3β5P), 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one (20α5P), 5α-pregnan-3β,20α-diol (βα-diol), and 5α-pregnan-3β,20β-diol (ββ-diol) concentrations in plasma of mares with experimentally-induced, ascending placentitis compared to gestationally age-matched control mares. Placentitis was induced via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi spp. zooepidemicus between 260 and 280 days of gestation. Placentitis mares were subdivided into those which aborted in less than eight days (n = 6; acute) and those that aborted at ≥ 8 days after inoculation (n = 9; chronic). Ten pregnant mares at similar gestational ages served as healthy controls. Pregnanes were measured for days (-8), -6, -4, -3, -2, -1, and 0 days preceding abortion in the treated mares, and for the matched days of gestation in the control mares by LC-MS/MS and by immunoassay for immunoreactive (ir) P4. In mares with chronic placentitis, concentrations of DHP and its downstream metabolites (allopregnanolone, 3β5P, 20α5P, βα-diol) increased at 2-8 days prior to abortion compared to control mares. Of these pregnanes, 20α5P and βα-diol increased at eight days prior to abortion and demonstrated the largest increase (approximately 3 to 4×) in mares with chronic placentitis compared to control mares. Concentrations of P4 determined by LC-MS/MS were at or below the limit of detection (0.5 ng/mL) for control mares and did not increase significantly in mares with chronic placentitis. Immunoreactive-P4 was increased at two days prior to abortion in mares with chronic placentitis but was not different from controls in mares with acute placentitis. In mares with acute placentitis, concentrations of DHP, allopregnanolone, 3β5P, 20α5P, and βα-diol decreased within 0-3 days prior to abortion. In mares with chronic placentitis, the patterns of increased pregnanes metabolized by the placenta was similar to changes in maternal pregnanes noted in normal mares beyond Day 300 of gestation and likely represent the effects of fetal stress and adrenal activation on pregnane metabolism by the fetus and placenta. Decreases in these same pregnanes in mares with acute cases likely reflect extreme fetal or placental compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A A Wynn
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - John May
- College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Alejandro Esteller-Vico
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Igor Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Edward Squires
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Mats Troedsson
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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Kimura Y, Haneda S, Aoki T, Furuoka H, Miki W, Fukumoto N, Matsui M, Nambo Y. Combined thickness of the uterus and placenta and ultrasonographic examinations of uteroplacental tissues in normal pregnancy, placentitis, and abnormal parturitions in heavy draft horses. J Equine Sci 2018; 29:1-8. [PMID: 29593442 PMCID: PMC5865063 DOI: 10.1294/jes.29.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) and ultrasonographic images of uteroplacental tissues were investigated in 35 pregnant heavy draft horses in Months 7–12 of pregnancy. The mares were divided into
three groups: those pathologically diagnosed as placentitis (placentitis group, n=3); those who had abortion, premature birth, or fetal malformation (abnormal group, n=7); and those who had no abnormal findings (normal
group, n=25). In the normal group, CTUP increased as pregnancy progressed from Months 7 (median, 7.08 mm; range, 5.68–11.27) to 12 (13.31 mm; 7.44–16.31 mm) (P<0.05) and was higher than those reported previously in
Thoroughbred, quarter, and American paint horses. Values of CTUP greater than the 75th percentile of the normal group from Months 7 (7.54 mm) to 12 (15.19 mm) were detected in 100% of the placentitis group (3/3) and in
86% of the abnormal group (6/7). Ultrasonographic images showing placental separation were obtained in 67% of the placentitis group (2/3), 29% of the abnormal group (2/7), and 20% of the normal group (5/25). Pathological
placental edema and ultrasonographic images showing uteroplacental roughness or distinguishability were observed even in the normal group. These findings suggest that increased CTUP and placental separation would reflect
placentitis and abnormal pregnancies and may help to detect them in heavy draft horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shingo Haneda
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Furuoka
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Division of Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Wataru Miki
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Federation of Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Associations, Hokkaido 069-0806, Japan
| | | | - Motozumi Matsui
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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15
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Wynn MA, Esteller-Vico A, Legacki EL, Conley AJ, Loux SC, Stanley SD, Curry TE, Squires EL, Troedsson MH, Ball BA. A comparison of progesterone assays for determination of peripheral pregnane concentrations in the late pregnant mare. Theriogenology 2018; 106:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Abnormal pregnancies associated with deviation in progestin and estrogen profiles in late pregnant mares: A diagnostic aid. Theriogenology 2017; 98:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Murase H, Miyazawa M, Harada T, Ozawa M, Sato F, Hada T. Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015. J Equine Sci 2017; 28:47-53. [PMID: 28721123 PMCID: PMC5506449 DOI: 10.1294/jes.28.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree of fetal growth restriction has been unclear in equine reproduction. In this study, 2,195 fetuses from 2,137 abortions during 11 seasons were examined to determine the causes of abortion, and fetal size dimensions
(crown rump length and body weight) were measured. In total, 900 cases (42.1%) of abortion were identified as caused by viral infection (215, 10.1%), bacterial infection (156, 7.3%), fungal infection (25, 1.2%), circulation
failure (406, 19.0%), multiple causes (66, 3.1%), deformity (13, 0.6%), placental abnormality (12, 0.6%), and other causes (7, 0.3%). All viral infections originated from equine herpes virus. Of all abortions, 94.3% occurred
between 181–360 days of pregnancy, and the gestational ages at abortion were different based on the causes. Fetal sizes in viral abortions were considerably larger than those due to other reasons. Compared with viral infection,
the crown rump length size dimension of fetuses aborted from multiple and fungal infection was affected. In addition, bacterial infection, circulation failure, and unknown causes of abortions also contributed to growth restriction
in terms of body weight. In conclusion, the present study showed details of equine abortion and the relationships between causes of abortion and fetal size. Most of the aborted fetuses showed restrictions in their growth. The
manifestations of growth restriction were more related to weight than skeletal length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutaka Murase
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyazawa
- Hokkaido Hidaka Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hokkaido 056-0003, Japan
| | - Takehiro Harada
- Hokkaido Hidaka Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hokkaido 056-0003, Japan
| | - Midori Ozawa
- Hokkaido Hidaka Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hokkaido 056-0003, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hada
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
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18
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Transrectal ultrasonography for measuring of combined utero-placental thickness in pregnant Mangalarga Marchador mares. Theriogenology 2017; 96:142-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Curcio BR, Canisso IF, Pazinato FM, Borba LA, Feijó LS, Muller V, Finger IS, Toribio RE, Nogueira CEW. Estradiol cypionate aided treatment for experimentally induced ascending placentitis in mares. Theriogenology 2017; 102:98-107. [PMID: 28755579 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The overall goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of various therapeutic combinations of estradiol cypionate (ECP, a long-acting estrogen) and altrenogest (ALT, a long-acting progestin) in addition to basic treatment for placentitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) and flunixin meglumine (FM). Specific outcomes measured in this experiment were (i) time from induction of bacterial placentitis to delivery, and foal parameters (high-risk, survival, and birth weight); and (ii) serum steroid concentrations (progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17β-estradiol, and cortisol) in response to treatment. Pregnant mares (∼300 days gestation, n = 46) were randomly assigned into healthy mares (control group, CONT, n = 8) and mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis (n = 38). Placentitis was induced via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Thereafter, placentitis induced mares were randomly assigned into: (1) basic treatment, TMS+FM (n = 8); (2) basic treatment with ALT supplementation, TMS+FM+ALT (n = 8); (3) basic treatment with ECP supplementation, TMS+FM+ECP (n = 6); (4) basic treatment with ALT and ECP supplementation TMS+FM+ALT+ECP (n = 6); and (5) no treatment (INOC, n = 10). Treatments were started 48 h after bacterial inoculation and carried out for ten consecutive days. Blood samples were collected daily, and mares were assessed for signs of placentitis until the mare delivered, or for ten consecutive days after onset of treatment. Steroids were analyzed via RIA. Continuous data were analyzed by ANOVA, and categorical data analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Foal survival at parturition and seven days post-delivery were similar across treated groups (66.7-100%), and to the CONT group. Similar to CONT group, mares in the TMS+FM+ECP group had no high-risk foals while mares in the other groups had higher incidences (50-75%) (p < 0.05). The inclusion of ECP in the treatments resulted in foals with body weight similar to CONT group (p > 0.05). There were no group effects or time by group interactions on concentrations of steroids assessed herein (p > 0.05). In conclusion, in addition to basic treatment TMS+FM, mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis benefited from ECP supplementation. Conversely, ALT did not appear to make a difference in outcomes. The immunoassays used for measurements of steroid concentrations did not appear useful to assess treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Curcio
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Fernanda M Pazinato
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Borba
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena S Feijó
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Muller
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ilusca S Finger
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Carlos E W Nogueira
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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20
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Zaher H, Abdel-Aziz Swelum A, Eidaroos AS, Labib F. The nitric oxide serum level and combined utero-placental thickness in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) affected by pregnancy pathology. Theriogenology 2017; 88:118-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Carluccio A, Noto F, Parrillo S, Contri A, De Amicis I, Gloria A, Robbe D, Veronesi MC. Transrectal ultrasonographic evaluation of combined utero-placental thickness during the last half of pregnancy in Martina Franca donkeys. Theriogenology 2016; 86:2296-2301. [PMID: 27566849 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, the donkey population decreased dramatically so that many breeds are presently considered as endangered. In comparison to the horse, the donkey placenta still remains not completely studied. In the horse, one of the diagnostic tools useful to identify pregnant mares at risk of abortion or premature delivery, include the transrectal ultrasound examination of the uterus and its contents; and especially of the combined thickness of the uterus and of the placenta (CUPT). Since the CUPT was never investigated in donkeys, the present study was aimed to define the transrectal CUPT values during the last half of pregnancy in 20 Martina Franca jennies. Foalings times, foals characteristics and placental gross appearance, and measurements were also evaluated and values resulted always within normality. Differently to the mare, a continuous significant CUPT increase between the sixth to the 12 months of pregnancy, and a substantial increase from the ninth to the 12th month of pregnancy, was found. Although statistically not evaluable, the CUPT values recorded from three jennies with pregnancy loss did not show evidence of CUPT increases. In conclusion, normal CUPT values from the sixth to the 12th month of pregnancy in Martina Franca donkeys are provided, but further investigations are needed to define possible breed or body-size CUPT specific differences, as well as the CUPT values during pregnancy disturbances or placental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - F Noto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - S Parrillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Contri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - I De Amicis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - D Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Murase H, Niwa H, Katayama Y, Sato F, Hada T, Nambo Y. A clinical case of equine fungal placentitis with reference to hormone profiles and ultrasonography. J Equine Sci 2016; 26:129-33. [PMID: 26858578 PMCID: PMC4739143 DOI: 10.1294/jes.26.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal placentitis is an infectious disease inducing abortion in pregnant mares. In the present report, we
describe a field case of abortion caused by fungal placentitis with consecutive examinations. The progesterone
level and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) were abnormal before the onset of clinical
signs. Additionally, the estradiol level started to change before the appearance of clinical signs. Abnormal
serum amyloid A values and an abnormal fetal heart rate were observed after the onset of clinical signs. The
present report demonstrates that the progesterone level and CTUP may be adequate as early diagnostic markers
of fungal placentitis and bacterial infection. Endocrinological evaluation based on cutoff values or serial
measurements were also useful for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutaka Murase
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Epizootic Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Katayama
- Epizootic Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hada
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Canisso IF, Ball BA, Scoggin KE, Squires EL, Williams NM, Troedsson MH. Alpha-fetoprotein is present in the fetal fluids and is increased in plasma of mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 154:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Canisso IF, Ball BA, Cray C, Williams NM, Scoggin KE, Davolli GM, Squires EL, Troedsson MH. Serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin Concentrations are Increased in Plasma of Mares with Ascending Placentitis in the Absence of Changes in Peripheral Leukocyte Counts or Fibrinogen Concentration. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:376-85. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor F. Canisso
- Reproduction Laboratory; The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - Barry A. Ball
- Reproduction Laboratory; The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Neil M. Williams
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - Kirsten E. Scoggin
- Reproduction Laboratory; The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - Gabriel M. Davolli
- Reproduction Laboratory; The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - Edward L. Squires
- Reproduction Laboratory; The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - Mats H. Troedsson
- Reproduction Laboratory; The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
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Murase H, Endo Y, Tsuchiya T, Kotoyori Y, Shikichi M, Ito K, Sato F, Nambo Y. Ultrasonographic evaluation of equine fetal growth throughout gestation in normal mares using a convex transducer. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:947-53. [PMID: 24662520 PMCID: PMC4143655 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been common to perform regular ultrasound examination of the fetus in equine practice, due to the increasing volume of the uterus caused by fetal development. The convex three-dimensional transducer is bulb-shaped and is able to observe wide areas. In addition, its operation is simple, making it easy to create appropriate angles for various indices using a transrectal approach. The aim of this study was to measure Thoroughbred fetal growth indices throughout gestation using a convex transducer and to clarify the detectable period of some indices for clinical use. We demonstrated changes in fetal indices, such as crown rump length (CRL), fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal eye and kidney and the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP). CTUP increased from 30 weeks of gestation, and FHR peaked at 8 weeks and then decreased to term. CRL could be observed until 13 weeks due to its wide angle, longer than in previous reports. Fetal eye and kidney could be observed from 10 and 28 weeks, respectively, and these increased with pregnancy progress. The present results showed the advantage of transrectal examination using a convex transducer for evaluation of normal fetal development. Although ultrasonographic examination in mid- to late-gestation is not common in equine reproductive practice, our comprehensive results would be a useful basis for equine pregnancy examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutaka Murase
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
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Lyle SK. Immunology of infective preterm delivery in the mare. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:661-8. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Lyle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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The relationship of maternal characteristics and circulating progesterone concentrations with reproductive outcome in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) after artificial insemination, with and without ovulation induction, and natural breeding. Theriogenology 2012; 78:469-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Transrectal combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in normal pregnant Egyptian buffalo-cows. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1438-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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LEBLANC MM, GIGUÈRE S, LESTER GD, BRAUER K, PACCAMONTI DL. Relationship between infection, inflammation and premature parturition in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. Equine Vet J 2012:8-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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FOWDEN AL, FORHEAD AJ, OUSEY JC. Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period. Equine Vet J 2012:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ryan PL, Christiansen DL, Hopper RM, Walters FK, Moulton K, Curbelo J, Greene JM, Willard ST. Horse species symposium: a novel approach to monitoring pathogen progression during uterine and placental infection in the mare using bioluminescence imaging technology and lux-modified bacteria. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1541-51. [PMID: 21239661 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine and placental infections are the leading cause of abortion, stillbirth, and preterm delivery in the mare. Whereas uterine and placental infections in women have been studied extensively, a comprehensive examination of the pathogenic processes leading to this unsatisfactory pregnancy outcome in the mare has yet to be completed. Most information in the literature relating to late-term pregnancy loss in mares is based on retrospective studies of clinical cases submitted for necropsy. Here we report the development and application of a novel approach, whereby transgenically modified bacteria transformed with lux genes of Xenorhabdus luminescens or Photorhabdus luminescens origin and biophotonic imaging are utilized to better understand pathogen-induced preterm birth in late-term pregnant mares. This technology uses highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging camera systems to localize and monitor pathogen progression during tissue invasion by measuring the bioluminescent signatures emitted by the lux-modified pathogens. This method has an important advantage in that it allows for the potential tracking of pathogens in vivo in real time and over time, which was hitherto impossible. Although the application of this technology in domestic animals is in its infancy, investigators were successful in identifying the fetal lungs, sinuses, nares, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems as primary tissues for pathogen invasion after experimental infection of pregnant mares with lux-modified Escherichia coli. It is important that pathogens were not detected in other vital organs, such as the liver, brain, and cardiac system. Such precision in localizing sites of pathogen invasion provides potential application for this novel approach in the development of more targeted therapeutic interventions for pathogen-related diseases in the equine and other domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Ryan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MI 39762, USA.
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Hendriks W, Colenbrander B, van der Weijden G, Stout T. Maternal age and parity influence ultrasonographic measurements of fetal growth in Dutch Warmblood mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 115:110-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Ascending placentitis is a condition that occurs late in pregnancy when bacteria enter the sterile uterus from the lower reproductive tract. It leads to abortion or the birth of premature and weakened foals. Early detection and treatment of this condition is vital for ensuring the production of a viable foal. Mares with ascending placentitis often present in late term pregnancy with signs of premature udder development and premature lactation. There may be a vulvar discharge. Early detection of placental problems is possible using trans-abdominal or trans-rectal ultrasonography. Hormones such as progesterone and relaxin may be measured as indicators of foetal stress and placental failure. Postpartum foetal membranes may be thickened and contain a fibronecrotic exudate. The region most affected is the cervical star. Definitive diagnosis of ascending placentitis is by histopathological examination of the chorioallantoic membrane. Ideal treatment strategies are aimed at curing the infection and prolonging the pregnancy to as close to term as possible and consist of anti-microbials, anti-inflammatories and hormonal support. Swabs are taken from affected mares to determine antibiotic sensitivity and to aid in treatment of foals born from these mares which are at risk of becoming septic. If detected early enough, the chances of producing a viable foal are greatly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cummins
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4.
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