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Funes J, Ismer A, Hoogewijs M, Wilsher S. Cervix-Deep Rectal Temperature Differential on the Day of Ovulation is Correlated With Embryo Recovery Results in Mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14716. [PMID: 39205476 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Variations in temperature throughout the reproductive tract have been noted in many species. A recent study found the cervix-rectum temperature differential (CR-TD) in cattle was related to fertility. The present study aimed to assess the CR-TD in mares around the time of ovulation and relate it to embryo recover. Over 52 cycles, mares were inseminated with a fertile stallion and embryo recovery was undertaken on Day 7 post ovulation. Further 10 control mares were not inseminated. Rectal and cervical temperatures were measured using a precision thermometer on four or five occasions: the day of deslorelin administration and insemination, the day before ovulation, the day of ovulation (Day 0), the day after ovulation and, for inseminated mares, before embryo recovery on Day 7. One-way ANOVA showed that the CR-TD was significantly lower on the day of ovulation in the 36 positive cycles, in which an embryo was recovered, versus the 16 in which the embryo flush was negative (0.21 ± 0.17 vs. 0.40 ± 0.09°C; p < 0.001). Control cycles showed equivalent CR-TD to positive (0.13 ± 0.22 vs. 0.21 ± 0.17°C; p = 0.196) but not negative cycles (0.13 ± 0.22 vs. 0.40 ± 0.09°C; p < 0.001). A positive embryo recovery was associated with lower CR-TDs from the time of insemination and deslorelin to the day after ovulation compared to the day of embryo flushing (RM ANOVA; p < 0.001; Pairwise comparisons; p ≤ 0.01, in all cases). Rectal or cervical temperatures per se showed no significant differences between positive, negative or control cycles at any time point. In conclusion, a thermoregulatory process occurs close to ovulation which results in a lower CR-TD in cycles that produced an embryo versus those which did not. Further characterisation of TDs within the reproductive tract of the mare would increase our understanding of the conditions required for optimum fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Ismer
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, UAE
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Rajput AS, Mishra B, Rajawat D, Bhakat M. Early prediction of oestrus for herd fertility management in cattle and buffaloes - a review. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14597. [PMID: 38798195 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Oestrus is defined as a period when a female animal exhibits characteristic sexual behaviour in the presence of a mature male. Oestrous manifestation in dairy animals is due to the oestrogen (E2) effect on the central nervous system (CNS). It is a critical issue to be considered on a priority basis. Inefficient oestrous detection reduces the fertility status of the herd. The primary and most reliable indicator of oestrus is standing to be mounted by a bull or another female herd mate, signalling receptivity and the pre-ovulatory state in dairy cattle. Oestrous detection is primarily a management challenge requiring skill and vigilance. To improve the efficiency of oestrous detection in dairy cattle, visual observation is one of the best methods if done three times a day; however, heat detection aids, if combined, give better results. However, techniques like using teaser bulls, tail painting, chin ball markers, ultrasound (USG) examination, hormonal analysis and examination of cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) improve oestrous detection efficiency. Moreover, the changes in production systems have reduced the expression of oestrous behaviour among cows, due to higher oestrogen (E2) metabolism. Therefore, automated systems, such as pedometers, accelerometers and acoustic sensors like infrared thermography (IRT) and image processing, have significantly enhanced reproductive performance by facilitating oestrous detection and optimizing insemination schedules. From this review, we would conclude that oestrous detection alone contributes considerably to the reproductive status of the herd; therefore, applying different methods of oestrous detection reduces the incidence of missed oestrus and improves the fertility status of the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Singh Rajput
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Babita Mishra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Rajawat
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Bhakat
- APR Division, ICAR-CIRG, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mills MD, Pollock AB, Batey IE, O’Neil MA, Schrick FN, Payton RR, Moorey SE, Fioravanti P, Hipsher W, Zoca SM, Edwards JL. Magnitude and persistence of higher estrus-associated temperatures in beef heifers and suckled cows. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae079. [PMID: 38502838 PMCID: PMC10998462 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Higher estrus-associated temperatures (HEAT) are a hallmark feature in sexually active females. The overarching aim of this study was to characterize the variability, magnitude, and persistence of HEAT in heifers and suckled beef cows as well as identify associated factors when occurring during thermoneutral conditions at the onset of the spring breeding season. In both heifers and cows, estrus was induced using a 7-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-PGF2α protocol. Vaginal temperature after prostaglandin F2α administration was recorded every 5 min using a Thermochron iButton affixed to a blank CIDR (containing no progesterone). Estrus was defined as when a heifer first stood to be mounted or when a cow had an Estrotect patch score of 3 or 4. Level of HEAT varied among individual animals. When comparing common HEAT variables using a mixed model with date nested within a year, maximum HEAT (39.9 ± 0.1 and 40.0 ± 0.1 °C) and duration (15.5 ± 0.8 and 15.4 ± 0.7) were similar in heifers and cows, respectively. However, the magnitude and persistence of HEAT differed. Total area under the HEAT curve was 117.1 ± 13.5 and 158.7 ± 12.3 for heifers vs cows, respectively (P = 0.0571). Further, 42.9% of heifers and 49% of cows had maximum HEAT ≥ 40 °C which persisted up to 6.5 and 10 h, respectively. When ambient conditions were predominantly thermoneutral, temperature humidity index had minimal impact on HEAT (mixed model, repeated measures over time). Toward identifying associated factors with different aspects of HEAT using best fit hierarchical linear regression models, baseline vaginal temperature and baseline duration were the most highly associated independent variables. Follicle size, estradiol and progesterone levels, and other available animal-related variables (e.g., age, weight, hair coat score) explained only a small amount of variation in HEAT. In summary, level of HEAT varies in estrus females even under thermoneutral conditions. Because HEAT can persist for an extended time, direct effects on fertility important components are unavoidable. Whether HEAT is a good or bad component of the periovulatory microenvironment is the basis of ongoing and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Mills
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Abigayle B Pollock
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ian E Batey
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michael A O’Neil
- Office of Innovative Technologies—Research Computing Support, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah E Moorey
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Pablo Fioravanti
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Will Hipsher
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Saulo M Zoca
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Auclair-Ronzaud J, Barrier-Battut I, Bozec J, Potier PH, Dubois C, Wimel L. Relationship Between Ovulation and Body Temperature in the Mare: A Preliminary Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 130:104927. [PMID: 37717679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In the equine industry, monitoring of the reproduction cycle is key to be able to produce one foal per mare and per year. Ovulation detection is difficult partly due to the variability of the estrus length. Currently, the most reliable method for ovulation detection is transrectal ultrasonography. This technique, however, implies handling of the mare as well as veterinary costs. The aim of this experimentation is to study body temperature variations around ovulation. Nine reproduction cycles were monitored around ovulation. Transrectal ultrasonographies were performed each day as well as blood sampling to dose estradiol-17β and progesterone to confirm ultrasonographic results. Body temperature was automatically recorded every 10 minutes using an identification chip equipped with a temperature sensor implanted in the mares' neckline. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Daily body temperature pattern did not vary between the phases of the reproductive cycle (follicular, ovulatory and luteal). Temperature differences between phases, however, were identified and appeared hourly-specific. There was an increase of temperature at ovulation compared to the end of the follicular phase ranging from 0.51°C ± 0.21°C to 0.92°C ± 0.26°C and occurring between 04:30 and 08:00. Moreover, a significant increase of body temperature was measured during the first days of luteal phase, ranging from 0.29°C ± 0.17°C to 0.60°C ± 0.16°C, between 10:30 and 16:00. Body temperature varied around ovulation and it might be a promising tool for mare reproduction monitoring. A more complete study, however, focusing on the whole cycle is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanne Bozec
- IFCE-Plateau Technique de Chamberet, Chamberet, France
| | | | - Cédric Dubois
- IFCE-Plateau Technique de Chamberet, Chamberet, France
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Epper P, Glüge S, Vidondo B, Wróbel A, Ott T, Sieme H, Kaeser R, Burger D. Increase of body temperature immediately after ovulation in mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104565. [PMID: 37209788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To successfully inseminate mares, precise detection of ovulation time is crucial, especially when using frozen-thawed semen. Monitoring body temperature, as has been described in women, could be a non-invasive way to detect ovulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the time of ovulation and the variation of body temperature in mares based on automatic continuous measurements during estrus. The experimental group included 21 mares for 70 analyzed estrous cycles. When the mares showed estrous behavior, they were administered intramuscular deslorelin acetate (2.25 mg) in the evening. At the same time, monitoring of body temperature using a sensor device fixed at the left lateral thorax was started and continued for over 60 h. In 2-hour intervals, transrectal ultrasonography was performed to detect ovulation. Estimated body temperature in the 6 h following ovulation detection was on average 0.06°C +/- 0.05°C (mean +/- SD) significantly higher when compared with body temperature at the same time on the preceding day (p=0.01). In addition, a significant effect of PGF2α administration for estrus induction on the body temperature was found, being significantly higher until 6 h before ovulation compared to that of uninduced cycles (p=0.005). In conclusion, changes in body temperature during estrus in mares were related to ovulation. The increase in body temperature immediately after ovulation might be used in the future to establish automatized and non-invasive systems to detect ovulation. However, the identified temperature rise is relatively small on average and hardly identifiable in the individual mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Epper
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Les Longs-Prés, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Glüge
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Anna Wróbel
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ott
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Harald Sieme
- Clinic for Horses - Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebekka Kaeser
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Les Longs-Prés, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Les Longs-Prés, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland.
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Riaz U, Idris M, Ahmed M, Ali F, Yang L. Infrared Thermography as a Potential Non-Invasive Tool for Estrus Detection in Cattle and Buffaloes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081425. [PMID: 37106988 PMCID: PMC10135134 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The productivity of dairy animals has significantly increased over the past few decades due to intense genetic selection. However, the enhanced yield performance of milk animals caused a proportional increase in stress and compromised reproductive efficiency. Optimal reproductive performance is mandatory for the sustainable production of dairy animals. Reproductive efficiency is marked by proper estrus detection and precise breeding to achieve maximum pregnancies. The existing conventional methods of estrus detection are somewhat labor intensive and less efficient. Similarly, the modern automated methods that rely on detecting physical activity are expensive, and their efficiency is affected by factors such as type of housing (tie stall), flooring, and environment. Infrared thermography has recently emerged as a technique that does not depend on monitoring physical activity. Furthermore, infrared thermography is a non-invasive, user-friendly, and stress-free option that aids in the detection of estrus in dairy animals. Infrared thermography has the potential to be considered a useful non-invasive tool for detecting temperature fluctuations to generate estrus alerts without physical contact in cattle and buffaloes. This manuscript highlights the potential use of infrared thermography to understand reproductive physiology and practical implementation of this technique through discussing its advantages, limitations, and possible precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Riaz
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Musadiq Idris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Ahmed
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Farah Ali
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Liguo Yang
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Lezama-García K, Martínez-Burnes J, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mota-Rojas D. Relation between the Dam's Weight on Superficial Temperature of Her Puppies at Different Stages of the Post-Partum. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120673. [PMID: 36548834 PMCID: PMC9781765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of newborns is an essential parameter that can be recorded to evaluate neonatal care. Knowing the thermal windows to evaluate and maintain a constant temperature helps significantly reduce neonatal mortality. This study aimed to assess the superficial temperature alterations in the distinct thermal windows of puppies with mothers of diverse weights and their repercussions. We evaluated the superficial temperature using infrared thermography at eight thermal windows and seven different times: when wet due to the fetal fluid immediately after birth until 24 h of life in newborn puppies from bitches divided into four bodyweight groups. The results revealed a positive correlation between the dam's weight and the ability to achieve thermostability in the newborn puppies in all the evaluated thermal windows. The time effect showed the lowest temperatures when the puppies were still wet, a gradual increase, and the highest temperature at 24 h after birth. The thermal windows with the highest temperatures were abdominal, thoracic, nasal, and upper left palpebral, and those with the lowest were the thoracic limb brachial biceps, thoracic limb elbow, metacarpal, and femoral pelvic limb. A significant increase in the temperatures in the thermal windows of the abdominal, thoracic, and upper left palpebral immediately after ingesting colostrum was observed. The weight of the dams is an important factor that positively intervenes in the thermoregulatory capacity of the puppies, especially when newborns are dry and have been passed 24 h after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences (Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Jiménez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Liles HL, Schneider LG, Pohler KG, Oliveira Filho RV, Neal Schrick F, Payton RR, Rhinehart JD, Thompson KW, McLean K, Edwards JL. Positive relationship of rectal temperature at fixed timed artificial insemination on pregnancy outcomes in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6620791. [PMID: 35772756 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The overarching aim was to examine the relationship of rectal temperature at fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) on pregnancy outcomes in a typical breeding season with expected pregnancy rates approaching 50% using Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. This represents a continuum of steps to test the hypothesis that elevated body temperature at or around insemination is functionally important to maximize pregnancy outcomes. Rectal temperature of Bos indicus cattle at FTAI ranged from 37.0 to 40.9 °C; 60.6% were hyperthermic. Positive factors impacting pregnancy outcomes were rectal temperature at FTAI, body condition, and estrus patch scores. Rectal temperature at FTAI was positively associated with pregnancy outcomes (P < 0.0001); per each 1 °C increase pregnancy odds increased 1.9 times (95% CI: 1.4 to 2.6). Highest pregnancy outcomes occurred with rectal temperatures exceeding 40 °C (P = 0.0004). Rectal temperature before FTAI in Bos taurus cattle ranged from 37.8 to 41.8 °C; 43.3% were hyperthermic. Factors impacting pregnancy were rectal temperature at FTAI, estrus activity, parity, and ambient conditions on day of FTAI. Rectal temperature of Bos taurus cattle at FTAI was positively associated with pregnancy (P = 0.0286); odds increased 1.45 times (95% CI: 1.0 to 2.0) per each 1 °C increase. Highest pregnancy outcomes occurred with rectal temperatures at FTAI exceeding 40 °C (P = 0.057). Moreover, positive relationship of rectal temperature at FTAI to pregnancy persisted in estrual females (71.25% of total; P = 0.0408; OR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.2). Mindful that 1) elevated temperatures observed in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle directly promote meiotic resumption of the oocyte in vitro and that 2) in vivo hyperthermia alters intrafollicular components which others have shown to potentiate ovulation and promote meiotic resumption, it is biologically plausible that an acute elevation in body temperature at or around time of insemination is functionally important to maximize pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Liles
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Liesel G Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Pregnancy and Developmental Programming Area of Excellence, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ramiro V Oliveira Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Pregnancy and Developmental Programming Area of Excellence, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Justin D Rhinehart
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kevin W Thompson
- University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee Research and Education Center, Spring Hill, TN 37174, USA
| | - Kyle McLean
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Indarjulianto S, Nururrozi A, Sunu Datrianto D, Yun Fen T, Wicaksono Priyo Jr T, Maha Nugraha Setyawan E. Physiology Value of Breath, Pulse and Body Temperature of Cattle. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224901007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate are required as the basis for determining the health status of cows. This study aims to measure the respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature of healthy beef cattle. A total of 25 mixed-breed beef cattle aged more than 1.5 years were used in this study. All cows were physically examined, their breath, and pulse frequency per minute were calculated, and their body temperature was measured by measuring rectal and vaginal temperature. The results showed that all the cows examined were in good health, characterized by a good appetite, and had normal activities. Cows had a respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute with an average of 32.6 ± 6.8 times/minute, and a pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute with an average of 84.2 ± 5.4 times/minute. Measurement of body temperature of cows per vagina was 37.9 ‒ 39.4 °C with a mean of 38.53 ± 0.42 °C, while per rectal showed 37.7 ‒ 39.2 °C with a mean of 38.49 ± 0.38 °C. The results of temperature measurements using the two methods did not show a significant difference. It was concluded that the respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute, pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute, and body temperature of 37.7 ‒ 39.4°C were the physiological parameters of the healthy mixed-breed cow.
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10
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Estrus Prediction Models for Dairy Gyr Heifers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113103. [PMID: 34827835 PMCID: PMC8614477 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intraruminal devices are already being used to predict reproductive events in cattle. For this prediction, several models and approaches can be used. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in rumen reticulum temperature (RRT) and activity (ACT) during estrus in Dairy Gyr heifers and to evaluate different models for estrus prediction. There was an increase in both RRT and ACT in the estrus period compared to the same period on the day before and the day after estrus. Among the mathematical models, Random Forest had the best performance. The present results suggest that RRT and ACT can contribute to the identification of estrus and be of value for improving the reproductive efficiency of Zebu herds in tropical regions. Abstract Technological devices are increasingly present in livestock activities, such as identifying the reproductive status of cows. For this, predictive models must be accurate and usable in the productive context. The aims of this study were to evaluate estrus-associated changes in reticulo-rumen temperature (RRT) and activity (ACT) in Dairy Gyr heifers provided by reticulo-rumen boluses and to test the ability of different models for estrus prediction. The RRT and ACT of 45 heifers submitted to estrus synchronization were recorded using reticulo-rumen boluses. The means of RRT and ACT at different time intervals were compared between the day before and the day of estrus manifestation. An analysis of variance of RRT and ACT was performed using mixed models. A second approach employed logistic regression, random forest, and linear discriminant analysis models using RRT, ACT, time of day, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) as predictors. There was an increase in RRT and ACT at estrus (p < 0.05) compared to the same period on the day before and on the day after estrus. The random forest model provided the best performance values with a sensitivity of 51.69% and specificity of 93.1%. The present results suggest that RRT and ACT contribute to the identification of estrus in Dairy Gyr heifers.
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Stevenson JS. Daily activity measures and milk yield immediately before and after a fertile estrus and during the period of expected return to estrus after insemination in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11277-11290. [PMID: 34275627 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize changes in milk yield and other physical measures during a 7-d periestrual period encompassing estrus (d 0) and during a 16-d period of expected return to estrus beginning at d 17 after artificial insemination (AI) until pregnancy status was determined on d 32. Lactating dairy cows milked thrice daily were fitted with CowManager SensOor ear tags (Agis) capable of assessing real-time eating, rumination, resting, high activity (estrus), ear-surface temperature, and heat alerts. Data were uploaded to the cloud, downloaded daily into Excel (Microsoft Corp.) spreadsheets, averaged to produce daily means for each activity, and analyzed as repeated measures relative to estrus or to d 17 after AI. Daily milk was unchanged during the periestrual period but was greater in nonpregnant cows that failed to return to estrus (NP-NR) during d 21 through 26 compared with NP cows that returned to estrus (NP-R) and pregnant (PREG) cows during that same period. Daily ear-surface temperature was greater during d 1 to 3 compared with d 0 and averaged 0.6 to 1.7°C greater from d 17 through 32 in NP-NR cows compared with NP-R and PREG cows. Daily rumination and resting times reached nadirs on d 0, with decreases occurring 48 h before estrus. Both rumination and resting times increased by 25 or 81% on the day after estrus, respectively. Rumination and resting times were less in NP-R cows during d 22 through 26 compared with NP-NR and PREG cows. In contrast, daily eating time was greatest on the day of estrus compared with 3 d before and after estrus. The NP-R cows spent more time eating during d 17 through 32 compared with NP-NR and PREG cows. High activity increased by 97% during 48 h before estrus, peaked at estrus, and decreased to a constant level during d 1 through 3. The NP-R cows had greater high activity on d 22 through 26 compared with NP-NR and PREG cows. We conclude that resting and rumination activity decreased to daily nadirs, whereas eating and high activity peaked on the day of estrus. Fertile estrus was associated with 12% greater high activity, 11% less resting time, and 6% less rumination time. In addition, cows that returned to estrus after AI had greater daily eating and high activity times and less rumination and resting time during the period of expected return to estrus after AI compared with pregnant cows and cows failing to return to estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201.
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12
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Mohamed RH, El-Maaty AMA, Mohamed RS, Wehrend A, Ali F, Hussein HA. Investigations on the vaginal temperature, cycle stages, and steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in camels ( Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 2021; 14:1102-1108. [PMID: 34220109 PMCID: PMC8243658 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1102-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Estrus detection plays a crucial role in the success of animal reproduction. It was previously reported that body temperature changes during estrus. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vaginal temperatures (VTs) measured by a data logger, ovarian activity, and hormonal cyclic changes in camels. Materials and Methods: Six mature, healthy, non-pregnant dromedary, and 10-12-year-old camels were included in the study. The ovarian activity was monitored with ultrasonography, and estrus behavior was evaluated using an active and virile male camel. Animals were inserted with a blank controlled internal drug release device attached with an intravaginal data logger. Every hour, the ambient temperature was recorded by another data logger. Blood samples were collected, and sera were used to measure estradiol and progesterone levels. Results: The whole follicular cycle lasted 25.41±1.36 days, and the maximum sizes of the dominant follicle in the first and second follicular waves were 1.63±0.27 cm and 1.94±0.42 cm, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the follicular diameter and estradiol-17b level (p<0.01, r=0.397). There was no correlation between the follicular diameter and progesterone level (p>0.05, r=0.038), which remained low during the whole period of the experiment. The mean daily VT was significantly correlated with the diameter of the dominant follicle (1.7-2.2 cm, p<0.01, r=0.52). Conclusion: Measurement of VT will improve the accuracy of estrus prediction. Further studies are recommended to validate VT in camel reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab H Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abo El-Maaty
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha S Mohamed
- Department of Animal Health, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with a Veterinary Ambulance, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fatma Ali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
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13
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Schilkowsky EM, Granados GE, Sitko EM, Masello M, Perez MM, Giordano JO. Evaluation and characterization of estrus alerts and behavioral parameters generated by an ear-attached accelerometer-based system for automated detection of estrus. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6222-6237. [PMID: 33685699 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate the performance of an ear-attached automated estrus detection (AED) system (Smartbow; Zoetis) that monitored physical activity and rumination time, and to characterize AED system estrus alert features (i.e., timing and duration). Lactating Holstein cows (n = 216) commenced a protocol for the synchronization of estrus at 50 ± 3 DIM or 18 ± 3 d after artificial insemination. For 7 d after induction of luteolysis with PGF2α (d 0), we used visual observation of estrous behavior (30 min, 2 times per day) and data from an automated mounting behavior monitoring system based on a pressure-activated tail-head sensor (HeatWatch; Cowchips LLC) as a reference test (RTE) to detect behavioral estrus. Concomitantly, estrus alerts and their features were collected from the AED system. Progesterone levels confirmed luteal regression, and transrectal ultrasonography confirmed the occurrence and timing of ovulation. Performance metrics for the AED system were estimated with PROC FREQ in SAS, using the RTE or ovulation only as a reference. Performance was also estimated after the removal of cows with a discrepancy between the RTE and ovulation. Continuous outcomes with or without repeated measurements were evaluated by ANOVA using PROC MIXED in SAS. Based on the RTE, 86.6% (n = 187) of the cows presented estrus and ovulated; 1.4% (n = 3) presented estrus and did not ovulate; 6.4% (n = 14) did not present estrus but ovulated; and 5.6% (n = 12) did not present estrus or ovulation. We found no difference in the proportion of cows detected in estrus and with ovulation for the AED system (83.4%) and the RTE (86.6%). Compared with estrus events as detected by the RTE, sensitivity for the AED was 91.6% (95% CI: 87.6-95.5) and specificity was 69.2% (95% CI: 51.5-87.0). Using ovulation as reference, sensitivity was 89.6% (95% CI: 85.3-93.8) and specificity was 86.7% (95% CI 69.5-100). For all cows with agreement between the RTE and ovulation, sensitivity was 92.5% (95% CI: 88.7-96.3) and specificity was 91.7% (95% CI: 76.0-100). The mean (±SD) interval from induction of luteolysis to estrus alerts, estrus alert duration, and the onset of estrus alerts to ovulation interval were 72.2 ± 18.1, 13.5 ± 3.8, and 23.8 ± 7.1 h, respectively. We concluded that an ear-attached AED system that monitored physical activity and rumination time was effective at detecting cows in estrus and generated few false positive alerts when accounting for ovulation, cow physiological limitations, and the limitations of the RTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Schilkowsky
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G E Granados
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E M Sitko
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Masello
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M M Perez
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J O Giordano
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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14
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Rowinski JR, Rispoli LA, Payton RR, Schneider LG, Schrick FN, McLean KJ, Edwards JL. Impact of an acute heat shock during in vitro maturation on interleukin 6 and its associated receptor component transcripts in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes. Anim Reprod 2021; 17:e20200221. [PMID: 33936291 PMCID: PMC8081495 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute heat stress event after the LH surge increased interleukin 6 (IL6) levels in the follicular fluid of the ovulatory follicle in hyperthermic cows. To examine direct consequences of a physiologically-relevant elevated temperature (41.0°C) on the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC), IL6 transcript abundance and related receptor components were evaluated throughout in vitro maturation. Heat-induced increases in IL6 were first noted at 4 hours of in vitro maturation (hIVM); peak levels occurred at 4.67 versus 6.44 hIVM for 41.0 and 38.5°C COCs, respectively (SEM = 0.23; P < 0.001). Peak IL6ST levels occurred at 6.95 versus 8.29 hIVM for 41.0 and 38.5°C, respectively (SEM = 0.23; P < 0.01). Transcript for LIF differed over time (P < 0.0001) but was not affected by 41.0°C exposure. Blastocyst development after performing IVF was not affected by 41.0°C exposure for 4 or 6 h. When limiting analysis to when IL6 was temporally produced, progesterone levels were only impacted by time and temperature (no interaction). Heat-induced shift in the temporal production of IL6 and IL6ST along with its impact on progesterone likely cooperate in heat-induced hastening of meiotic progression described by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Rowinski
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Louisa A Rispoli
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Liesel G Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle J McLean
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, AgResearch, Knoxville, TN, USA
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15
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Higaki S, Darhan H, Suzuki C, Suda T, Sakurai R, Yoshioka K. An attempt at estrus detection in cattle by continuous measurements of ventral tail base surface temperature with supervised machine learning. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:67-71. [PMID: 33041266 PMCID: PMC7902215 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effectiveness of estrus detection based on continuous measurements of the ventral tail base surface temperature (ST) with supervised
machine learning in cattle. ST data were obtained through 51 estrus cycles on 11 female cattle (six Holsteins and five Japanese Blacks) using the tail-attached
sensor. Three estrus detection models were constructed with the training data (n = 17) using machine learning techniques (random forest,
artificial neural network, and support vector machine) based on 13 features extracted from sensing data (indicative of estrus-associated ST changes). Estrus
detection abilities of the three models on test data (n = 34) were not statistically different among models in terms of sensitivity and
precision (range 50.0% to 58.8% and 60.6% to 73.1%, respectively). The relatively poor performance of the models might indicate the difficulty of separating
estrus-associated ST changes from estrus-independent fluctuations in ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Higaki
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hongyu Darhan
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Chie Suzuki
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suda
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Reina Sakurai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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16
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Burnett TA, Kaur M, Polsky L, Cerri RLA. Rumen-Reticular Temperature During Estrus and Ovulation Using Automated Activity Monitors in Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:597512. [PMID: 33392289 PMCID: PMC7772321 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.597512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine changes in rumen-reticular temperature (RRT) at estrus or ovulation and determine if these changes are associated with the intensity of estrous expression. Cows were equipped with an automated activity monitor (AAM) and a rumen-reticular bolus thermometer. A total of 190 estrus episodes were used where physical activity data was recorded using the AAM and ovulation was determined via ultrasonography of the ovaries at alert and twice daily, for a maximum of 60 h. Estrous expression was assessed using the maximum activity and duration in which activity remained above the AAM threshold; both characteristics were categorized using the median. Temperature data was collected for the duration of estrus, as well as for the interval of time where ovulation was determined to occur. Three measures of temperature were calculated: (1) positive area under the curve (AUC), (2) maximum positive temperature change (PTC), (3) maximum negative temperature change (NTC) at estrus (AUCE/ PTCE/ NTCE) and around ovulation (AUCO/PTCO/ NTCO). Both AUC and PTC were greater during estrus than around ovulation (2.7 ± 0.2 and 1.1 ± 0.3°C2 for AUCE and AUCO; 0.55 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.04°C for PTCE and PTCO, respectively). In contrast, NTC was lower around ovulation than estrus (-0.28 ± 0.05 and -0.60 ± 0.06°C for NTCE and NTCO). Cows with greater estrous expression had greater AUC and PTC during estrus than around ovulation, but cows with lesser estrous expression had similar AUC and PTC. Increases in AUC [High THI (Temperature Humidity Index): High activity: 4.7 ± 0.5, Low activity: 1.5 ± 0.4; Low THI: High activity: 3.1 ± 0.2, Low activity: 1.4 ± 0.2 °C2] and PTC (High THI: High activity: 0.79 ± 0.08, Low activity: 0.36 ± 0.07; Low THI: High activity: 0.60 ± 0.04, Low activity: 0.47 ± 0.04°C) associated with estrous expression were found to be greater on days with higher THI. Alerts created using standard deviations from the mean were unable to detect estrus or ovulation with acceptable precision. Further research is required to determine how changes in RRT can be used successfully to predict estrus and ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Burnett
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manveen Kaur
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liam Polsky
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ronaldo L A Cerri
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Fischer-Tenhagen C, Arlt SP. [Taking body temperature in cattle - critical evaluation of an established diagnostic test]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2020; 48:262-267. [PMID: 32823331 DOI: 10.1055/a-1197-5339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the body temperature is an essential component of the clinical examination of bovines. Next to its value for the diagnosis of diseases, body temperature also is an important value in clinical studies concerning estrus detection, calving time point prediction, or the evaluation of heat stress. This systematic review critically evaluates different methods of measuring bovine body temperature including rectal measurement, vaginal or ruminal temperature loggers, milk temperature, and infrared body surface thermography. Although body temperature measurement is a commonly employed and established diagnostic test, a close look at scientific studies displays multiple factors influencing body temperature data. The variability of results emphasizes the relevance of critically evaluating new measuring methods before introducing them into research or routine practice. Especially in terms of identifying specific cut-off values, i. e. for fever defined as body temperature > 39.5°C, the precision of the method is of importance, as the acquired values possess a high degree of influence on the veterinary decision taking process.
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18
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Hooper HB, Titto CG, Gonella-Diaza AM, Henrique FL, Pulido-Rodríguez LF, Longo ALS, Leme-Dos-Santos TMDC, Geraldo ACAPDM, Pereira AMF, Binelli M, Balieiro JCDC, Titto EAL. Heat loss efficiency and HSPs gene expression of Nellore cows in tropical climate conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1475-1486. [PMID: 30116935 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation is a relevant characteristic to be understood in livestock animals in order to maintain and raise productivity. In Brazil, the Nellore beef cattle are widely disseminated and well-adapted breed that present good thermoregulatory characteristics for tropical environment conditions. Conversely, the physiological and cellular mechanisms required for thermoregulation and thermotolerance in this breed are still limited. The aim of this study was to comprehend the heat loss efficiency at the whole animal level and heat shock response at the cellular level of Nellore cows in tropical climate conditions. Healthy purebred Nellore cows were classified according to their capacity to lose body heat as Efficient or Inefficient based on vaginal temperature which was continuously monitored by data-loggers. Rectal, tail, and ocular temperatures, sweating rate, and respiratory frequency were collected to assess other thermoregulatory responses. Peripheral mononuclear cells were used for gene expression of heat shock proteins 60, 70, and 90 induced by in vitro heat treatments at 38, 40, and 42 °C. In our findings, the Efficient cows presented higher sweating rates compared to Inefficient cows that presented higher rectal temperature with greater amplitude of vaginal temperature profile. Transcription of the HSP genes was stable at 38 and 40 °C and decreased for all HSP genes at 42 °C. In conclusion, the Nellore efficiency to lose heat was mainly associated with their sweating capacity and cellular thermotolerance confirmed by the maintenance of heat shock proteins transcripts under heat stress. Taken together, this knowledge contributes as a future key for genetic selection of adapted animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Barbosa Hooper
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Angela Maria Gonella-Diaza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luís Henrique
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Lina Fernanda Pulido-Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Silva Longo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Thays Mayra da Cunha Leme-Dos-Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carina Alves Pereira de Mira Geraldo
- Biometeorology and Animal Welfare Laboratory, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Manuel Franco Pereira
- Biometeorology and Animal Welfare Laboratory, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Mario Binelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Antonio Lencioni Titto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
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Estrous detection by continuous measurements of vaginal temperature and conductivity with supervised machine learning in cattle. Theriogenology 2019; 123:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Grodkowski G, Sakowski T, Puppel K, Baars T. Comparison of different applications of automatic herd control systems on dairy farms - a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5181-5188. [PMID: 29882303 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the rapid development of different devices which can be helpful in the daily work of livestock farmers. The growing size of livestock herds has led farmers to lose individual contact with their animals, while behavioral studies show that breeders can effectively and precisely monitor a herd of up to 100 cows. This was the main motivation for this study, which aims to identify and test various electronic devices which provide useful herd management data, including estrus detection, individual activity and body temperature measurement, monitoring rumen pH levels, milk quality and content as well as milk temperature and somatic cell count measurements. Some devices can detect the metabolic status of animals with a reasonable level of precision. Contemporary animal farms are offered a large number of systems for monitoring the behavior of the animals in the herd and helping to identify those that are intended for insemination or are too active or excessively apathetic. Monitoring devices support herd management and help to reduce costs through the early detection of animal diseases and nutritional problems. This review aims to compile and summarize the information currently available on the use of automatic herd control systems on dairy farms, as well as to discuss the interpretation of the results, providing a useful diagnostic tool in nutritional evaluations of dairy herds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Grodkowski
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sakowski
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ton Baars
- Karlowski Foundation, Juchowo, Poland
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21
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Effect of estrous cycle phase on vulvar, orbital area and muzzle surface temperatures as determined using digital infrared thermography in buffalo. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 197:154-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Heat shock protein(s) may serve as estrus indicators in animals: A conceptual hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2018; 117:47-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Hojo T, Sakatani M, Takenouchi N. Efficiency of a pedometer device for detecting estrus in standing heat and silent heat in Japanese Black cattle. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1067-1072. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hojo
- Livestock and Grassland Research Division; Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Kumamoto Japan
| | - Miki Sakatani
- Livestock and Grassland Research Division; Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Kumamoto Japan
| | - Naoki Takenouchi
- Livestock and Grassland Research Division; Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Kumamoto Japan
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24
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Randi F, McDonald M, Duffy P, Kelly AK, Lonergan P. The relationship between external auditory canal temperature and onset of estrus and ovulation in beef heifers. Theriogenology 2018; 110:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Review: Behavioral signs of estrus and the potential of fully automated systems for detection of estrus in dairy cattle. Animal 2018; 12:398-407. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Real-time Temperature Monitoring to Enhance Estrus Detection in Cattle Utilizing Ingestible Bio-Sensors : Method & Case Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.14801/jkiit.2017.15.11.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Miura R, Yoshioka K, Miyamoto T, Nogami H, Okada H, Itoh T. Estrous detection by monitoring ventral tail base surface temperature using a wearable wireless sensor in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 180:50-57. [PMID: 28330768 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the ventral tail base surface temperature (ST) was monitored using a wearable wireless sensor for estrus detection in cattle. Relationships among ST, behavioral estrus expression, ovulation, and changes in hormone profiles during the estrous cycle were examined. Holstein Friesian or Japanese Black female cattle were used in summer (August-September), autumn (October-November) and winter (January-February; three animals per season). On Day 11 of the estrous cycle (Day 0=the day of ovulation), the sensor was attached to the surface of the ventral tail base and ST was measured every 2min until Day 11 of the next estrous cycle. Hourly maximum ST values were used for analysis. To exclude circadian rhythm and seasonal effects, ST changes were expressed as residual temperatures (RT=actual ST - mean ST for the same hour on the previous 3days). Obvious circadian rhythms of the ST were observed and daily changes in the ST significantly differed among seasons. There was no significant seasonal difference, however, in the RT. The mean RT increased significantly ∼24 compared with ∼48h before ovulation. The mean maximum RT was 1.27±0.30°C, which was observed 5.6±2.4h after the onset of estrus, 2.4±1.3h before LH peak, and 26.9±1.2h before ovulation. The ST of the ventral tail base could be monitored throughout the estrous cycle and could detect a substantial change around the time of expression of behavioral estrus. Calculation and analysis of the RT could be useful for automatic estrous detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Miura
- Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Toru Miyamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nogami
- Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering Research Center, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hironao Okada
- Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering Research Center, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Itoh
- Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering Research Center, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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Shirozu T, Iwano H, Ogiso T, Suzuki T, Balboula AZ, Bai H, Kawahara M, Kimura K, Takahashi H, Rulan B, Kim SW, Yanagawa Y, Nagano M, Imakawa K, Takahashi M. Estrous cycle stage-dependent manner of type I interferon-stimulated genes induction in the bovine endometrium. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:211-220. [PMID: 28239027 PMCID: PMC5481623 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon tau (IFN-τ) is a ruminant-specific type I IFN secreted by a conceptus before its attachment to the uterus. IFN-τ induces the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) via the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR), which is
composed of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits in the endometrium. However, expression patterns of IFNARs during the estrous cycle have not been reported. We hypothesized that the response to a type I IFN changes along with IFNARs and the
IFN-regulatory factors (IRFs) driving transcription of IFN signal-related genes and modulating a type I IFN signal during the estrous cycle. We investigated the estrous cycle stage-dependent type I IFN induction of ISGs and
expression patterns of IFN signal-related genes in bovine endometrial tissues. Endometrial tissue pieces collected from bovine uteri at each estrous stage (early, mid, and late) were cultured with or without recombinant bovine
IFN-α or concentrated pregnant uterine flushing (PUF) on day 18 after confirming the presence of a conceptus. IFN-α and PUF each significantly increased the expression of ISGs in endometrial tissues. The induction levels of the
typical ISGs (MX1-a and ISG15) were significantly higher at the mid stage and correlated with high expression of IRFs at the mid stage. The immunostaining of IFNARs showed strong
fluorescence intensities in luminal and glandular epithelia at the early and mid stages. Collectively, these results suggest that the endometrium exhibits estrous cycle stage-dependent responsiveness to type I IFN that may be
associated with the expression of IFNARs and IRFs for pregnancy recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shirozu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwano
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ogiso
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ahmed Z Balboula
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hanako Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hitomi Takahashi
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
| | - Bai Rulan
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, Namwon 590-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Yojiro Yanagawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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Lee WY, Park MH, Kim KW, Song H, Kim KB, Lee CS, Kim NK, Park JK, Yang BC, Oh KB, Im GS, Chung HJ. Identification of lactoferrin and glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 in bovine cervical mucus: A putative marker for oestrous detection. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52:16-23. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- WY Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience; College of Biomedical & Health Science; Konkuk University; Chung-ju Korea
| | - MH Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry; College of Biomedical & Health Science; Konkuk University; Chung-ju Korea
- Doosan Venture Digm 924; Dongan-gu Anyang Korea
| | - KW Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division; National Institute of Animal Science; Wanju-gun Korea
| | - H Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul Korea
| | - KB Kim
- Korea Institute for Animal Products Quality Evaluation; Gunpo Korea
| | - CS Lee
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry; College of Biomedical & Health Science; Konkuk University; Chung-ju Korea
| | - NK Kim
- Experiment Research Institute; National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS); Gimcheon Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - JK Park
- Department of Swine & Poultry Science; Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries; Jeonju Korea
| | - BC Yang
- Institute of Hanwoo; National institute of animal Science; Pyeongchang Korea
| | - KB Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division; National Institute of Animal Science; Wanju-gun Korea
| | - GS Im
- Animal Biotechnology Division; National Institute of Animal Science; Wanju-gun Korea
| | - HJ Chung
- Animal Biotechnology Division; National Institute of Animal Science; Wanju-gun Korea
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Sakatani M, Takahashi M, Takenouchi N. The efficiency of vaginal temperature measurement for detection of estrus in Japanese Black cows. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:201-7. [PMID: 26853785 PMCID: PMC4848578 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, weak estrous behavior was assumed to be the cause of a decline in breeding efficiency in cattle.
The present study investigated the effect of measuring the vaginal temperature on the detection of estrus in
Japanese Black cows. First, the effect of hormone administration to cows with a functional corpus luteum on
the vaginal temperature was evaluated by continuous measurement using a temperature data logger. After 24 h of
cloprostenol (PG) treatment, the vaginal temperature was significantly lower than on day 7 after estrus, and
the low values were maintained until the beginning of estrus (P < 0.05). The cows that received PG and
exogenous progesterone (CIDR) did not show a temperature decrease until the CIDR was removed. This finding
suggested that the vaginal temperature change reflected the progesterone concentration. The rate of detection
of natural estrus was lower for a pedometer than for the vaginal temperature (P < 0.05); synchronization of
estrus resulted in a high estrus detection rate regardless of the detection method. In a subsequent
experiment, the effect of vaginal temperature measurement and the use of a pedometer on estrus detection was
evaluated in the cool and hot seasons. The average activities during non-estrus and the activity increase
ratio (estrus/non-estrus) changed according to season (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). However, the average vaginal
temperatures during estrus and non-estrus were not affected by season. The estrus detection rate of the
pedometer was lower in summer and lower than that obtained using the vaginal temperature. These results
indicated that vaginal temperature measurement might be effective for detecting estrus regardless of estrous
behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Sakatani
- Livestock and Grassland Research Division, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
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Talukder S, Thomson P, Kerrisk K, Clark C, Celi P. Evaluation of infrared thermography body temperature and collar-mounted accelerometer and acoustic technology for predicting time of ovulation of cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 2015; 83:739-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chung Y, Lee J, Oh S, Park D, Chang HH, Kim S. Automatic Detection of Cow's Oestrus in Audio Surveillance System. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1030-7. [PMID: 25049882 PMCID: PMC4093488 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of anomalies is an important issue in the management of group-housed livestock. In particular, failure to detect oestrus in a timely and accurate way can become a limiting factor in achieving efficient reproductive performance. Although a rich variety of methods has been introduced for the detection of oestrus, a more accurate and practical method is still required. In this paper, we propose an efficient data mining solution for the detection of oestrus, using the sound data of Korean native cows (Bos taurus coreanea). In this method, we extracted the mel frequency cepstrum coefficients from sound data with a feature dimension reduction, and use the support vector data description as an early anomaly detector. Our experimental results show that this method can be used to detect oestrus both economically (even a cheap microphone) and accurately (over 94% accuracy), either as a standalone solution or to complement known methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chung
- Department of Computer and Information Science, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - J Lee
- Department of Computer and Information Science, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - S Oh
- Department of Computer and Information Science, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - D Park
- Department of Computer and Information Science, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - H H Chang
- Department of Computer and Information Science, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Computer and Information Science, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
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Sumiyoshi T, Tanaka T, Kamomae H. Relationships between the appearances and changes of estrous signs and the estradiol-17β peak, luteinizing hormone surge and ovulation during the periovulatory period in lactating dairy cows kept in tie-stalls. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:106-14. [PMID: 24492642 PMCID: PMC3999389 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactating Holstein-Friesian cows kept in tie-stall barn were used as subjects in this
study. Rectal examination, ultrasonography and blood sampling were conducted every other
day and then daily after the day on which diameter of the corpus luteum decreased. After
the luteal diameter decreased for 2 consecutive days, rectal and ultrasound examinations,
blood sampling, and observation of estrous signs were conducted at 6-h intervals. Most of
the estrous signs became obvious with the increase in estradiol-17β (E2) and
became most remarkable 24 to 30 hours before ovulation, at which point the E2
peak and luteinizing hormone (LH) surge were achieved, and then weakened which progression
to ovulation. The correlation between the intensity of four estrous signs (hyperemia and
swelling of the intravaginal part of the uterus, opening of the external uterine orifice
and viscosity of the cervical mucus) and the plasma E2 concentration was higher
than that of three estrous signs (swelling of the vulva, contraction of the uterus,
diameter of uterine horn) and the plasma E2 concentration. The relaxation of
the intravaginal part of the uterus showed a unique change compared with the other estrous
signs, and it became most obvious 6, 12 and 18 h before ovulation; this obviously relaxed
period was consistent with the generally accepted theoretical optimal time for artificial
insemination (AI), i.e., 6 to 24 h after initiation of estrus. These results suggest that
observation of estrous signs by vaginoscopic examination gave useful information for
detection of the optimal timing of AI in the periovulatory period in lactating dairy cows
kept in a tie-stall barn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Sumiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Talukder S, Kerrisk KL, Ingenhoff L, Thomson PC, Garcia SC, Celi P. Infrared technology for estrus detection and as a predictor of time of ovulation in dairy cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 2014; 81:925-35. [PMID: 24560547 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of an algorithm to assess the ability of an infrared thermography (IRT) device to predict cows in estrus and about to ovulate was investigated. Twenty cows were synchronized using a controlled internal drug release and PGF2α. Vulval and muzzle temperatures were measured every 12 hours from controlled internal drug release insertion to 32 hours after PGF2α treatment and then every 4 hours until ovulation occurred or until 128 hours after PGF2α treatment (whichever occurred first). Thermal images obtained with a FLIR T620 series infrared camera were analyzed using ThermaCAM Researcher Professional 2.9 software. Cows were also monitored for behavioral signs of estrus and color changes of an Estrotect applied to the tail head of each cow 36 hours after PGF2α treatment. Algorithms were developed by adjusting body surface temperature of individual animals for ambient temperature and humidity during each observation period, and were expressed as a deviation from the baseline temperature. Of the 20 cows enrolled in this study, 12 (60%) ovulated. An IRT estrus alert was defined using different thresholds (D = 1 °C, 1.25 °C, and 1.5 °C). Sensitivity and specificity to predict estrus depended upon the chosen threshold level. At a threshold D = 1 °C, the highest sensitivity (92%; n = 11) and the lowest specificity (29%) and positive predictive value (64%) were observed. Conversely, D = 1.5 °C resulted in sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 57%, and positive predictive value of 69%. The mean ± standard deviation intervals between onset and the end of IRT estrus alert to ovulation were 30.7 ± 8.2 and 13.3 ± 7.7 hours, respectively. Ovulation occurred 24 to 47 hours after the onset of the IRT estrus alert for eight out of the 11 ovulated cows (73%). Although the sensitivity of the IRT alert was greater than visual observation (67%) and Estrotect activation (67%), the specificity and positive predictive value were lower than these two aids (i.e., the IRT overpredicted the incidence of ovulation). Results presented indicate that IRT shows some potential as an estrus detection aid; however, further studies investigating the potential to improve the specificity and capturing data throughout entire 21-day reproductive cycles would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Talukder
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - K L Kerrisk
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Ingenhoff
- Livestock Veterinary Teaching and Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- ReproGen-Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S C Garcia
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Celi
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Saint-Dizier M, Chastant-Maillard S. Towards an Automated Detection of Oestrus in Dairy Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47:1056-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sakatani M, Balboula AZ, Yamanaka K, Takahashi M. Effect of summer heat environment on body temperature, estrous cycles and blood antioxidant levels in Japanese Black cow. Anim Sci J 2011; 83:394-402. [PMID: 22574791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of summer heat environment on estrous cycles and blood antioxidant levels in Japanese Black cows. A total of 13 non-lactating Japanese Black cows (summer: 9, winter: 4) were examined. Body temperature was measured rectally and intravaginally using a thermometer and data logger, respectively. Estrous behavior was monitored using a radiotelemetric pedometer that recorded walking activity. Rectal temperatures were higher during summer than winter (P<0.001). There was an acute increase in vaginal temperature at the onset of estrus during winter but such an increase was not observed during summer. Walking activity during estrus decreased dramatically in the summer compared to the winter. Duration of estrous cycle was longer in summer (23.4 days, P<0.05) than winter (21.5 days), and the subsequent rise in progesterone concentrations following estrus tended to be delayed in summer. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in peripheral blood cells was higher during summer (P<0.05), while the levels of superoixde dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione were lower (P<0.05). These results indicate that high ambient temperature during summer increases both body temperature and oxidative stress, and also reduces signs of estrus in Japanese Black cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Sakatani
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Koshi, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Cooper-Prado MJ, Long NM, Wright EC, Goad CL, Wettemann RP. Relationship of ruminal temperature with parturition and estrus of beef cows1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1020-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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When is a cow in estrus? Clinical and practical aspects. Theriogenology 2010; 74:327-44. [PMID: 20363020 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Good detection of estrus is critically important in dairy husbandry. Incorrect detection of estrus is related to loss of profit due to extended calving intervals, milk loss, veterinary costs, etc. Detection of estrus remains a major problem despites enormous progress in the knowledge of reproductive physiology of the cow and in development of estrus detection aids. To achieve good estrus detection, many factors have to be taken into account. On one hand a cow has to express estrus and on the other hand the farmer has to detect it. Combined action of several hormones causes physiological changes that lead to ovulation and an environment in the uterus that allows sperm to fertilize the egg. Besides these internal actions, a number of external changes can be observed. When using visual observations, time of the day and time spend on observation have a great impact on detection rates. Many devices are available to aid in estrus detection, such as pedometers, mount devices, temperature, and hormone measurements. Expression of estrus can be influenced by many factors. Heritability, number of days postpartum, lactation number, milk production, and health are known to influence estrus expression. Environmental factors like nutrition, season, housing, herd size, etc. also play a role in estrus expression. To evaluate estrus detection, record keeping is very important; a number of formulas can be used to assess detection efficiency. Besides the farmer, the veterinarian and inseminator can play an important role in estrus confirmation and good insemination strategy. In the end, the time of ovulation and the age of the egg at sperm penetration is critical for conception. Therefore, emphasis in research needs to be on the timing of insemination relative to ovulation, and thus on the detection of ovulation.
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Hockey CD, Morton JM, Norman ST, McGowan MR. Improved Prediction of Ovulation Time may Increase Pregnancy Rates to Artificial Insemination in Lactating Dairy Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:e239-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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