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Prenatal developmental toxicity study of herbal tea of Moringa stenopetala and Mentha spicata leaves formulation in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1853-1862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ojo OA, Ojo AB, Maimako RF, Rotimi D, Iyobhebhe M, Alejolowo OO, Nwonuma CO, Elebiyo TC. Exploring the potentials of some compounds from Garcinia kola seeds towards identification of novel PDE-5 inhibitors in erectile dysfunction therapy. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14092. [PMID: 33945159 DOI: 10.1111/and.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the main challenges occurring among men worldwide, and is characterised by trouble getting or keeping steady erection during sexual intercourse. Various drugs like sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE-5) are freely available in the pharmacies, though normally associated with several adverse. This study was designed to assess the molecular relations obtainable between catechin, garcinal, garcinoic acid and d-tocotrienol compounds isolated from Garcinia kola and targeted receptor linked to ED. These processes include the molecular docking of catechin, garcinal, garcinoic acid, d-tocotrienol, and sildenafil to receptor: PDE-5 via AutoDock Vina. Following the docking of catechin, garcinal, garcinoic acid and d-tocotrienol with the PDE-5-receptor protein, we observed that all are protein inhibitors with garcinoic acid showing better binding affinity -10.0 kcal/mol with PDE-5 receptor relevant to ED. Hence, the results provided insights into the development of garcinoic acid as a replacement for present ED management, with further analysis worth considering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
| | - Adebola Busola Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Rotdelmwa Filibus Maimako
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
| | - Damilare Rotimi
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
| | - Matthew Iyobhebhe
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
| | - Omokolade Oluwaseyi Alejolowo
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
| | - Charles Obiora Nwonuma
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
| | - Tobiloba Christaina Elebiyo
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria
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Verma S, Yadav A. Rising trends towards the development of oral herbal male contraceptive: an insight review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAcknowledging population control to be an essential step for global health promotes wide research study in the area of male contraception. Although there are a great number of synthetic contraceptives available in the market, they have plenty of adverse effects. Different potential strategies for male contraception were investigated over a long period time consisting of hormonal, chemical, and immunological interventions, although these methods showed good antifertility results with low failure rates relative to condoms.Main textThis review is based upon the concept of herbal contraceptives which are an effective method for controlling the fertility of animals and humans. This review has highlighted herbal medicinal plants and plant extracts which have been reported to possess significant antifertility action in males. The review considers those plants which are used traditionally for their spermicidal and antispermatogenic activities and imbalance essential hormones for fertility purposes and plants with reported animal studies as well as some with human studies for antifertility effect along with their doses, chemical constituents, and mechanism of action of the antifertility effect of the plants. This review also explains the phases of sperm formation, hormone production, and the mechanism of male contraceptives.ConclusionAs far as the relevance of the current review is discussed, it might be quite useful in generating monographs on plants and recommendations on their use. A lot of the plant species listed here might appear promising as effective alternative oral fertility-regulating agents in males. Therefore, significant research into the chemical and biological properties of such less-explored plants is still needed to determine their contraceptive efficacy and also to possibly define their toxic effects so that these ingredients can be utilized with confidence to regulate male fertility. The new inventions in this field are necessary to concentrate on modern, more potent drugs with less harmful content and that are self-administrable, less costly, and entirely reversible.
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Bodede O, Prinsloo G. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological significance of the genus Bulbine (Asphodelaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:112986. [PMID: 32492493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Bulbine (Asphodelaceae) is spread across Southern Africa and Australia and has been traditionally used for various medicinal applications such as treating skin diseases, burns, diarrhoea, and sexually transmitted diseases. AIM OF THIS REVIEW The aim is to present a critical review of the ethnomedicinally important species of the genus Bulbine with a comprehensive overview of their chemical constituents and biological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS This paper is an overview of literature published on the genus Bulbine in the last six decades with regards to phytochemical composition and their respective pharmacological potentials with the aid of data obtained from the search engine Google Scholar with string searches performed using keywords to obtain relevant publications from scientific databases including ACS Journals, PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO, Sci Finder, Springer, Tailor & Francis, The Plant List Database, Web of Science and Wiley. RESULTS The literature survey reveals that only 12 species in the genus Bulbine have been reported to be used traditionally with scientific records of ethnomedicinal usage Anthraquinones appeared as the most abundant phytochemicals in the genus. Other isolated/detected metabolites include isofuranonaphthoquinones, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Promising pharmacological activities have been reported by members of the genus with antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity, potent wound healing properties as well as improved reproduction. CONCLUSIONS This review showed the traditional uses of this genus and its preventative and curative properties in the management of the listed diseases providing support from bioassays of the tested compounds and extracts. State-of-the-art analytical techniques are required for the characterisation and quantification of the compounds within the genus. The efficacy of the therapeutic potential of the Bulbine species need to be further confirmed with pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Bodede
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
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Structural elucidation of 1-(3-acetyl-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylanthracene-9,10-dione isolated from Bulbine latifolia (L.) Wild, C 24H 18O 8. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C24H18O8, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 7.9654(3) Å, b = 23.6910(8) Å, c = 21.2314(8) Å, β = 96.777(2)°, V = 3978.6(3) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0499, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1320, T = 200 K.
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Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6382. [PMID: 32286405 PMCID: PMC7156748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina Platensis supplementation on selected blood markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, inflammation, and performance in trained rats. Rats (250 g - 300 g) were submitted to a strength training program (eight weeks), divided into four groups: control (GT) (trained without supplementation), trained with daily-supplementation of 50 mg/kg (GT50), 150 mg/kg (GT150) and 500 mg/kg (GT500). Training consisted of a jump protocol in PVC-cylinder containing water, with increasing load over experimental weeks. We evaluated the markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde - MDA and antioxidant capacity) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) at the end of the training. Among groups submitted to strength training, concentration of C-reactive protein decreased after 8 weeks of intervention in the trained group and GT500. Strength training enhanced plasma MDA concentration of malondialdehyde with supplementation of S. platensis in GT150 and GT500. In plasma analysis, strength training enhanced the percentage of oxidation inhibition, with spirulina supplementation in rates of 150 and 500 mg/kg. Spirulina supplementation for 8 weeks (in a dose-effect manner) improved antioxidant capacity as well as attenuated exercise-induced increases in ROS and inflammation. As a practical application, the use as high doses did not cause a reduction in positive physiological adaptations to exercise training. Additional studies are necessary to test the application of Spirulina Platensis in other contexts, as collective sports (basketball, football, soccer).
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Moroole MA, Materechera SA, Mbeng WO, Aremu AO. Medicinal plants used for contraception in South Africa: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:19-27. [PMID: 30731180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The indigenous people of South Africa, such as the Khoisan, Zulu, and Ndebele, have used medicinal plants for contraception. One of the reasons for using contraception among indigenous communities is for child spacing. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to review medicinal plants used for contraception in South Africa as potential sources for the discovery and development of safe male and female hormonal contraceptives. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted on medicinal plants used for contraception in South Africa by referencing textbooks and scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, North-West University Institutional Repository, National ETD Portal, government policies and documents on contraception, theses and dissertations, and other web sources such as records from SANBI and PROTA. RESULTS A minimum of 25 medicinal plants were identified as being used for contraception in South Africa, and these plants included local and exotic plants. Medicinal plants with contraceptive activity are Bulbine latifolia, Pouzolzia mixta, Salsola tuberculatiformis, Securidaca longipedunculata, and Typha capensis. In vivo and in vitro studies showed a decrease in mount, intromission and ejaculatory frequencies, inhibition of implantation, contraceptive effect, displaced glucocorticoids, and prolonged diestrus or had negative effects on vitality, motility, and sperm production. CONCLUSIONS Some of the plants used for contraception in South Africa are toxic to both animals and humans. Research is needed focusing on medicinal plants used by men for contraception and by women for postcoital contraception in South Africa. Traditional healers must be included when drafting contraception policies and interventions. Medicinal plants such as B. latifolia and P. mixta demonstrated that medicinal plants used for contraception in South Africa are potential sources for the discovery and development of safe male and female hormonal contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Moroole
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Mail Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, North West Province, South Africa.
| | - S A Materechera
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Mail Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, North West Province, South Africa.
| | - W Otang Mbeng
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela Campus, P/bag X11283, Nelspruit 1200, Mpumalanga, South Africa.
| | - A O Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Mail Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, North West Province, South Africa.
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Yakubu MT, Olutoye AF. Aphrodisiac activity of aqueous extract of Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv. leaves in female Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 14:400-8. [PMID: 27641611 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(16)60271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the aphrodisiac activity of aqueous extract of Anthonotha macrophylla leaves (AEAML) in female Wistar rats. METHODS Thirty female rats were assigned into five groups of six animals each, such that rats in groups A, B, C, D and E received orally 1 mL of distilled water only, 5.7 mg/kg body weight (BW) of Exus Ginseng (a polyherbal formulation), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg BW of AEAML, respectively. After 1 h of treatment, female sexual behaviour parameters were monitored for 30 min. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E) and testosterone were also determined using standard methods. RESULTS Six secondary metabolites were detected in AEAML with alkaloids (13.00 mg/L) being the highest. AEAML at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW significantly (P<0.05) increased the darting frequency, hopping frequency, lordosis frequency, anogenital grooming, genital grooming and licking behaviour, whereas the darting latency, hopping latency and lordosis latency decreased (P<0.05) in a manner comparable with Exus Ginseng. The 25 and 50 mg/kg BW of AEAML increased (P<0.05) the serum concentrations of FSH, LH and E, like Exus Ginseng, whereas testosterone content was not altered (P>0.05). The 100 mg/kg BW of AEAML did not alter (P>0.05) the sexual behaviour parameters, serum FSH, LH and E contents, whereas testosterone content increased significantly. The ovarian histology of the animals treated with Exus Ginseng, AEAML at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW revealed developing and ruptured follicles with numerous corpora lutea in the stroma, whereas the 100 mg/kg BW of AEAML produced fewer follicles and corpora lutea. CONCLUSION The enhanced proceptive, receptive and orientation components of the female sexual behaviour by the 25 and 50 mg/kg BW of AEAML confers sexual invigorating potential on the plant. This study thus justifies the folkloric claim of the plant as a female aphrodisiac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Toyin Yakubu
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
| | - Abdulquadri Funmbi Olutoye
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 24003, Nigeria
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Brandão-Costa RMP, Araújo VF, Neves E, Correia MTS, Porto ALF, Carneiro-da-Cunha MDG. Sub-chronic effects of a Phthirusa pyrifolia aqueous extract on reproductive function and comparative hormone levels in male rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Renato MM, Marcos ONFBA, Leonardo TO, Rita ASDSA, Vera MP, Martha DOG. Abnormality of spermatozoa in Wistar rats exposed to high doses of Valeriana officinalis L. aqueous suspension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2015.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sewani-Rusike CR, Ralebona N, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Dose- and time-dependent effects ofGarcinia kolaseed extract on sexual behaviour and reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. Andrologia 2015; 48:300-7. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Ralebona
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Walter Sisulu University; Mthatha South Africa
| | - B. N. Nkeh-Chungag
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology; Walter Sisulu University; Mthatha South Africa
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Ogbuewu IP, Unamba-Oparah IC, Odoemenam VU, Etuk IF, Okoli IC. The potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles in males. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:255-63. [PMID: 22540095 PMCID: PMC3336916 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rising human population throughout the world especially in developing and underdeveloped countries has detrimental effects on life supporting system on earth. Traditionally, plants have been used to treat different kinds of ailments. The growing importance of phytochemicals in males has been reported. Contraceptive ability of plants has been reported in several animal models. The reversibility of the anti-fertility effects of plants and its active compounds are of potential clinical relevance in the development of male contraceptive. This review attempts to discuss the latest reports on the potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Princewill Ogbuewu
- Animal physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
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Mohammed A, Engidawork E. Reproductive parameters are differentially altered following subchronic administration of Catha edulis F. (Khat) extract and cathinone in male rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:977-983. [PMID: 21335082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY Controversy surrounds on the effect of khat, a widely chewed herb for its stimulant effect on sexuality. This study investigated the effect of fresh Catha edulis F. (Khat) extract, synthetic cathinone and vehicle on reproductive parameters, including sexual motivation and performance, serum testosterone and cortisol levels, epididymal sperm count, and histoarchitecture of testis in male rats. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of fresh Catha edulis Forsk (Khat, Celastraceae) extract, synthetic cathinone and vehicle on reproductive parameters, including sexual motivation and performance, serum testosterone and cortisol levels, epididymal sperm count, and histoarchitecture of testis in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were treated with either Tween 80 (3%, v/v) in water, khat extract (100mg/kg, K100; 200mg/kg, K200; and 300mg/kg, K300 doses) or cathinone (5mg/kg, CAT5) intragastrically for four weeks and subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. Three days following the last administration, blood was drawn for hormonal analysis and the animals were sacrificed for sperm count and morphologic-pathology studies. RESULTS K100 significantly decreased mount latency (ML) (p<0.05) and intromission latency (IL) (p<0.01) compared to controls. K200 whilst significantly reduced IL (p<0.01) and intromission frequency (IF) (p<0.01), increased postejaculatory latency (PEL) (p<0.01). K300 significantly reduced IF (p<0.01) and ejaculatory latency (EL) (p<0.01), but increased mount frequency (MF), IL, PEL, and ML (p<0.01, in all cases). With CAT5, MF (p<0.05) and IL (p<0.01) were significantly greater but EL and IF were lower (p<0.05, in both cases) than controls. Serum levels of testosterone were doubled in K100 (p<0.01), but a significant decrease was recorded in both K200 (18%, p<0.01) and K300 (50%, p<0.01) rats. Whereas K100 did not have any effect on cortisol levels, K200 and K300 significantly increased by 83% (p<0.05) and 164.5% (p<0.01), respectively. CAT5 affected neither serum testosterone nor cortisol levels. Khat extract demonstrated a dose-dependent decline in epididymal sperm count: 50% with K100 (p<0.05), 78% with K200 (p<0.01) and 89% with K300 (p<0.01). CAT5 did not, however, produce any significant change in sperm count. Khat extract and cathinone did not produce any discernible damage on testis. CONCLUSION Mild dose of khat improves sexual motivation, without much effect on performance. With increasing dose, however, both motivation and performance are reduced. Although testosterone levels correlated well with motivation, there was dissociation with sperm count, indicating optimum level might be required for normal spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubeker Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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D'Cruz SC, Vaithinathan S, Jubendradass R, Mathur PP. Effects of plants and plant products on the testis. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:468-79. [PMID: 20562897 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants and plant-based products have been used as a valuable and safe natural source of medicines for treating various ailments. The therapeutic potential of most of these plants could be ascribed to their anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antispasmodic, analgesic and various other pharmacological properties. However, several commonly used plants have been reported to adversely affect male reproductive functions in wildlife and humans. The effects observed with most of the plant and plant-based products have been attributed to the antispermatogenic and/or antisteroidogenic properties of one or more active ingredients. This review discusses the detrimental effects of some of the commonly used plants on various target cells in the testis. A deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of these natural compounds could pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies against their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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